WIRELESS COMMUNICATION-

DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR

FADING CHANNELS
 INTRODUCTION

EVOCATION:
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Modulation technique for wireless communication
 Why digital modulation is preferred?
 Types of Modulation formats
 BPSK
 BPSK Modulator & Demodulator
 Drawbacks of BPSK
 DPSK
 Modulation Techniques for wireless
communication

• Deciding the modulation and demodulation formats is very

important in deciding the following parameters.
• Spectral efficiency
• It must be as high as possible
• Adjacent channel interference
• It must be small
• Sensitivity with respect to noise
• This must be small
 Modulation Techniques for wireless
communication

• Robustness with respect to delay and dispersion

• This must be as large as possible because channel itself

introduces the delay and dispersion

• Easy to generate waveforms

• The hardware requirements should be easy to implement and

must satisfy the practical needs
 Why Digital modulation is preferred?

Digital modulation
Removes communication noise
Provides enhanced strength for the signal intrusion
Gives more capacity of data
High information security
the error correction and detection techniques can be implemented
easily
Digital modulated signal can traverse a long distance compared to
analog modulation
Accessibility of a faster system by enormous quality communication
 Types of Modulation formats

• Binary Phase Shift Keying [BPSK]

• Differential Phase Shift Keying [DPSK]

• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying [QPSK]

• Offset – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying [OQPSK]

• Pi / 4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying [pi / 4 -QPSK]

• Minimum Shift Keying [MSK]

• Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying [GMSK]

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 BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying

• In BPSK, the phase of the constant amplitude carrier is shifted

between 2 values according to the possible signals m1 & m2

• Since it is binary we have only 2 symbols “1” and “0”

• The two phases are separated by 1800

• If the sinusoidal carrier has an amplitude Ac and energy per bit Eb

=1/2 Ac2 Tb then the transmitted BPSK signal is given by

SBPSK(t)= (2 Eb/Tb) cos(2fct+c); 0≤t≤Tb (For binary 1)

SBPSK(t)= - (2 Eb/Tb) cos(2fct+c); 0≤t≤Tb (For binary 0)

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 BPSK

• The transmitted signal may be represented as

SBPSK(t)= m(t) (2 Eb/Tb) cos(2fct+c)

• The BPSK signal is equivalent to a double sideband

suppressed carrier amplitude modulated waveform, where

cos(2fct) is applied as the carrier

data signal in m(t) is applied as the modulating

waveform

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 BPSK

• The complex representation of the BPSK Signals are given by

SBPSK(t)= Re{gBPSK(t) exp(j2fct)}

where gBPSK(t)= m(t)(2 Eb/Tb) ejc)

gBPSK(t) is the complex envelope of the signal

• Power spectral density of the BPSK is given by

PgBPSK(t) = 2Eb
( )
sinfTb 2

fTb

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 BPSK Modulator

BPSK signal can be generated using a balanced modulator

 BPSK Waveforms

 In BPSK, binary 0 is 00 & binary 1 is 1800

 The phase changes when the binary state switches & hence the
signal is coherent

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 Constellation diagram of BPSK

 It is the graphical representation to compute the bit error

probabilities

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 Demodulation in BPSK

• Uses synchronous or coherent detection method for demodulation of

BPSK signal

• Requires reference of Tx signal in order to properly determine phase

 carrier must be transmitted along with signal

• Called Synchronous or “Coherent” detection

 complex & costly Rx circuitry

 good BER performance for low SNR → power efficient

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 BPSK receiver with carrier recovery circuits

cos2(2fct+) cos(4fct+2)
Square cos(2fct+)
m(t)cos(2fct+) Band Pass Frequency
Law Filter Divider
device 2fc f/2

m(t)cos(2fct+)

m(t)cos2(2fct+)
Integrate Demodulated output
and Dump m(t)
circuit

Bit Synchronizer
 Detection of BPSK signal

• The Received signal can be given as

SBPSK(t)= m(t) (2 Eb/Tb) cos(2fct+c+ch)

i.e SBPSK(t)= m(t) (2 Eb/Tb) cos(2fct+)

• ch -phase shift corresponding to the time delay in the channel.

• The received signal cos(2fct+) is squared to generate a dc signal

and an amplitude varying sinusoid at twice the carrier frequency

• The dc signal is filtered out using a bandpass filter with center

frequency tuned to 2fc

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 Detection of BPSK signal

• A frequency divider: used to recreate the waveform cos(2fct+)

• This signal is applied to an integrate and dump circuit which forms
the low pass filter segment of a BPSK detector
• A bit synchronizer is used to facilitate sampling of the integrator
output precisely at the end of each bit period
• Depending on whether the integrator output is above or below a
certain threshold, the decision circuit decides that the received
signal corresponds to a binary 1 or 0

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 Drawbacks of BPSK

The major drawbacks of BPSK are

•Only one bit is used per symbol, thus higher data rates are not possible

• It requires the coherent detection method, which requires the prior

knowledge of phase and amplitude of the transmitted signal during
detection
 DPSK: Differential Phase Shift Keying

• Noncoherent form of phase shift keying which avoids the need for a
coherent reference signal at the receiver

• Input binary sequence is first differentially encoded and then

modulated using a BPSK modulator

• The differentially encoded sequence dk is generated from the input

binary sequence mk by complementing the modulo-2 sum of mk and dk-

dk= mkdk-1
 DPSK

• Symbol dk is unchanged from the previous symbol if the incoming

binary symbol mk is 1, and to toggle dk if mk is 0

• Bit information determined by transition between two phase states

 incoming bit = 1 → signal phase stays the same as previous bit

 incoming bit = 0 → phase switches state

• Generation of a DPSK signal for a sample sequence mk is given by

mk 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

dk-1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

dk 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
 DPSK Transmitter

Input Data {dk} DPSK

Logic Product
{mk} Circuit Modulator Signal

{dk-1} cos(2fct)

Delay
Tb
 DPSK Transmitter

• It consists of a 1 bit delay element & a logic circuit interconnected to

generate the differentially encoded sequence from the input binary
sequence
• The output is passed through a product modulator to obtain the DPSK
signal
• DPSK signaling has the advantage of reduced receiver complexity, its
energy efficiency is inferior to that of coherent PSK by about 3db
• The average probability of error for DPSK in additive white Gaussian noise
is given by

( )
PgBPSK(t) = ½ exp Eb
N
2

0
 DPSK Receiver

DPSK
Signal Band Pass Integrate
Logic Threshold
Filter and Dump
Circuit Device
2fc circuit
Demodulated
output

Delay

• The original sequence is recovered from the demodulated differentially

encoded signal through a complementary process as shown
MINDMAP