UNIT-3 (DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION)
Phase Shift Keying – PSK
Definition: A digital modulation technique that transmits data by varying the phase of the
carrier wave in accordance with the digital modulating signal, is called Phase Shift Keying
(PSK).
The easiest form of PSK is BPSK i.e., binary phase shift keying. However, PSK can be
extended to 4 level and 8 level PSK that totally depends on the need of the system.
Principle of BPSK
BPSK technique is the simplest among all the PSK techniques. In this, each signalling element
is represented by a single data bit. Here, the carrier undergoes two phase reversal such as 0°
and 180°. In phase shift keying the digital bit sequence is first converted to NRZ bipolar signal
which directly modulates the carrier wave.
Expression for BPSK
Let us consider the carrier wave is given as
s(t) = A cos (2πfct)
The peak of the carrier wave is represented as A when the load resistance is assumed to be 1
ohm as standard, the power dissipated is given as,
A change in phase by 180° is noticed with the corresponding change in the bit
sequence.
Assume the carrier for symbol 1 is given as
Similarly, in the case of symbol 0, we have,
: π represents the phase shift of 180°
As we know cos (ɸ + π) = – cos ɸ
Thus, s2(t) can be written as,
Hence, BPSK signal can be written as,
: b(t) will be +1 in case of transmission of binary 1 and
b(t) will be -1 in case of transmission of binary 0.
BPSK modulation
The figure below shows the block diagram for the generation of a BPSK signal.
As we can see
here that the system
consists of NRZ
encoder along with
product modulator and
carrier generator.
The binary message
signal is fed to the
bipolar NRZ level
encoder that converts
the Binary data input into equivalent bipolar NRZ sequence m(t). This bipolar NRZ signal is
fed to the balanced modulator along with the carrier wave.
Thus, the binary signal modulates the carrier wave that generates a phase shifted modulated
signal termed as BPSK signal.
Let us have a look at the figure below that
shows BPSK generated waveform with
the binary bit sequence and carrier
wave.Here, (i) represents the binary bit
sequence, the next represents the bipolar
NRZ sequence m(t) that is used to
modulate the carrier wave represented in
(iii). The resultant BPSK signal is then
achieved.
Here, as we can see that, the figure shows
phase reversal when the bit sequence gets
changed either from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.
When the bit sequence changes from 0 to
1 then we noticed a positive phase
change whereas, when the bit sequence
changes from 1 to 0 then a negative change of phase is noticed.
BPSK Demodulation
The block diagram for the coherent detection of BPSK signal is shown below:
Let us consider, the signal at the input of the receiver is
The phase shift ɸ is based on the time delay in
between transmitter and receiver.
The signal is then fed to a square law device that provides
cos2(2πfct + ɸ) as its output.
Here, only the carrier of the signal is taken into consideration thus the amplitude is neglected.
As we know,
Expanding the carrier as the above mathematical identity,
Or we can write,
: dc level is showed by ½
This signal is then fed to the BPF as we can see in the diagram above. This BPF has a centre
frequency of 2fc, eliminates the dc level hence, generates output as
cos 2 (2πfct + ɸ)
This signal is then further fed to a frequency divider unit. As it is frequency divider by 2 thus
generates a carrier with frequency fc.
This carrier is then multiplied with the input signal,
thereby generating the output as,
This signal is then given to the integrator and
bit synchronizer unit. The signal is integrated
over the 1-bit period by the integrator by making use of bit synchronizer. It manages the bit
duration. After a completed bit duration, synchronizer closes S2 and the output of the integrator
acts as input to the decision device.
Further, processing continues when S2 gets open and S1 gets closed for some time, resetting the
voltage of the integrator to 0. Then the next bit is integrated by the integrator and the cycle
repeats. The decision device then generates the equivalent binary data, the actual message
signal.
Advantages of Phase shift keying
1. It allows more efficient transmission of radio frequency signal.
2. Better noise immunity is noticed in the case of BPSK technique.
3. Less bandwidth is utilized by the BPSK signal in comparison to BFSK.
Disadvantages of Phase shift keying
1. Detection of a BPSK signal is quite complex.
2. Phase discontinuity sometimes leads to variation in amplitude of the signal.
Applications of Phase shift keying
PSK modulation technique finds its applications in biometric operations, Bluetooth
connectivity, wireless local area networks and in telemetry operations.
What is Quadrature Phase Shift Keying?
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is a digital modulation method. In this
method, the phase of the carrier waveform is changed according to the digital
baseband signal. The phase of the carrier remains the same when the input
logic is the 1 but goes a phase shift when the logic is 0. In Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying, two information bits are modulated at once, unlike Binary Phase
Shift Keying where only one bit is passed per symbol. Here, there are four
carrier phase offsets with a phase difference of ±90° for four possible
combinations of two bits( 00, 01, 10, 11). Symbol duration in this modulation
is twice the bit duration.
Circuit Diagram
The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with local oscillator, a 2-bit
serial to parallel converter, and a summer circuit. Following is the block diagram for
the same.
At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits (i.e., 2nd bit, 4th bit, 6th bit, etc.)
and odd bits (i.e., 1st bit, 3rd bit, 5th bit, etc.) are separated by the bits splitter and are
multiplied with the same carrier to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKI) and even
BPSK (called as PSKQ). The PSKQ signal is anyhow phase shifted by 90° before
being modulated.
Waveform of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
After processing of the Even and Odd QPSK signals, they are applied to the
summer where the modulated output is obtained.
Quadrature-Phase-Shift-Keying-Waveform.
QPSK Demodulator
The QPSK Demodulator uses two product demodulator circuits with local oscillator,
two band pass filters, two integrator circuits, and a 2-bit parallel to serial converter.
Following is the diagram for the same.
At the receiver end for demodulation, two product detectors are used. This
product detectors convert the modulated QPSK signal into Even QPSK and
Odd QPSK signals. Then the signals are passed through two bandpass
filters and two integrators. After processing the signals are applied to the 2-
bit parallel- to-series converter, whose output is the reconstructed signal.
Phasor and Constellation diagram:
Advantages and Disadvantages
It provides good noise immunity.
Compared to BPSK, bandwidth used by QPSK is reduced to half.
The information transmission rate of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
is higher as it transmits two bits per carrier symbol.
Carrier power remains constant as the variation in the QPSK
amplitude is small.
Effective utilization of available transmission bandwidth.
Low error probability compared to other methods.
The disadvantage of QPSK compared to BPSK is the circuit
complexity.
QPSK is usually preferred for applications where the high bit rates and speed
transfer of data are required.
EXAMPLE:
Digital Communication - M-ary Encoding
What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation?
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is modulation techniques that we
can utilize in analog modulation concept and digital modulation concept.
Depending upon the input signal form we can use it in either analog or digital
modulation schemes. In QAM, we can modulate two individual signals and
transmitted to the receiver level. And by using the two input signals, the
channel bandwidth also increases. QAM can able to transmit two message
signals over the same channel. This QAM technique also is known as
“quadrature carrier multiplexing”.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Definition
QAM can be defined as it is s a modulation technique that is used to combine
two amplitude modulated waves into a single channel to increase the
channel bandwidth.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Block Diagram
The below diagrams show the transmitter and receiver block diagram of the
QAM scheme.
QAM Modulator
qam-modulator
QAM Demodulator
qam-demodulator
QAM Working Principle
“In the QAM transmitter, the above section i.e., product modulator1 and local
oscillator are called the in-phase channel and product modulator2 and local
oscillator are called a quadrature channel. Both output signals of the in-
phase channel and quadrature channel are summed so the resultant output
will be QAM.”
At the receiver level, the QAM signal is forwarded from the upper channel of
receiver and lower channel, and the resultant signals of product modulators
are forwarded from LPF1 and LPF2. These LPF’s are fixed to the cut off
frequencies of input 1 and input 2 signals. Then the filtered outputs are the
recovered original signals.
The below waveforms are indicating the two different carrier signals of the
QAM technique.
input-carriers-of-qam
The output waveforms of QAM is shown below.
quadrature-output-signal-
waveform
Advantages of QAM
The quadrature amplitude modulation advantages are listed below. They are
One of the best advantages of QAM – supports a high data rate. So,
the number of bits can be carried by the carrier signal. Because of
these advantages it preferable in wireless communication networks.
QAM’s noise immunity is very high. Due to this noise interference is
very less.
It has a low probability of error value.
QAM expertly uses channel bandwidth.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Applications
The applications of QAM include the following.
The applications of QAM are mostly observed in radio
communications and data delivery applications systems.
QAM technique has wide applications in the radio communications
field because, as the increment of the data rate there is the chance
of noise increment but this QAM technique is not affected by noise
interference hence there is an easy mode of signal transmission can
be possible with this QAM.
QAM has wide applications in transmitting digital signals like digital
cable television and in internet services.
In cellular technology, wireless device technology quadrature
amplitude modulation is preferred.
Thus, this is all about an overview of QAM which includes what is quadrature
amplitude modulation, its definition, block diagram, working principle, and it’s
applications.
