Overview of 3G

Why 3G?
2

 Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

 For the consumer
 Video streaming, TV broadcast
 Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
 Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
 For business
 High speed teleworking / VPN access
 Sales force automation
 Video conferencing
 Real-time financial information
 3G services in Asia
3

CDMA (1xEV-DO)
 Korea: SKT, KTF
 Japan: AU (KDDI)
WCDMA / UMTS
 Japan: NTT DoCoMo, Vodafone KK

 Australia: 3 Hutchinson

 Hong Kong: 3 Hutchinson

3G Standards
4
 Upgrade paths for 2G Technologies

5
2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC

GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G
HSCSD EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
TD-SCDMA
Cdma2000-3xRTT
3GPP2 3GPP
Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery for
revenue growth 6

Expected market share

TDMA
TDMA EDGE
EDGE
EDGE
EDGE Evolution
Evolution
3GPP Core
GSM
GSM GPRS
GPRS Network 90%
WCDMA
WCDMA HSDPA
HSDPA
PDC
PDC

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1xEV/DV
1x EV/DV 10%
cdmaOne
cdmaOne CDMA2000
1x CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1x
1xEV/DO
1x EV/DO
2G First Step into 3G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
Performance evolution of cellular technologies

7
 Services roadmap

Broadband
3G-specific
3G-specific services
services take
take in wide area
advantage
advantage of
of higher
higher bandwidth
bandwidth
and/or Video sharing
and/or real-time
real-time QoS
QoS Video telephony
AAnumber
number ofof mobile
mobile Real-time IP
services Multitasking multimedia and games
services are
are bearer
bearer
independent WEB browsing Multicasting
independent in in nature
nature
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Voice & SMS Presence/location
Push-to-talk
Typical
average bit GSM GPRS EGPRS WCDMA HSDPA
rates 9.6 171 473 2 1-10
(peak rates
higher) kbps kbps kbps Mbps Mbps
2000 1x
CDMA

CDMA

CDMA
EVDO

EVDV
2000-

2000-
 2G TECHNOLOGIES
CdmaOne, IS-95 GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136, PDC
9
Uplink 824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Europe) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
Frequencies 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)

824-849 MHz (US Cellular)

Downlink 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 MHz (Europe)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
Frequencies 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)

Duplexing FDD FDD FDD

Multiple CDMA TDMA TDMA

Access Tech.
BPSK with Quadrature
Modulation Spreading
GMSK with BT=0.3 /4 DQPSK

Carrier 1.25 MHz 200 KHz

30 KHz (IS-136)
Separation (25 KHz for PDC)

Channel Data 1.2288 Mchips/sec 260.833 Kbps

48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
Rate (25 KHz for PDC)

Voice
Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech CELP @ 13 Kbps,
RPE-LTP @ 13 Kbps VSELP @ 7.95 Kbps
Coding EVRC @ 8 Kbps
 GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

GSM Uses 8PSK modulation
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short distances
GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
GSM GPRS
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
10
 GPRS
11

 General Packet Radio Service

 Packet based Data Network

 Well suited for non-real time internet usage including retrieval of
email, faxes and asymmetric web browsing.
 Supports multi user network sharing of individual radio channels
and time slots.
 Provides packet network on dedicated GSM radio channels
 GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture on existing GSM
network architecture
 Variable performance…

 Packet Random Access, Packet Switched

 Content handling
 Throughput depends on coding scheme, # timeslots etc
 From ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory!)
 GPRS (contd..)
12

 Modulation – GMSK
 Symbol Rate – 270 ksym/s
 Modulation bit rate – 270 kbps
 Radio data rate per time slot – 22.8kbps
 User data rate per time slot – 20kbps (CS4)
 User data rate (8 time slots) – 160kbps, 182.4kbps
 Applications are required to provide their own error
correction scheme as part of carried data payload.
 Channel data rates determined by Coding Scheme

Use higher coding schemes (less coding, more payload) when radio conditions are
good
Max throughput per GPRS channel

20
CS 4
(netto bitrate, kbit/sec)

16
CS 3
12
CS 2
8
CS 1
4

0
27dB 23dB 19dB 15dB 11dB 7dB 3dB C/I
 CS1 guarantees connectivity under all conditions (signaling and start of data)
 CS2 enhances the capacity and may be utilised during the data transfer phase
 CS3/CS4 will bring the highest speed but only under good conditions

13
 EDGE
14

 EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

 EDGE is add-on to GPRS
 Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions
 Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)
 Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps
 Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9)
 MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.
 Uses Link adaptation algorithm
 Modulation Bit rate – 810kbps
 Radio data rate per time slot – 69.2kbps
 User data rate per time slot – 59.2kbps (MCS9)
 User data rate (8 time slots) – 473.6kbps
 New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core
network and the rest remains the same
 EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core
Coding Schemes for EGPRS
15
 UMTS
16

 UMTS is the European vision of 3G.

 UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE.
 The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
 Data rates of UMTS are:
 144 kbps for rural

 384 kbps for urban outdoor

 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
 Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
 UMTS Network Architecture
17

Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM

EIR HLR AUC PLMN

RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM

UTRAN
+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

 UMTS Network Architecture
18

UMTS network architecture consists of three

domains:

 Core Network (CN) : To provide switching, routing and

transit for user traffic.

 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) :

Provides the air interface access method for User Equipment.

 User Equipment (UE) : Terminals work as air interface

counterpart for Node B. The various identities are: IMSI,
TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV.
 UTRAN
19

 Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air

interface.
 Base Station is referred to as Node-B and control equipment
for Node-B’s is called is called as Radio Network Controller
(RNC).
 Functions of Node –B are:
 Air Interface Tx/Rx
 Modulation / Demodulation
 Functions of RNC are:
 Radio Resource Control
 Channel Allocation
 Power Control Settings
 Handover Control
 Ciphering
 Segmentation and Reassembly
 UMTS Frequency Spectrum
20

• UMTS Band : 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission.

• Terrestrial UMTS (UTRAN) : 1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz, and 2110-
2170 MHz bands
 IMPACT ON EXISTING NETWORK
W ireless Requires
Cha nne l Infrastructure
Data Duple x 21New Requires New Handsets
BW Cha nge
Tech Spectrum

Requires Yes, New HSCS D ha ndsets provide

Software 57.6Kbps on HS CSD n/w and 9.6 Kbps on
HS CSD 200KHz FDD No
Upgrade at GSM n/w with dua l mode pho nes. GSM
base station only pho nes will not work in HSCSD N/w.

Requires new
Yes, New GPRS ha ndsets work on GPRS
packet overlay
n/w at 171.2Kbps, 9.6 Kbps on GSM n/w
GPRS 200KHz FDD including No
with dual mo de pho nes. GSM only pho nes
routers and
will not work in GPRS n/w.
gateways

Requires new
Yes, New handsets work on EDGE n/w at
transceivers at
384Kbps, GPRS n/w at 144Kbps, and
base station.
EDGE 200KHz FDD No GSM n/w at 9.6 Kbps with tri-mode
Also, software
pho nes. GSM and GPRS-o nly pho nes will
upgra de to the
not work in EDGE n/w.
BSC & BTS

Yes, New W -CDMA ha ndsets will work on

Requires
W -CDMA at 2Mbps, EDGE n/w at 384
completely
W -CDMA 5MHz FDD Yes Kbps, GPRS n/w at 144 Kbps. GSM n/w at
new base
9.9 Kbps. Older handsets will not work in
stations
W -CDMA.
 WCDMA – 25 device suppliers

 Amoi  NEC  Sharp

 BenQ  Nokia  Siemens
 Fujitsu  Novatel Wireless  Sierra Wireless
 Hisense  NTT DoCoMo  Sony Ericsson
(Raku Raku)  Toshiba
 HTC
 Panasonic  Vodafone
 Huawei
 Pantech (Option Wireless PC
 LG card)
 Samsung
 Mitsubishi  ZTE
 Sanyo
 Motorola
 Seiko

22
 Combined WCDMA-EDGE networks

At least 40 operators are delivering 3G services on combined

WCDMA-EDGE networks. WCDMA and EDGE are comple-mentary
technologies ensuring lower capital cost, optimum flexibility and efficiencies

AIS, Thailand Mobilkom Austria Si. Mobil – Vodafone,

Ålands Mobiltelefon, Finland Slovenia
Mobitel, Bulgaria
Batelco, Bahrain Swisscom, Switzerland
Mobily, Saudia Arabia
Cellcom, Israel Telenor, Norway
MTC Vodafone, Bahrain
Cingular Wireless, USA T-Mobile, Croatia
MTN, South Africa
CSL, Hong Kong T-Mobile, Czech
Netcom, Norway
Dialog GSM, Sri Lanka T-Mobile, Hungary
Orange, France
Elisa, Finland T-Mobile, USA
Orange, Romania
EMT, Estonia Telfort, Netherlands
Orange Slovensko, Slovak
Eurotel Praha, Czech TeliaSonera, Denmark
Oskar Mobile, Czech
Eurotel Bratislava, Slovak TeliaSonera, Finland
Pannon GSM, Hungary
GPTC, Libya TeliaSonera, Sweden
Polkomtel, Poland
Maxis, Malaysia TIM Hellas, Greece
Rogers Wireless - Fido, Canada
TIM, Italy
VIP Net, Croatia

23
W-CDMA makes possible a world of mobile
multimedia
24
 CDMA2000 evolution to 3G

IS-95B CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised

Uses multiple code channels Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution
Data rates up to 64kbps Standardised version of Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR)
Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT Adds TDMA components beneath code components
Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps
IS-95B Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a “3G” system
Use new or existing spectrum
CDMA
IS-95A CDMA2000
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
3xRTT
IS-95A
14.4 kbps 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV
Core network
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTT Fourth phase in CDMA2000 evolution
re-used in
First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Still under development
CDMA2000
Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface Speeds to 5Mbps+ (more than 3xRTT!)
Release 0 - max 144 kbps Possible end game.
Release A – max 384 kbps
Same core network as IS-95

25
 IS-95A
26

CDMA was commercially introduced in 1995 with IS-95A or

cdmaOne. IS-95A is the CDMA-based second generation (2G)
standard for mobile communication. The following
are the key aspects of this standard:
• Support for data rates of upto 14.4 kbps
• IS-95A has been used exclusively for circuit-switched voice
• Convolutional Channel coding used
• Modulation technique used is BPSK
 IS-95B
27

IS-95B or cdmaOne is the evolved version of IS-95A and is designated

as 2.5G. IS-95B maintains the Physical Layer of IS-95A, but due to an
enhanced MAC layer, is capable of providing for higher speed data
services. The following are the key aspects of the standard:
• Theoretical data rates of upto 115 kbps, with generally experienced
rates of 64 kbps
• Additional Walsh codes and PN sequence masks, which enable a
mobile user to be assigned up to eight forward or reverse code channels
simultaneously, thus enabling a higher data rate
• Code channels, which are transmitted at full data rates during a data
burst
• Convolutional Channel coding
• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) as the Modulation technique used
 CDMA 2000 1X
28

•Supports theoretical data rates of upto 307 kbps, with generally experienced
rates of 144 kbps
• The newly introduced Q-PCH of CDMA 2000 enables the mobile to be
informed about when it needs to monitor F-CCCH and the Paging Channel,
thus improving on the battery life
• Introduction of Radio Configurations – Transmission formats characterized by
physical layer parameters such as data rates, modulation characteristics, and
spreading rate. RCs help in providing for additional data rates.
• Quality and Erasure indicator bits (QIB and EIB) on the reverse power control
sub channel. These help in indicating to the BS about bad frames or lost frames
received at the mobile station, so that they can be retransmitted
• Code channels are transmitted at full data rates during a data burst
• Convolutional and Turbo coding techniques used
• Modulation technique used is QPSK
 CDMA 2000 3X
29

• Offering data speeds up to 2 Mbps

• Using three standard 1.25 MHz channels within a 5 MHz band
• Leveraging deployment experiences, and manufacturers’ learning
curves of today’s widely adopted, commercially available CDMA systems
• Using Convolutional and Turbo coding techniques
• Using QPSK as the Modulation technique
 1X EV-DO
30

• Supporting data rates of up to 2.4 Mbps

• Having no backward-compatibility with CDMA 2000
• Including two inter-operable modes: an integrated 1x mode optimized
for voice and medium data speeds, and a 1xEV mode optimized for
non real-time high capacity/high speed data and Internet access
• Providing Adaptive Rate Operation with respect to channel conditions
• Providing Adaptive modulation and coding
• Providing Macro diversity via radio selection
• Providing an always-on operation of 1xEV-DO terminals in the active
state
• Using a multi-level modulation format (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM)
 1xEV-DV
31

 Backward compatible with CDMA 2000.

 EV-DV can be easily extended to operate in 3x mode under the
framework of current system.
 Forward peak data rate : 3.072 Mbps.
 Reverse peak data rate: 451.2 kbps.
 Addition of three new channels to f/w link and reverse link for
packet data operation and its support.
 Adaptive modulation and coding : QPSK, 8- PSK, 16-QAM
 Variable frame duration
 Mobile station can select one of N base stations.
 DTX transmission supported for saving battery life.
1xEV-DV and UMTS Comparison

32
 IMPACT ON EXISTING NETWORK
Requires
Wireless Channel
Duplex
Infrastructure 33 New Requires New Handsets
Data Tech. BW Change
Spectrum
Yes, New handsets will work on IS-95B
Requires new at 64 Kbps and IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps.
IS-95B 1.25MHz FDD No
software in BSC Cdma One phones can work in IS-95B
at 14.4 Kbps
Requires new
s/w in backbone
and new channel Yes, New handsets will work on 1xRTT
Cdma2000 1.25MHz cards at base at 144 Kbps, IS-95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A
FDD No
1xRTT stations. Also at 14.4 Kbps. Older handsets can work
need to build a in 1xRTT but at lower speeds.
new packet
service node.
Yes,New handsets can work on 1xEV
Cdma2000 Requires s/w
1.25MHz at 2.4 Mbps, 1xRTT at 144 Kbps, IS-
and digital card
1xEV FDD No 95B at 64 Kbps, IS-95A at 14.4 Kbps.
upgrade on
(DO & DV) Older handsets can work in 1xEV but at
1xRTT networks
lower speeds.

Requires
Yes, New handsets will work on 95A at
backbone
Cdma2000 3.75MHz 14.4 Kbps, 95B at 64 Kbps, 1xRTT at
modifications
FDD Maybe 144 Kbps, 3xRTT at 2 Mbps. Older
3xRTT and new channel
handsets can work in 3X but at lower
cards at base
speeds.
stations.
34
 CDMA2000 1X and CDMA 1X EVDO Vendors
35
Terminal Vendors Wireless Modem
 Audiovox  AirPrime
 Ericsson  AnyDATA
 Hyundai CURITEL
 GTRAN
 Kyocera
 Novatel Wireless
 LG Electronics
 Sierra Wireless
 Motorola
 Nokia
 Samsung
 Sanyo
 SK TeleTech
 Adoption of different mobile standards
 First steps to 3G
No. of commercial networks per mobile data standard

 270 commercial GPRS networks

300
 141 networks deploying GPRS/EDGE
250
 84 commercial EDGE networks 200
(source: GSA, May 16, 2005) 150
 121 commercial Cdma2000 1x networks 100
(source: CDG, May 13, 2005) 50
0
 3G EDGE/GPRS CDMA2000-1x WCDMA 1xEV-DO

 WCDMA: 134 licenses awarded

 71 commercial WCDMA networks
(source: GSAMay 12, 2005)
 22 commercial CDMA 1x EV-DO networks
(source: CDG, May 13, 2005)

 Evolved 3G
 HSDPA: all WCDMA operators expected to upgrade to HSDPA (SW upgrade to BTS)
 CDMA 1x EV-DV: limited industry support

36
 3G Network Vendors: Groups and JV
37

1. ALCATEL + FUJITSU (Alcatel hold 66 percent of the shares of the Evolium SAS,
and Fujitsu holds the rest)
2. SIEMENS + NEC (Mobisphere Ltd.,) + CASIO / TOSHIBA
3. MOTOROLA + CISCO + FIJITSU + PIONEER + ALCATEL (Alcatel RNC, MOTOROLA
Node B)
4. SAGEM + FUJITSU (Handset)
6. NOKIA + CISCO (IP Core network), 
7. NOKIA + Interdigital (technology development relationship)
8. NORTEL + Matsushita/Panasonic + SAMSUNG
9. LUCENT (alone)
10.ERICSSON (alone)
11.CISCO+KPMG Cisco routeurs, KPMG consulting
 3.5G
38

3.5G or HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an

enhanced version and the next intermediate generation of 3G
UMTS. It comprises the technologies that improve the Air Interface
and increase the spectral efficiency, to support data rates of the
order of 30 Mbps. 3.5G introduces many new features that will
enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already
supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These
include:
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Fast Scheduling
 Backward compatibility with 3G
 Enhanced Air interface
 4G Introduction
39

 4G is an initialism of the term Fourth-Generation

Communications System.
 A 4G system will provide an end-to-end IP solution where
voice, data and streamed multimedia can be served to users
on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis at higher data rates than
previous generations.
 No formal definition is set as to what 4G is, but the
objectives that are predicted for 4G can be summarized as
follows:
 Introduction - cont’d
40

 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system of systems

and network of networks wired and wireless networks
(e.g.: computer, consumer electronics, communication
technology…)
 Providing 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s, respectively, in
outdoor and indoor environments
 End-to-end quality of service
 High security
 Offering any kind of services anytime, anywhere
 Affordable cost and one billing
 Introduction - cont’d
41
  The following are some possible features of the 4G systems :

 Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other

broadband services.
 High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.

 Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.

 Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Service (QoS)

requirements
 Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.

 Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks.

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Introduction - cont’d
42

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 4G: Anytime, Anywhere Connection
43

 Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’

 ‘MAGIC’
 Mobile Multimedia Communication
 Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
 Global Mobility Support
 Integrated Wireless Solution
 Customized Personal Service
 According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400 billion
would be invested in 4G mobile projects.
 In India, communication Minister Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, has
announced a national centre of excellence to work in 4G
arena.
 4G: Data rate Facts
44

 Transmission at 20 Mbps
 2000 times faster than mobile data rates
 10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in final
build out of 3G broadband mobile
 10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services.
 Companies developing 4G technology
 Cellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola,
 IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics
 Pre-4G Wireless Standards
45

 WiMAX - 7.2 million units by 2010 (May include fixed and

mobile)
 Flash-OFDM - 13 million subscribers in 2010 (only Mobile)
 3GPP Long Term Evolution of UMTS in 3GPP - valued at
US$2 billion in 2010 (~30% of the world population)
 UMB in 3GPP2
 IEEE 802.20

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Technology - parameters of 3G Vs 4G
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as add-on Converged data and VoIP
Hybrid – integration of Wireless Lan
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based
(WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Optimized antenna; multi-band Smart antennas; SW multi-band;
Component Design
adapters wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; turbo Concatenated Coding
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

46
 Architecture
47

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Architecture of 4G - cont’d
48

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Challenges
49
 4G definition
 A global consensus on the 4G definition is needed before the standardization
starts.
 Despite efforts there still are too many diverging approached to 4G.
 Seamless connectivity
 Inter- and intra-network connectivity is fundamental to the provision of
temporally and spatially seamless services.
 Vertical and horizontal handovers are critical for 4G. In the former case, the
heterogeneity and variety of networks exacerbate the problem.
 Latency
 Many 4G services are delay sensitive.
 Guaranteeing short delays in networks with different access architecture and
coverage is far from straightforward.

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Challenges - cont’d
50
 Concealing complexity
 4G networks would be undoubtedly complex, but this needs to be hidden
from the user.
 Spectrum issues
 Spectrum for 4G will be allocated in 2007.
 It is difficult to design a wireless system without knowing the channel, in
particular if exploit multi-antenna technology.
 Complex resource allocation
 Management of time, frequency and spatial resources in a multi-network,
multi-user environment is far from trivial.
 Interference
 Multiple access interference control and mitigation in heterogeneous
environments (coexisting air interfaces, varied terminals and services) is an
issue.

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Challenges - cont’d
51

 Power consumption
 By any measure, power consumption in future multi-function multi-
standard 4G terminals will sharply increase.
 Usability is seriously compromised, heat management becomes an
issue.
 Cost
 Cost of infrastructure is key for the success of 4G. However, new
access architectures may require a large number of access points.
 Cost of terminal should be low enough to attract customers.
 Services need to be attractively priced.

4G - The Next Generation Wireless

 Conclusion
52

4G - The Next Generation Wireless