Digital Modulation Schemes

 Basic Digital Modulation Schemes:

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 Amplitude Phase Keying (APK)

 For Binary signals (M = 2), we have

 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK)

 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

 Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)

 For M > 2, many variations of the above techniques exit usually

classified as M-ary Modulation/detection

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Linear Modulation Methods

 In linear modulation techniques, the amplitude of the

transmitted signal varies linearly with the modulating
digital signal.
 Performance is evaluated with respect to Eb / No

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BPSK

 BPSK → Binary Phase Shift Keying

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 Phase transitions force carrier amplitude to
change from “+” to “−”.
 Amplitude varies in time
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Figure4.5: digital modulations, (a) PSK (b) FSK (c) ASK (d) ASK/PSK (APK)

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Amplitude Shift Keying
 Modulation Process
 In Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK),
the amplitude of the carrier is
switched between two (or more)
levels according to the digital data
 For BASK (also called ON-OFF
Keying (OOK)), one and zero are
represented by two amplitude
levels A1 and A0

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 Analytical Expression:
 Ai cos(c t ), 0  t  T binary 1
s (t )  
0, 0  t  T binary 0
where Ai = peak amplitude

s (t )  A cos(0t )  2 Arms cos(0t )  2

2 Arms cos(0t )

2E V2
 2 P cos(0t )  cos(0t )  P 
T R
Hence,
 2 Ei (t )
 cos(i t ), 0  t  T binary 1 , i  0,2,......M  1
si (t )   T

 0, 0  t  T binary 0
where
T
E   s i2 (t )dt , i  0,2,......M  1
0

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 Where for binary ASK (also known as ON OFF Keying (OOK))

s1 (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(c t   ), 0  t  T binary 1

s0 (t )  0, 0  t  T binary 0

 Mathematical ASK Signal Representation

 The complex envelope of an ASK signal is:
g (t )  Ac m(t )
 The magnitude and phase of an ASK signal are:

A(t )  Ac m(t ),  (t )  0
 The in-phase and quadrature components are:

x (t )  Ac m(t )
y (t )  0, the quadrature component is wasted.

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10
 • It can be seen that the
bandwidth of ASK
modulated is twice that
occupied by the source
baseband stream

 Bandwidth of ASK
 Bandwidth of ASK can be found from its power spectral density

 The bandwidth of an ASK signal is twice that of the unipolar NRZ

line code used to create it., i.e., 2

B  2 Rb 
Tb
 This is the null-to-null bandwidth of ASK

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Detectors for ASK
Coherent Receiver

 Coherent detection requires the phase information

 A coherent detector mixes the incoming signal with a locally generated
carrier reference
 Multiplying the received signal r(t) by the receiver local oscillator (say
Accos(wct)) yields a signal with a baseband component plus a
component at 2fc
 Passing this signal through a low pass filter eliminates the high
frequency component
 In practice an integrator is used as the LPF

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  The output of the LPF is sampled once per bit period
 This sample z(T) is applied to a decision rule
 z(T) is called the decision statistic
 Matched filter receiver of OOK signal

 A MF pair such as the root raised

cosine filter can thus be used to shape
the source and received baseband
symbols
 In fact this is a very common
approach in signal detection in most
bandpass data modems

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Noncoherent Receiver
 Does not require a phase reference at the receiver
 If we do not know the phase and frequency of the carrier, we can

use a noncoherent receiver to recover ASK signal

 Envelope Detector:

 The simplest implementation of an envelope detector comprises

a diode rectifier and smoothing filter

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 In FSK, the instantaneous carrier frequency is switched between 2 or
more levels according to the baseband digital data
 data bits select a carrier at one of two frequencies

 the data is encoded in the frequency

 Until recently, FSK has been the most widely used form of digital
modulation;Why?
 Simple both to generate and detect

 Insensitive to amplitude fluctuations in the channel

 FSK conveys the data using distinct carrier frequencies to represent

symbol states
 An important property of FSK is that the amplitude of the modulated
wave is constant
 Waveform

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 Analytical Expression
2 Es
si (t )  cos( i t   ), i  0,1,....M  1
Ts   
t
 i (t )  [ 0t   d  m( )d ] 
 
d Analog form
fi   i (t )  f 0  f d m(t ) 
dt 
 General expression is
2 Es
si (t )  cos(2f 0t  2ift ), i  0,1,....M  1
Ts

Where f  f i  f i 1

f i  f 0  if and Es  kEb , Ts  kTb

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Binary FSK
 In BFSK, 2 different frequencies, f1 and f2 = f1 + ∆ f are used to
transmit binary information

 Data is encoded in the frequencies

 That is, m(t) is used to select between 2 frequencies:
 f1 is the mark frequency, and f2 is the space frequency
2 Es
s0 (t )  cos 2 ( f1  1 ), 0  t  Tb
Tb

2 Es
s1 (t )  cos 2 ( f 2   2 ), 0  t  Tb
Tb
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  Ac cos(1t  1 ), when m(t )  1 or X n  1
s (t )  
 Ac cos(2t   2 ), when m(t )  1 or X n  0

 Binary Orthogonal Phase FSK

 When w0 an w1 are chosen so that f1(t) and f2(t) are orthogonal, i.e.,




1 (t )2 (t )  0
 form a set of K = 2 basis orthonormal basis
functions
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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 General expression is

2 Es
si (t )  cos[2f 0t  i (t )], i  0,1,....M  1
Ts

 Where
2i
i (t )  i  0,1,....M  1
M

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3. Coherent Detection of Binary FSK

 Coherent detection of Binary FSK is similar to that for

ASK but in this case there are 2 detectors tuned to the 2
carrier frequencies

 Recovery of fc in receiver is made simple if the

frequency spacing between symbols is made equal to
the symbol rate.

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 Non-coherent Detection
 One of the simplest ways of detecting binary FSK is to pass the
signal through 2 BPF tuned to the 2 signaling freqs and detect
which has the larger output averaged over a symbol period

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is switched between 2 (for
BPSK) or more (for MPSK) in response to the baseband digital data
 With PSK the information is contained in the instantaneous phase of
the modulated carrier
 Usually this phase is imposed and measured with respect to a fixed
carrier of known phase – Coherent PSK
 For binary PSK, phase states of 0o and 180o are used

 Waveform:

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 Analytical expression can be written as

si (t )  A g (t ) cos[ ct  i (t )], 0 �t �Tb , i  1, 2,...., M

where
 g(t) is signal pulse shape

 A = amplitude of the signal

 ø = carrier phase

 The range of the carrier phase can be determined using

2 (i  1)
i (t )  i  1,....M
M
 For a rectangular pulse, we obtain
2
g (t )  , 0  t  Tb ; and assume A  Eb
Tb

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 We can now write the analytical expression as

2 Eb  2 (i  1) 
si (t )  cos  c t  , 0  t  Tb , and i  1,2,....M
Tb  M 
carrier phase changes
Constant envelope abruptly at the beginning of
each signal interval

 In PSK the carrier phase changes abruptly at the beginning of each

signal interval while the amplitude remains constant

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 We can also write a PSK signal as:
2E  2 (i  1) 
si (t )  cos  c t  
T  M 

2E  2 (i  1) 2 (i  1) 
  cos cos  ct  sin sin cos  ct 
T  M M 

 Furthermore, s1(t) may be represented as a linear combination of

two orthogonal functions ψ1(t) and ψ2(t) as follows
2 (i  1) 2 (i  1)
si (t )  E cos  1 (t )  E sin  2 (t )
M M
Where
2 2
 1 (t )  cos[ c t ] and  2 (t )  sin[ ct ]
T T

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 Using the concept of the orthogonal basis function, we can represent
PSK signals as a two dimensional vector

 2 (i  1) 2 (i  1) 
si (t )   Eb cos  1 , Eb sin 2 
 M M 
 For M-ary phase modulation M = 2k, where k is the number of
information bits per transmitted symbol

 In an M-ary system, one of M ≥ 2 possible symbols, s1(t), …, sm(t), is

transmitted during each Ts-second signaling interval

 The mapping or assignment of k information bits into M = 2k possible

phases may be performed in many ways, e.g. for M = 4

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 A preferred assignment is to use “Gray code” in which adjacent phases
differ by only one binary digit such that only a single bit error occurs in
a k-bit sequence. Will talk about this in detail in the next few slides.

 It is also possible to transmit data encoded as the phase change

(phase difference) between consecutive symbols
 This technique is known as Differential PSK (DPSK)

 There is no non-coherent detection equivalent for PSK except for

DPSK

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M-ary PSK
 In MPSK, the phase of the carrier takes on one of M possible values
2 (i  1)
i (t )  , i  1,2,....., M
M
 Thus, MPSK waveform is expressed as
M  2k MPSK
2E  2 (i  1)  2 BPSK
si (t )  cos  0t 
T  M  4 QPSK
8 8  PSK
 2 (i  1) 
si (t )  g (t ) cos  0t  16 16  PSK
 M 
...........

 Each si(t) may be expanded in terms of two basis function Ψ1(t) and
Ψ2(t) defined as
2 2
 1 (t )  cos  c t ,  2 (t )  sin  c t ,
Ts Ts

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Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

 Two BPSK in phase quadrature

 QPSK (or 4PSK) is a modulation technique that transmits 2-bit of
information using 4 states of phases
 For example
2-bit Information ø
00 0 Each symbol corresponds
01 π/2 to two bits
10 π
11 3π/2
 General expression:
2 Es  2 (i  1) 
sQPSK (t )  cos 2f c t   , i  1,2,3,4 0  t  Ts
Ts  M 

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 The signals are:
2 Es 2 Es  2 Es
s0  cos( c t ) s1  cos( c t  )   sin( c t )
Ts Ts 2 Ts

2 Es 2 Es
s2  cos( c t   )   cos( c t )
Ts Ts

2 Es 3 2 Es
s3  cos( c t  )  sin( c t )
Ts 2 Ts

2 Es
s0, 2 (t )   cos c t ,   shift o f 00 and 1800
Ts

2 Es
s1,3 (t )   sin  c t ,   shift o f 900 and 2700
Ts

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 We can also have:
2 Es  2 (i  1)  
sQPSK (t )  cos c t   , i  1,2,3,4 0  t  Ts
Ts  M 4

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 One of 4 possible waveforms is transmitted during each signaling
interval Ts
 i.e., 2 bits are transmitted per modulation symbol → Ts=2Tb)

 In QPSK, both the in-phase and quadrature components are used

 The I and Q channels are aligned and phase transition occur once
every Ts = 2Tb seconds with a maximum transition of 180 degrees
 From
2 Es  2 (i  1) 
sQPSK (t )  cos 2f c t  
Ts  M

 As shown earlier we can use trigonometric identities to show that

2 Es  2 (i  1)  2 Es  2 (i  1) 
sQPSK (t )  cos   cos( c t )  sin   sin( c t )
Ts  M  Ts  M 

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 In terms of basis functions
2 2
 1 (t )  cos 2f c t and  2 (t )  sin 2f c t
Ts Ts
we can write sQPSK(t) as

  2 (i  1)   2 (i  1)  
sQPSK (t )   Es cos   1 (t )  Es sin   2 (t ) 
  M   M  
 With this expression, the constellation diagram can easily be drawn
 For example:

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Coherent Detection
1. Coherent Detection of PSK
 Coherent detection requires the phase information
 A coherent detector operates by mixing the incoming data signal with
a locally generated carrier reference and selecting the difference
component from the mixer output

 Multiplying r(t) by the receiver LO (say A cos(ωct)) yields a signal

with a baseband component plus a component at 2fc
 The LPF eliminates the high frequency component
 The output of the LPF is sampled once per bit period
 The sampled value z(T) is applied to a decision rule
 z(T) is called the decision statistic

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 Matched filter receiver

 A MF pair such as the root raised cosine filter can thus be used
to shape the source and received baseband symbols
 In fact this is a very common approach in signal detection in most
bandpass data modems

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2. Coherent Detection of MPSK
 QPSK receiver is composed of 2 BPSK receivers
 one that locks on to the sine carrier and
 the other that locks onto the cosine carrier

 1 (t )  A cos  0t

 2 (t )  A sin  0t

Ts Ts A2Ts
z0 (t )  �s0 (t ) 1 (t ) dt  �( A cos  0t ) ( A cos  0t ) dt   L0
0 0 2
Ts Ts
z1 (t )  �s 0 (t ) 2 (t )dt  �( A cos  t ) ( A sin  t )dt  0
0 0
0 0

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 Output S0(t) S1(t) S2(t) S3(t) A2Ts 
Z0 Lo 0 -Lo 0
L0  cos
2 4
Z1 0 -Lo 0 Lo
If  1 (t )  A cos( 0t  45 ) and  2 (t )  A cos( 0t  45 )
o o


Output S0(t) S1(t) S2(t) S3(t)

Z0 Lo -Lo -Lo Lo
Z1 Lo Lo -Lo -Lo
 Decision:
1. Calculate zi(t) as
T
zi (t )  
0
r (t )  i (t ) dt
2. Find the quadrant of (Z0, Z1)

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 A coherent QPSK receiver requires accurate carrier recovery using
a 4th power process, to restore the 90o phase states to modulo 2π

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