MODERN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 1

(Subject Code: 21ECO103T)

Unit -3

Personal Communication Services

 Contents 2

 Personal Communication Introduction,

 HSCSD
 , GPRS, D-AMPS
 GSM-HSCSD
 GPRS-D-AMPS
 CDMA Introduction, CDMA one, CDMA two
 Packet data systems.
 3
Personal Communication Introduction
 In computer networks, the term Personal Communication typically refers to Personal
Communication Services (PCS) or technologies that support person-to-person
communication over digital networks.

 What is Personal Communication in Computer Networks?

 Personal Communication refers to services and technologies that enable individuals to

communicate directly, often through wireless or mobile networks. It includes various forms
of voice, data, text, and multimedia communication.
Common Examples of Personal Communication in Networks:
4

 Voice Calls (e.g., mobile or VoIP calls)

 Text Messaging (e.g., SMS, WhatsApp, Signal)

 Email

 Video Calls (e.g., Zoom, FaceTime, Google Meet)

 Instant Messaging (e.g., Telegram)

 Social Media Messaging (e.g., Instagram)

Key Features of Personal Communication Systems 5

 Mobility – Users can communicate on the go.

 Personalization – Communication is directed to specific individuals.

 Security – Encryption and authentication protect personal messages.

 Real-time or Asynchronous – Messages can be delivered instantly

or stored for later retrieval.
Applications in Daily Life 6

 Remote work and collaboration

 Online learning

 Telemedicine

 Social interaction

 Customer service (via chat or support apps)

7
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) 8

Introduction

 HSCSD is an enhancement of GSM networks (2G) to provide higher data

rates.

 It is a circuit-switched technology, meaning a dedicated channel (circuit)

is reserved for the entire communication session.

 Developed to improve GSM’s original data rate of 9.6 kbps, HSCSD can
achieve up to 57.6 kbps by combining multiple GSM time slots.
Key Concept 9

 In GSM, one time slot provides 9.6 kbps (sometimes 14.4 kbps with better
coding).
 HSCSD allows aggregation of multiple time slots (up to 4 or 8 depending on the
network).
 Example:
 4 time slots × 14.4 kbps = 57.6 kbps
 8 time slots × 14.4 kbps = 115.2 kbps (in theory, but rarely implemented due
to spectrum efficiency).
Features of HSCSD 10

 Multiple time slot usage → Higher data rates.

 Backward compatible → Works on existing GSM networks.
 Constant bandwidth → Since it’s circuit-switched, resources are reserved
for the entire call.
 Suitable for continuous data transmission (like file downloads, video
streaming).
 QoS (Quality of Service) support → Priority given to users who need
consistent speeds.
Working of HSCSD 11
 Channel Allocation
 GSM network allocates multiple consecutive time slots to a single user.
 Example: Instead of just one 9.6 kbps slot, the user may get 4 slots.
 Data Transmission
 Data is transmitted over these parallel time slots.
 The system maintains synchronization to reassemble the data at the receiver.
 Error Correction & Coding Schemes
 Improved coding techniques increase efficiency.
 Trade-off: Higher data rate vs. reliability in noisy environments.
 Call Setup
 Similar to a GSM voice call, but instead of voice, digital data flows.
 Architecture of HSCSD 12

 Mobile Station (MS) → Supports multiple slot reception.

 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) → Provides multiple time slots.
 Base Station Controller (BSC) → Manages resource allocation.
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) → Connects the circuit-switched call to ISDN, PSTN,
or internet gateways.
Advantages 13

 Higher data rate compared to GSM (up to 57.6 kbps).

 Low latency since dedicated circuits are used.

 Ideal for applications requiring continuous, stable connections.

 Backward compatibility with GSM infrastructure.

Disadvantages 14

 Inefficient use of resources → Time slots are occupied even during silence or
inactivity.

 Limited availability → Network operators may restrict number of slots per user.

 High cost → Since resources are reserved, it’s more expensive for operators and
users.

 Outdated → Replaced by GPRS and EDGE (packet-switched, more efficient).

Applications of HSCSD 15

 Early internet access (dial-up via GSM networks).

 Video conferencing (basic, low resolution).

 File transfer (FTP, emails with attachments).

 Mobile office applications (in the 1990s/early 2000s).

Comparison with Other GSM Data Services 16

GSM Data
Feature HSCSD GPRS EDGE
(CSD)
Switching Circuit Circuit Packet Packet
57.6 kbps
9.6–14.4
Max Speed (theoretical ~171.2 kbps ~384 kbps
kbps
115.2 kbps)
Efficiency Low Medium High Higher
Per data Per data
Billing Per minute Per minute
used used
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 17

Introduction

 GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service.

 It is a 2.5G mobile communication standard, an enhancement over GSM (2G).

 Provides packet-switched data services on top of the circuit-switched GSM

network.

 Allows always-on Internet access and more efficient use of radio resources.
Why GPRS was Needed 18

 GSM was originally designed only for voice and SMS (circuit-switched).

 For data (fax, dial-up), GSM had very low speeds (~9.6 kbps).

 Internet usage was growing, so a packet-switched approach was required:

 Transmit data only when needed.

 Share radio resources among multiple users.

 Enable mobile Internet (email, browsing, MMS).

 Working Principle 19

 Uses packet switching instead of circuit switching:

 Data is divided into packets.

 Packets are transmitted only when needed.

 Multiple users share the same radio channel.

 Network resources are used efficiently.

 Radio resources can be dynamically allocated:

 1 to 8 time slots in a GSM TDMA frame can be assigned for GPRS.

 Each user may use multiple slots for higher data rates.
GPRS Architecture 20
GPRS Architecture (New Network Elements) 21

 GPRS adds new components to the GSM core network:

 MS (Mobile Station)
 Mobile handset + GPRS-enabled SIM.
 Supports GPRS coding schemes.
 BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
 BTS (Base Transceiver Station) + BSC (Base Station Controller).
 Modified to handle packet data.
 PCU (Packet Control Unit)
 Allocates radio resources for packet data.
 Can be integrated with BSC or BTS.
GPRS Architecture (New Network Elements) 22
 SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
• Similar to MSC but for packet data.
• Handles mobility management, authentication, and packet routing within its area.
 GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
• Connects GPRS network to external packet networks (Internet, intranet, IP networks).
• Works like a router + firewall.
• Assigns IP addresses to mobiles.
 Databases
• HLR (Home Location Register): Stores GPRS subscription info.
• VLR (Visitor Location Register): Temporary storage of subscriber data.
• EIR (Equipment Identity Register): Validates device IMEI.
 .
Protocols Used 23

GPRS uses a layered protocol stack:

 Physical Layer → GSM radio interface.
 MAC (Medium Access Control) → Allocates slots dynamically.
 RLC (Radio Link Control) → Error detection and retransmission.
 LLC (Logical Link Control) → Reliable logical link between MS and SGSN.
 SNDCP (Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol) → Multiplexing
of multiple network connections.
 IP or X.25 → External network protocol.
Data Rates 24

Depends on time slots and coding scheme (CS).

Coding Scheme Error Protection Max per Timeslot Max (8 slots)

CS-1 Strong 9.05 kbps 72.4 kbps
CS-2 Medium 13.4 kbps 107.2 kbps
CS-3 Lower 15.6 kbps 124.8 kbps
CS-4 None (raw) 21.4 kbps 171.2 kbps
Key Features 25

 Always On (no need to dial).

 Efficient spectrum use (packet sharing).

 Support for IP protocols (TCP/IP).

 Billing by data volume instead of time.

 Enables services like MMS, WAP browsing, Push email, Mobile banking.
Advantages 26

 Higher data rates compared to GSM.

 Efficient radio resource utilization.

 Compatible with existing GSM infrastructure (cost-effective upgrade).

 Seamless integration with Internet (IP-based).

Disadvantages 27

 Still relatively slow compared to 3G/4G.

 Latency is high (~600–1000 ms).

 Shared bandwidth → speed drops if many users active.

 Needs new billing models.

Applications 28

 Mobile Internet browsing.

 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).

 Email on mobile.

 Push services (stock alerts, news).

 IoT / M2M applications (later adapted for telemetry, smart

metering).
GPRS vs GSM vs EDGE 29

Feature GSM (2G) GPRS (2.5G) EDGE (2.75G)

Switching Circuit Packet Packet
Speed 9.6 kbps 40–60 kbps 120–200 kbps
Billing Time-based Volume-based Volume-based
Better Internet,
Services Voice, SMS Internet, MMS
video clips
 D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) 30

Background & Evolution

 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) → launched in 1983, first-generation analog
cellular system.
 By early 1990s, demand increased → AMPS suffered from low capacity, poor security,
and no data services.
 Solution: Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) → introduced in 1990 as IS-54 standard, later
enhanced to IS-136.
 D-AMPS reused the same frequency bands (800 MHz & 1900 MHz) and 30 kHz channel
spacing as AMPS.
 So, D-AMPS allowed network operators to upgrade from analog to digital without
changing spectrum allocation → very cost-effective.
Key Features of D-AMPS 31

 Operates in 800 MHz and 1900 MHz frequency bands.

 Multiple Access Technique: Uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) over the
existing FDMA channels of AMPS.
 Each 30 kHz AMPS channel is divided into 3 digital time slots, so 3 users can share
the same channel.
 Backward compatibility: It supported both analog AMPS and digital IS-54/136 users
in the same network.
 Data rate: 48.6 kbps per channel, with speech coding at 8 kbps.
 Channel coding and error correction for reliable communication.
Architecture of D-AMPS 32
Architecture of D-AMPS 33

 The architecture is similar to AMPS but enhanced with digital functions:

 Mobile Station (MS) – the user’s handset supporting both AMPS and D-AMPS.
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Handles radio communication (TDMA channels).
 Base Station Controller (BSC): Manages multiple BTS, call setup, and handovers.
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Connects to PSTN/ISDN, call routing, billing,
mobility management.
 HLR (Home Location Register) & VLR (Visitor Location Register): Store subscriber
info and roaming data.
Channel Structure 34

 Analog AMPS channel = 30 kHz wide.

 In D-AMPS:

 Each 30 kHz channel is divided into 6 time slots per frame.

 Each user occupies 2 slots per frame, allowing 3 users per channel.

 This makes spectrum usage 3x more efficient compared to AMPS.

Modulation & Coding 35

 Modulation: π/4 Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (π/4 DQPSK).

 Speech Coding: Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP) at 7.95 kbps.

 Channel Coding: Error correction codes are applied for robust communication.
Handover in D-AMPS 36

 Intra-cell handover: Switching time slots within the same channel.

 Inter-cell handover: Switching to a new base station, either analog

AMPS or digital D-AMPS.

 Supported soft handover for better call continuity.

Advantages of D-AMPS 37

 Higher capacity (3x users compared to AMPS).

 Better voice quality due to digital coding and error correction.

 Backward compatibility with AMPS (dual-mode phones worked in both).

 Introduced SMS and limited data services.

 Improved security (digital encryption compared to analog’s easy

eavesdropping).
Disadvantages of D-AMPS 38

 Lower capacity than GSM and CDMA-based systems.

 Limited global adoption (GSM became the worldwide standard).

 Data services were very basic compared to later 2.5G/3G systems.

 Eventually phased out in favor of GSM and CDMA2000.

Applications / Use Cases 39

 Provided digital voice communication in North America before

GSM/CDMA dominance.

 Supported voice + SMS + limited circuit-switched data (modems,

fax).

 Used as a transition technology from analog (1G) to digital (2G).

Comparison with Other Systems 40

D-AMPS (IS-
Feature AMPS (1G) GSM (2G) CDMA (IS-95)
54/136)
TDMA (on
Access Method FDMA TDMA CDMA
FDMA)
Channel
30 kHz 30 kHz / 3 slots 200 kHz 1.25 MHz
Bandwidth
Capacity per
1 user 3 users ~8 users Many (variable)
Channel
Global USA/Canada
USA only Worldwide USA/Asia
Adoption limited
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 41

Introduction
 CDMA is a multiple access technique used in wireless communication
where multiple users share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.
 Unlike FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) or TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access), CDMA uses codes to separate users instead of
frequency or time.
 Each user is assigned a unique spreading code (pseudo-random sequence)
that allows simultaneous transmission without interference.
Principle of CDMA 42

 CDMA is based on Spread Spectrum Technology:

 A user’s data signal is multiplied by a unique pseudo-noise (PN)

code, which spreads the signal over a much larger bandwidth than
the original.

 At the receiver, the same PN code is used to de-spread the signal.

 Other users’ signals appear as noise because their codes are

orthogonal or pseudo-random to each other.
Working of CDMA 43

 Spreading:
 Input data (narrowband signal) → multiplied with spreading code → spread
signal (wideband).
 Example: Data rate 9.6 kbps, Spread to 1.2288 Mbps (in IS-95).
 Transmission:
 All users transmit simultaneously over the same frequency band.
 Reception (De-spreading):
 Receiver multiplies the incoming signal with the same spreading code.
 Desired user’s signal aligns and gets recovered.
 Other signals (with different codes) remain as low-power noise.
CDMA System Features 44

 Frequency Reuse: Same frequency band can be reused in all cells.

 Soft Capacity: More users can be added until interference becomes too high.

 Soft Handoff: Mobile can connect to multiple base stations during handoff →
smooth call transfer.

 Privacy & Security: Spreading codes make it difficult to intercept.

BLOCK DIAGRAM 45
CDMA Architecture 46

The architecture is divided into three main parts:

1. Mobile Station (MS)

 The user’s device (mobile phone, data card, etc.).
 Functions:
 Transmit/receive voice & data.
 Spread spectrum modulation (using PN codes).
 Power control to avoid near–far problem.
 Supports handoff (soft handoff between base stations).
CDMA Architecture 47

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

 Consists of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC).
 BTS:
 Handles radio communication with mobile stations.
 Provides pilot, sync, paging, and traffic channels.
 Performs spreading/despreading of signals.
 BSC:
 Controls multiple BTSs.
 Manages call setup, handoff, radio resource management.
 Handles power control commands (very important in CDMA).
CDMA Architecture 48

3. Network Subsystem
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
 The heart of CDMA network.
 Connects BSCs to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
 Performs call routing, billing, roaming, mobility management.
 Home Location Register (HLR): Database of subscriber information
(permanent).
 Visitor Location Register (VLR): Temporary database for roaming users.
 Authentication Center (AuC): Provides security (encryption, authentication).
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): Stores device identity (valid/blacklisted
phones).
CDMA Call Flow 49

 Mobile station requests a call → BTS forwards to BSC.

 BSC assigns a traffic channel → informs MSC.

 MSC sets up the call with the destination (another mobile/PSTN).

 During mobility, soft handoff occurs between BTSs.

 MSC handles billing, authentication, and call release.

Advantages of CDMA 50

 High capacity (supports more users than FDMA/TDMA).

 Resistant to multipath fading due to RAKE receivers.

 Efficient frequency reuse (same frequency in every cell).

 Soft handoff improves mobility.

 Good security due to code-based access.

Disadvantages of CDMA 51

 Near-Far Problem: If one user transmits with higher power, it may suppress
weaker users → solved by power control.

 System performance depends on accurate synchronization.

 Complex design due to code generation, RAKE receivers, and power control.

 Limited data rate in early CDMA standards.

Applications of CDMA 52

 2G: IS-95 (cdmaOne).

 3G: CDMA2000, WCDMA (used in UMTS).

 Military communications: Secure spread spectrum.

 Satellite systems.
CDMA-1 (cdma One / IS-95) 53

 In CDMA-1 (IS-95, also called cdma One), many users can talk at the same time
using the same frequency.

 Instead of dividing by frequency (like FDMA) or time (like TDMA), CDMA

divides by unique codes.

 Think of it like many people speaking in the same room in different languages —
you only understand the person who speaks your language (your code).
How it works? 54

 Spreading with code:

 Each user’s voice/data is mixed with a unique code (like a secret key).
 This spreads the signal over a wide frequency band.
 Transmission:
 All users send their signals at the same time and in the same frequency band.
 Reception:
 The receiver uses the same code to pick out the correct user’s message.
 Other signals just look like background noise.
Features of CDMA-1 55

 Channel bandwidth: 1.25 MHz.

 Data rates: 9.6 kbps (basic), later up to 14.4 kbps in IS-95B.
 Vocoder: compresses voice to save bandwidth.
 Special channels:
 Pilot channel → helps mobiles find and lock onto the base
station.
 Paging channel → sends incoming call alerts.
 Traffic channel → carries voice/data.
Advantages 56

 More users can share the same spectrum (higher capacity).

 Smooth soft handoff (mobile can talk to two towers at once → no

call drops).

 Good voice quality and security.

 Handles multipath (echoes) well using a RAKE receiver.

Problems / Challenges 57

 Near–far problem: A nearby strong user can overpower a far weak user

→ solved by power control.

 More complex system design.

 Data speed was limited compared to later 3G/4G.

CDMA-2 (CDMA2000 / IS-2000) 58

 CDMA2000 is the 2.5G / 3G evolution of CDMA-1.

 It was designed to give faster data and better voice capacity while

still using the same 1.25 MHz channels.

 It is part of the IMT-2000 family (3G standards).

Key Features 59

 Backward compatible:

 Works with older CDMA-1 networks → easy upgrade for

operators.

 Channel bandwidth:

 Still uses 1.25 MHz (same as IS-95), but multiple carriers can be
combined for higher speed.
Key Features 60

 Data rates:
 CDMA2000 1x: up to 144 kbps.
 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution – Data Only): up to 2.4 Mbps (later
versions up to 14.7 Mbps).
 Capacity:
 Supports twice as many voice users as CDMA-1 in the same spectrum.
 Improved power control and better vocoders (EVRC) for clearer voice.
Upgrades / Versions 61

 CDMA2000 1x (IS-2000): Basic 3G upgrade, better voice + data (144 kbps).

 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: High-speed packet data only (up to 2.4 Mbps, later

much higher).

 CDMA2000 1xEV-DV: Combined voice + data (not widely used).

Advantages 62

 Higher data rates (supports internet browsing, email, multimedia).

 More voice capacity (more users per cell).

 Backward compatibility with CDMA-1.

 Smooth evolution to 3G without changing frequency band.

Disadvantages 63

 More complex system design.

 Competing 3G standard (WCDMA/UMTS) became more popular globally.

 Now mostly replaced by 4G LTE.

Comparison: CDMA-1 vs CDMA-2 64
Feature CDMA-1 (IS-95 / cdmaOne) CDMA-2 (CDMA2000 / IS-2000)
Generation 2G Digital Cellular 2.5G / 3G Evolution
IS-2000 (CDMA2000 1x, 1xEV-
Standard Name IS-95A / IS-95B
DO, 1xEV-DV)
1.25 MHz (same, but scalable with
Channel Bandwidth 1.25 MHz
multiple carriers)
9.6 kbps (IS-95A), up to 14.4 kbps Up to 144 kbps (1x), 2.4 Mbps
Data Rate
(IS-95B) (1xEV-DO), later >10 Mbps
About double the capacity of
Limited (about 20–30 users per
Voice Capacity CDMA-1 (40–60 users per
1.25 MHz channel)
channel)
Improved, more accurate power
Power Control Fast closed-loop (800 Hz updates)
control
Handoff Soft and Softer handoff Same, but more efficient
Fully backward compatible with
Backward Compatibility Not applicable (first version)
CDMA-1
Voice + high-speed packet data,
Services Voice + low-speed SMS/data
multimedia, internet
Packet Data System in Mobile Networks 65

Introduction

 Early mobile systems (1G, 2G) were mainly designed for voice calls → used
circuit switching (dedicated channel for full call duration).

 With demand for Internet access, email, multimedia, a new system was
needed to send data in packets (like in computer networks).

 Packet Data System was introduced in mobile networks (from 2.5G

onwards) to support efficient data transmission.
What is Packet Data? 66

 Packet data means the message is divided into small units called packets.

 Each packet carries:

 Header (address, sequence, routing info)

 Payload (actual user data)

 Packets from different users share the same radio channel dynamically.

 This is more efficient than circuit switching, because radio resources are
used only when data is transmitted.
Packet Data System Architecture 67

In GSM / 2.5G (GPRS)

 Mobile Station (MS): User’s phone with GPRS capability.

 Base Station Subsystem (BSS): Provides radio access.

 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Handles packet data mobility,

authentication, session management.

 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Connects mobile network to

external IP networks (e.g., Internet).

 PSTN/Internet: Final destination of data.

In 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000) 68

 Uses Packet-Switched Core Network (SGSN/GGSN in UMTS,

PDSN in CDMA2000).

 Supports higher data rates (hundreds of kbps to Mbps).

 QoS (Quality of Service) management introduced for different

services (voice, video, browsing).
In 4G (LTE / EPC) 69

 Packet data is the only mode (no separate circuit switching).

 All services (voice, video, Internet) run over IP packets.
 Key nodes:
 eNodeB (base station) → provides radio access.
 MME (Mobility Management Entity) → control plane, session
handling.
 Serving Gateway (S-GW) → routes user packets.
 Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) → connects to Internet.
Working of Packet Data Transmission 70

 User opens a data session (e.g., browsing).

 Mobile establishes a PDP context (Packet Data Protocol context)

with the core network (defines IP address, QoS, routing).

 Data is broken into packets.

 Packets are transmitted via radio interface to the core network.

 Core network routes them through GGSN/P-GW to the Internet.

 At the receiver side, packets are reassembled.

Advantages of Packet Data System 71

 Efficient spectrum use → bandwidth shared dynamically.

 Always-on connectivity → no need to dial like circuit-switched data.

 Supports multimedia services (video call, streaming, VoIP).

 Enables mobile Internet, IoT, apps.

 Scalable from low-speed (2.5G GPRS) to high-speed broadband

(4G/5G).
Challenges 72

 Packet delay and jitter (not ideal for real-time voice in early systems).

 Mobility management → packets must follow the user when moving across cells.

 Security → packets can be intercepted if not encrypted.

 Resource allocation → must balance between many users.

Evolution of Packet Data Systems 73

 2G (GSM): Circuit-switched data (CSD, HSCSD) → inefficient.

 2.5G (GPRS): First packet data system (up to 115 kbps).

 2.75G (EDGE): Enhanced GPRS, higher speeds.

 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000): Packet-switched core with higher speeds (384

kbps – few Mbps).

 4G (LTE): Fully IP-based system, data up to 100 Mbps+.

 5G: Ultra-high-speed packet system (Gbps) with ultra-low latency.