Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) !

l In BPSK, the symbol mapping table encodes bits (bn) 1 and 0

to transmission symbols (an) 1 and –1, respectively
l Every Tb seconds the modulator transmits one of the two
carrier bursts that corresponds to the information bit being a 1
or 0
Binary 1: s1 (t ) = Ac cos(2π fct ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb

Binary 0: s2 (t ) = Ac cos(2π fct + π ) = − Ac cos(2π fct )

l The resultant BPSK signal can be expressed as

∞
x (t ) = Ac ∑ a Π ⎡⎣(t − nT ) / T ⎤⎦ cos ( 2π f t ) ,
n b b c an ∈ A2 = {1 − 1}
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43
n =−∞
I (t )

l x(t) contains only the in-phase component I(t); Q(t) is zero

11/18/14 1
BPSK Modulation!

11/18/14 2
BPSK Coherent Demodulation!

11/18/14 3
Error Performance!
l If we choose the basis function
2
φ1 (t ) = cos( 2πf c t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Tb
we can write BPSK waveforms as
Tb
s1 (t ) = Ac φ1 (t ) = Eb φ1 (t )
2
Tb
s2 (t ) = − Ac φ1 (t ) = − Eb φ1 (t )
2
l BPSK is thus polar signaling with d min = 2 Eb
l The BER performance of BPSK is, therefore, identical to that
of polar NRZ signaling
⎛ d min ⎞ ⎛ 2 Eb ⎞
BERBPSK = Q ⎜ ⎟ = Q ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ 2 N ⎟
⎝ o ⎠ ⎝ N o ⎠
11/18/14 4
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)!
l In BFSK, information is transmitted by sending carrier bursts
of two different frequencies, f1 = fc +Δf /2 and f2 = fc - Δf /2 ,
to transmit binary data. Δ f is called the frequency deviation

Binary 1: s1 (t ) = Ac cos(2π fct + πΔft + φ1 ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb

Binary 0 : s2 (t ) = Ac cos(2π f ct − πΔft + φ2 ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb

l A simple way to generate a BFSK signal is to use two separate

oscillators tuned to frequencies f1 and f2 and switch between
their outputs in accordance with the amplitude of the random
data bit during that bit interval
l φ1 and φ2 are arbitrary phases of two frequency bursts
generated by separate oscillators
11/18/14 5
Other Demodulation Techniques!
l Coherent demodulation may neither be desirable nor feasible in
many practical applications.
l The propagation delay on some radio channels changes too
rapidly to permit accurate tracking of the carrier phase at the
demodulator
l Tracking the incoming signal’s carrier phase and
synchronizing the demodulator to it requires additional
hardware complexity with cost and power efficiency
ramifications
l Differentially Coherent Demodulator − demodulator uses the
carrier phase of the previous symbol period as phase reference
for the current period
l Noncoherent Demodulator − demodulator does not exploit
phase information in the received signal for its demodulation
11/18/14 6
DBPSK (contd)!
DBPSK modulator

DBPSK demodulator

11/18/14 7
DBPSK (contd)!
l The output of the sampler is given by

⎧ E b + n(Tb ), an = an−1
ro = ⎨
⎩− E b +n(Tb ), an ≠ an −1

where n(t) is non-Gaussian noise.

l Since we have polar symmetry, VT = 0 is selected. We can now
write the following decision rule for decoding
ro > 0 ⇒ aˆn = aˆn−1 ⇒ bˆn = 0
ro < 0 ⇒ aˆn ≠ aˆn−1 ⇒ bˆn = 1

l The probability of bit error for DBPSK scheme is given by

Eb
1 −
BERDBPSK = e No
2
11/18/14 8
DBPSK (contd)!

11/18/14 9
BER Comparison!
Probability of Bit Error Rate vs. (Eb/No)dB
0
10
BPSK
-1 DBPSK
10
Coherent ASK/FSK
Noncoherent ASK/FSK
-2
10

-3
10
BER

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10

-7
10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
11/18/14 Eb/No [dB] 10
Quadrature Modulation Schemes!
l In BPSK the phase of the carrier burst is shifted 0 or 180
degrees every pulse or symbol interval depending upon the
information sequence. Thus each modulated carrier pulse
transmits 1 bit of information
l If, on the other hand, the modulation scheme can use phase
shifts of 45, 135, 225, or 315 degrees, each modulated carrier
pulse transmits 2 bits of information. This technique is called
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
l Using QPSK, we can double the data rate over the same
channel bandwidth.
l QPSK is one of the modulation methods in the family known
as Quadrature modulation schemes which are widely used,
including in cellular and cable modem applications

11/18/14 11
Quadrature Modulation Schemes (contd)!
l Suppose an information source generates M-ary symbols at a
rate of D symbols/second ⇒ T = 1/D
l The symbol stream is split into 2 sequences that consist of
odd and even symbols, say, anI and anQ, respectively
l Let anI ∈ AM modulate in-phase carrier Accos(2π fc t) every T
seconds to produce the signal
∞
Ac ∑ anI v ( t − nT ) cos ( 2π f ct ) = Ac I (t ) cos ( 2π f ct )
n =−∞

l This signal is identical to the BPSK signal if anI is polar

binary symbol sequence
l Similarly, let anQ ∈ AM modulate the quadrature carrier
Acsin(2π fc t) every T seconds to produce the signal
∞
Q
Ac ∑ a w (t − nT ) sin ( 2π f t ) = A Q(t ) sin ( 2π f t )
n c c c
11/18/14 n =−∞ 12
Quadrature Modulation Schemes (contd)!
l v(t) and w(t) are unit energy pulses of width T seconds. For
example v(t ) = w(t ) = (1/ T )Π[(t − nT ) / T ]
l Both modulated waveforms will have their power spectrum
located within the same frequency band
l The composite modulated signal x(t) is
x (t ) = Ac ⎡⎣ I (t ) cos ( 2π f ct ) − Q(t ) sin ( 2π f ct )⎤⎦
∞
= Ac ∑ ⎡⎣anI v ( t − nT ) cos ( 2π f ct ) − anQ w ( t − nT ) sin ( 2π f ct )⎤⎦
n =−∞

11/18/14 13
Quadrature Modulation Schemes (contd)!
l The in-phase and quadrature pulse trains I(t) and Q(t) can be
recovered by, respectively, multiplying x(t) with 2cos(2π fc t)
and 2sin(2π fc t) and then LP filtering resultant waveforms
l The M-ary symbols anI and anQ are then detected from I(t) and
Q(t), respectively, as discussed in Chapter 10

11/18/14 14
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)!
l QPSK is the most common form of phase-shift keying. By
using phase shifts of 45, 135, 225, or 315 degrees, each
modulated carrier pulse transmits 2 bits of information
l QPSK is a quadrature modulation scheme: each orthogonal
carrier is modulated by a statistically independent polar NRZ
symbol sequence
l The block diagram of a QPSK modulator is shown in Figure
l Binary data arriving at rate Rb is split by a serial to parallel
converter into two data streams, one containing even bits (b2n)
and other odd bits (b2n+1)
l The symbol mapping tables in the upper and lower branches of
the modulator encode even and odd bits into polar transmission
symbols a2n and a2n+1 , respectively

11/18/14 15
QPSK Modulator!
l The output of the pulse shaping filter in the upper branch is a
binary polar NRZ pulse train I(t) that modulates the in-phase
carrier Ac cos (2π fct )
l Similarly, a binary polar NRZ pulse train Q(t) generated by the
pulse shaping filter in the lower branch modulates the
quadrature carrier Ac sin ( 2π fct )
l The QPSK signal x(t) is now obtained by adding the in-phase
and quadrature components
x (t ) = Ac ⎡⎣ I (t ) cos ( 2π f ct ) − Q (t ) sin ( 2π f ct )⎤⎦
where
∞
I (t ) = ∑ a v (t − nT )
2n
n =−∞
∞
Q (t ) =
11/18/14 ∑a v ( t − nT )
2 n +1 16
n =−∞
QPSK Modulator Block Diagram !

11/18/14 17
QPSK!
l The carrier-modulated pulse during the first symbol interval is
s (t ) = Ac v(t ) ⎡⎣a0 cos ( 2π f ct ) − a1 sin ( 2π f ct )⎤⎦ , 0≤t ≤T
−1 a1
= Ac v(t ) cos ( 2π f ct +ψ 0 ) , ψ 0 = tan
a0
` where phase of the transmitted carrier burst ψ 0 is a discrete
random variable assuming one of the four possible values {π/
4, 3π/4, 5π/4, 7π/4} depending on the binary pair (a0 , a1 )

⎧ π 3π 5π 7π ⎫
ψ 0 ∈ ⎨ , , , ⎬
⎩ 4 4 4 4 ⎭
11/18/14 18
QPSK Demodulator Block Diagram!
l The coherent demodulation of the QPSK signal is shown in
Figure

11/18/14 19
 Error Performance!
l By choosing the basis functions
φ1 (t ) = 2v(t ) cos(2πf c t )
φ2 (t ) = 2v(t ) sin(2πf c t )

it is possible express all four possible carrier bursts in table as

vectors in the plane spanned by φ1 and φ2
E E
s = (a2n Es , a2n+1 Es ) = (± s , ± s ) = (± Eb , ± Eb )
2 2
l The nearest neighbor estimate for the BER of for QPSK is (K
= 4, M =4 )
2K ⎛ d min ⎞ ⎛ 2 Eb ⎞ Eb = Es / 2
BERQPSK = Q ⎜ ⎟ = Q ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
M log 2 M ⎜⎝ 2 N o ⎟
⎠ ⎝ N o ⎠ d min = 2 Eb

It is exact value
11/18/14 20
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)!
l OQPSK is a minor but important variation on QPSK
l In QPSK, there is no constraint on allowed phase transitions (0,
90 or 180 degrees as shown by dotted lines) as shown in Figure
l I(t) and Q(t) in QPSK can switch signs simultaneously (e.g.
if 11 is followed by 00) ⇒ the phase ψ(t) changes by 180o
l Constant envelope nature of the QPSK signal destroyed with
the filtered pulses - the waveform can’t change instantaneously
from one peak to another when 180o phase transitions occur
l However, Class-C amplifiers are highly nonlinear and restore
the filtered sidelobes causing adjacent channel interference,
when amplifying a waveform with envelope variation
l In OQPSK, either a2n or a2n+1 can change but not both because
of a single bit delay in the quadrature path ⇒ ±90o phase
transitions only to adjacent neighbors. Less envelope variation
11/18/14 21
OQPSK
Modulator!

11/18/14 22
OQPSK Demodulator !

l The OQPSK demodulator is identical to that of QPSK

demodulator except for a single bit delay in the inphase path
l Since OQPSK constellation is identical to that of QPSK, its
BER performance is identical to that of QPSK
11/18/14 23
M-ary Phase Shift Keying !
l In M-ary PSK, M different phase shifts of the carrier are used
to convey the information. The M = 2k signal waveforms, each
representing k information bits, are represented as

si (t ) = Ac v(t ) cos[2π f ct +ψ i + ϕ ], 0 ≤ t ≤ T i = 1,......, M

where All M-ary PSK waveforms

π have equal energy Es
ϕ = 0 or = Fixed phase offset
M
2π (i − 1)
ψi = = M possible phases of the carrier
M
v(t)= unit energy pulse Phase of the carrier during
l M-ary PSK signal the nth symbol interval
2 Es ∞
x (t ) = ∑ v(t − nT ) cos[2π f t +ψ
c n +ϕ ]
T n =−∞
11/18/14 24
M-ary PSK (contd)!
l By choosing the same basis functions as for QPSK, it is
possible to express all waveforms in the M-PSK signal set as
vectors in the plane spanned by φ1 and φ2 as
s = (anI Es , anQ Es )
where
anI = cos(ψ n + ϕ )
anQ = sin(ψ n + ϕ )
l The signal vectors lie
around a circle of radius Es .
The constellation for 8-
PSK (M = 8) is shown
in Figure
11/18/14 25
 M-ary PSK (contd)!
l As illustrated in Figure, the minimum distance between two
adjacent signal points is
⎛ π ⎞
d min = 2 D = 2 Es sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ M ⎠
l The nearest-neighbor estimate of Pe is
⎡ 2 Es 2 ⎛ π ⎞
⎤
Pe ≈ 2Q ⎢ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ N o ⎝ M ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 Eb log 2 M 2 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
= 2Q ⎢ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ No ⎝ M ⎠ ⎥⎦

1 ⎡ 2 Eb log 2 M 2 ⎛ π ⎞
⎤
BERMPSK ≈ 2Q ⎢ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
log 2 M ⎢⎣ No ⎝ M ⎠ ⎥⎦
11/18/14 26
M-PSK BER Performance!

11/18/14 27
Digital Carrier Modulation Schemes!