Generation Roadmap for

Cellular Telephony

Prepared by:
MIHIR KUMBHAKAR
Dated:10.03.07 AGM(CMTS) 1
 Wireless technology is accelerating very
fast.
 It is quickly moving into 1G,2G,2.5G,3G ,
4G and NGN

2
 1st Generation
 The first generation of mobile cellular
telecommunications systems appeared in the
1980s.
 The first generation used analog transmission
techniques for traffic, which was almost entirely
voice.
 There was no dominant standard but several
competing ones.

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Such as
Ø Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) – used in
Scandinavia,southern Europe etc
It comes in two variations:
o NMT-450
o NMT-900
Ø Total Access Communications System (TACS) – used
in UK,and middle Eastern countries.It uses 900MHz band.
Ø Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).- used in
US,Australia,New Zealand.It uses 800MHz band

4
 2nd Generation
 It has been introduced from the year 1992.
 It uses digital radio transmis-sion for traffic.
 The 2G networks have much higher capacity than the
first-generation systems.
 GSM is by far the most successful and widely used 2G
system.
 Data rate supported : 9.6kbps to 14.4 kbps
 It uses Circuit switching

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 There are several standards for 2G systems.such as-

#Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications-Designed and developed by a

number of different organization working together.
# code-division multiple access (CDMA) IS-95-Designed and developed by a single
company,Qualcomm.
v CDMA uses different codes to separate transmissions on the same
frequency.
v IS-95 is the only 2G CDMA standard so far to be operated
commercially.
v It is used in the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan,
Singapore etc.

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Generation 2.5
 It has been introduced in the year 2000-2001

 “Generation 2.5” is a designation that broadly includes all advanced upgrades for the 2G networks

 2.5G GSM system includes General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), and Enhanced Data Rates for
Global Evolution (EDGE) in addition to the 2G systems.

 Data rate supported: depending on the coding scheme(CS) and the no. of time slots used( 1 up to 8)

 It uses circuit switching and packet switching both

 It supports the data rate up to 384 kbps

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3rd Generation
 It has been introduced in the year 2001 as trial version

 It supports the data rate up to 2 mbps

 Evolution of GSM and CDMA has taken them as W-

CDMA(UMTS) and CDMA-2000 in third generation.

 It supports both circuit switching and packet switching

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4th generation and NGN
 This technology is expected to arrive not before the year 2010 .

 It will support the data rate up to 100 mbps.

 Multimedia, mobile TV,mobile broadband wireless access etc

will be possible because of its high band width.

 It will support both circuit switching and packet switching

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GSM Overview
>GSM stands for “ Global System for Mobile communication”

>GSM Technology is one of the different types of the wireless

communication available in the world.

Frequency range-
*Uplink Frequency: 890 Mhz –915Mhz
*Downlink Frequency: 935Mhz- 960Mhz.

Modulation Technique- GMSK

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 Speech is divided into 20 msec sample.Each
20ms sample is encoded using 260 bits.(That
requires 13 kbps.)

 Band width:each radio channel in the GSM system

has a frequency bandwidth of 200khz.

 Number of Channels:124 radio channel.

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GSM Network

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Basic GSM Network consist
of
MS,BSS&NSS
MS –carried by the subscriber
It consists of
*ME-mobile equipment ,hand
portable or vehicle mounted unit.
*SIM- Subscriber identity module ,it
contains the entire customer related
information (identification,secret key
for authentication etc)

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BSS
 BSS- Controls radio link with mobile station.
It consists of –
BTS (Base transreceiver Station)-It defines a cell
and is responsible to establish the radio link
control protocol with MS.
BSC(Base Station Controller)-Controls multiple
BTSs and manages radio channel set up and
handovers.BSC is the connection between BTS
and the MSCs.

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NSS
 Network & Switching Subsystem(NSS)-Mobility
management and Switching of calls between mobile
users and between mobile and fixed network users.
It consists of :
MSC- is the central component of the NSS.
 Operates all switching functions for mobiles
within its jurisdiction.Interfaces with mobile and
other (Including fixed) networks.
 Manages the location of mobile

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Continued…
 Switches calls
 Manages security features.
 Controls hand over between BSCs
 Resources management
 Interworks with and manages network
database.
 Collect call billing data and sends to Billing
center.
 Collects traffic statistics for performance
monitoring.
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 Continued..
HLR-Contains all subscriber information for the
purposes of call control and location determination.

VLR- is only a temporary storage while the particular

subscriber is located in the geographical area
controlled by the MSC/VLR.

AUC- Is a protected database that stores the security

information for each subscriber.(A copy of the secret
key is stored in the SIM)

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Continued…
 EIR-It
contains three list of IMEI
number.

White list.-Valid mobile equipment in

the network
Grey list.- Suspected numbers
Black list-Totally barred.

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Logical Channels
 Five types of logical channels:
 1.Traffic Channels
* TCH - Used to carry traffic.
2.Broadcast channels.
*BCCH-used
*BCCH-used to carry signaling and control info
* FCCH-used
FCCH-used to correct the frequency of Mobile
* SCH- used for synchronization of the base station
 3.common control channels
*PCH-used
*PCH-used to page the mobile
*AGCH-used
*AGCH-used to access the signaling channel
*RACH-used
*RACH-used by MS to request for signaling channel
 4.Dedicated Control Channels
*SDCCH-used
*SDCCH-used as signaling channel
*SACCH-used
*SACCH-used to carry measurement reports
*FACCH-used
*FACCH-used during handover
5.CellBroad cast channel
*CBCH-used
*CBCH-used to broadcast short messages in cells

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MSISDN
 The only important number for a user of GSM is the
phone number i.e.MSISDN.

 The MSISDN follows the ITU-T standard E.164 for

addresses as it is also used in fixed ISDN networks.

 This number consists of the country code(cc) ( 91 for

India),the national destination code(NDC) (the address
of the network provider ; e.,g., 9434 for BSNL WB) and
the subscriber number (SN) .

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IMSI
 GSM uses the IMSI for internal unique identification of a
subscriber.

 The IMSI follows the ITU-T standard E.212 Number

series.

 IMSI consists of mobile country code (MCC) (e.g.,404 for

India),the mobile network code(MNC) (i.e.,code of the
HLR; e.g.,74 of BSNL WB),and finally the mobile
subscriber identification number(MSIN).

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 Location Updating (LU)
 When the LU request is received by the new VLR,authentication
is performed.

 If authentication is successful,the VLR checks its database to

determine whether it has a record for this MS-subscription.

 When VLR finds no record for the MS,it sends a request to the
subscriber’s HLR for a copy of the MS-subscription.

 The HLR passes the information to the VLR and updates its
location information for the subs.The HLR instructs the old VLR to
delete the information it has about the MS- subscription.

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Inbound Roamer registration
- Location Update-Diagram
WB BSNL UK

1. UpLoc 1. UpLoc
GMSC 2.ISD NLD 2. ISD
HLR GMSC
3. ISD_resp 3. ISD_resp HLR
4. UPL_resp 4. UPL_resp
SCCP
2.ISD CdPA: 44-181-HLRUK
CgPA: 919434099995
(VLR1)

SCCP
CdPA: 919434099995(VLR)
VMSC CgPA: 44-181-HLRofUK1
/VLR
MAP
IMSI: 234-15-123456
MSISDN: 44-181-654321
1. UpLoc
SCCP
CdPA: 44-181-123456
(MGT derived from
IMSIS analysis)
CgPA:919434099995(VLR)
UK
Subscriber MAP
IMSI: 234-15-123456
MSC/VLR:919434099995

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Call from an MS(MO Calls)
 The MS uses RACH to ask for a signaling channel.

 The BSC/TRC allocates a signaling channel,using AGCH.

 The MS sends a call set-up request via SDCCH to the

MSC/VLR.Over SDCCH all signaling preceding a call
takes place (e.g.,authentication, ciphering,sending B-
subscriber’s number,checking of o/g barring parameter
etc.).

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MO CALL Continued..
 The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an
idle TCH.The RBS and MS are told to tune to the
TCH.

 The MSC/VLR forwards the B-number to an

exchange in the PSTN,which establishes a
connection to the subscriber.

 If the B-subscriber answers,the connection is

established.

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Call to an MS (MT Calls)
 The PSTN subscriber dials in the MS’s telephone number
(MSISDN).The MSISDN is analyzed in the PSTN,which
identifies that this is a call to a mobile network subscriber.A
connection is established to the MS’s home GMSC.

 The GMSC analyzes the MSISDN to find out which HLR the
MS is registered in,and queries the HLR for information
about how to route the call to the serving MSC/VLR.

 The HLR translates MSISDN into IMSI,and determines which

MSC/VLR is currently serving the MS.

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MT Calls continued..
 The HLR requests an MSRN from the serving
MSC/VLR.The MSC/VLR returns an MSRN via HLR to the
GMSC.

 The GMSC analyses the MSRN and routes the call to the
MSC/VLR.

 The MSC/VLR knows which LA the MS is located in.A

paging message is sent to the BSC’s controlling the LA.

 The BSC’s distribute the paging message to the RBS’s

in the desired LA.

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 MT Calls continued..
 The RBS’s transmit the message over the air interface using PCH with
IMSI/TMSI.

 When the MS detects the paging message,it sends a requests on RACH for a
SDCCH.

 The BSC provides a SDCCH,using AGCH.

 SDCCH is used for the call set-up procedures.Over the SDCCH all signaling
preceding takes place.

 The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an idle TCH.The RBS and MS
are told to tune to the TCH.The mobile phone rings.If subscriber answers,the
connection is established.

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Call to an MS(MT Calls) in
Roaming-Diagram UK PSTN
IAM
WB BSNL 5.ISUP
5.ISUP
IAM IAM
6.ACM DIALS
2.PRN 2.PRN
GMSC GMSC 7.ANM
NLD
HLR
3.PRN 3.PRN 8.REL
ACK ACK 6.ACM
3.PRN 2.PRN 1.SRI
ACK IMSI 9.REL
3.PRN
ACK 2.PRN 7.ANM MSISDN ACK
5.ISUP MSRN
MSRN IAM 9.REL HLR
ACK 4.SRI
6.ACM 8.REL
VMSC ACK
/VLR
9.REL MSRN
7.ANM
ACK
6.PAGING

8.Disconnect

UK
Subscriber
44-181-123456

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MO SMS -Diagram
WB BSNL UK

MO -FSM MO -FSM
GMSC NLD
HLR GMSC
HLR
MO-FSM-RSP
MO-FSM-RSP
MO -FSM
MO-FSM-RSP
SMSC

SCCP
CdPA: 919434099995(VLR)
VMSC CgPA: 44-181-HLRofUK1
/VLR

An MS establishes a connection to the network,

SCCP
CdPA: 44-181-123456
as in the normal call set-up.
(MGT derived from The MS sends the short message using SDCCH to t
IMSIS analysis)
CgPA:919434099995(VLR)
UK
Subscriber MAP SMSC via MSC/VLR.The SMSC in turn forwards the s
IMSI: 234-15-123456
message to its destination.
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MT SMS
 A user sends a message to a SMSC.

 The SMSC sends the message to the SMS-GMSC.

 The SMS-GMSC queries the HLR for routing information.

 The HLR returns routing information to the SMS-GMSC.

 The SMS-GMSC reroutes the message to the MSC/VLR.

 The MS is paged and a connection is set up between the MS

and the network,as in the normal call set-up case.

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MT SMS Continued…
 The MSC/VLR delivers the message to the MS.Short
messages are transmitted on SDCCH.

 If the delivery was successful,a report is sent from the

MSC/VLR to the SMSC,if not,the HLR is informed by the
MSC/VLR, and a failure report is sent to SMSC.

 The HLR then informs the SMSC when the MS becomes

available.

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 MT SMS -Diagram
WB BSNL-Circle1 UK

SRI-SM ACK
5. MT-FSM_resp
5. MT-FSM_resp
GMSC NLD GMSC
HLR
1.MT- FSM 1. MT-FSM HLR
SRI-SM
1. MT-FSM
5. MT-FSM_resp 1. MT-FSM
SMSC

VMSC SMS
/VLR CdPA:44-181-123456

SCCP
CdPA: 91-9434099995 MSC/VLR
SCCP CgPA: 44-181-SMSCofUK1
CdPA: 44-181-SMSCofUK1
CgPA:919434099995(MSC/VLR)

UK
Subscriber

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PREPAID SYSTEM
 Prepaid system adds few other nodes than the existing GSM
network.

 It is the IN system which handles the prepaid subscriber.

 IN system consist of Mainly

1.SCF
2.SDP
3.PPAS
4.IVR

 In MSC SSF module handles the prepaid call Scenario in MSC

side.

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GPRS
 GPRS Core network consists of

 SGSN:Serving GPRS Support Node; the

gateway between the RNC and the core
network in a GPRS/UMTS network

 GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node; the

gateway between a cellular network and a IP
network.

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 GPRS RELATED LINKS
 Gc-The interface between the GGSN and the HLR in a GSM/GPRS network

 Gd-The interface between the SGSN and the SMSC in a GSM/GPRS

network
 Gf-The interface between the SGSN and the EIR in a GSM/GPRS network

 Gi-The interface between the GGSN and the Internet in a GPRS network

 Gn-The interface between the GGSN and the SGSN in a GPRS network

 Gp-The interfaces between the GGSN/SGSN and the Border Gateway in a

GPRS network
 Gr-The interface between the SGSN and the HLR in a GPRS network

 Gs-The interface between the SGSN and the MSC in a GSM/GPRS network

36
 GPRS ATTACH
8.ISD
ACK

7.ISD HLR
SGSN 6.update location
1.GPRS ATTACH 5.Equipment idemtity check
REQUEST response

2.Authentication 4.Equipment
request identity check
EIR
3.Athentication
res

9.GPRS attach
accepted

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PDP Context activation
5.Radius
2.DNS authentication
query request
1.Activate PDP contest
(APN)

6.Res DHCP
DNS Radius 7.DHCP
Server SERVER
3.DNS SERVER ADDR.REQ
Resp(GGSN
IP ADR
8.DHCP
10. Activate
SGSN GGSN
4.Create ADDR.RES
PDP Context PDP
Accept Contest
req.

9. Create PDP Context

Response

38
CDMA (IS-95) TECHNOLOGY
 Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology that uses
spread-spectrum techniques

 IS-95 CDMA system operates in 800 Mhz

 CdmaOne is the brand name of IS-95 technology from 1997.

 CdmaOne is basically an air-interface standard.

 IS-95 uses Frequency division duplex.Forward link and reverse link

transmission occur in different frequency band.

39
 Duplex separation used in IS-95 is 45Mhz

 Carrier spacing is 1.25 Mhz

 Forward link frequency: 824-849Mhz

 Reverse Link frequency: 869Mhz-894Mhz

 The forward link consists of Base station(BS) transmitter,radio

channel and the MS receiver.

40
 CDMA Continues…
 CdmaOne system supports four different types of forward channels
#Pilot channel-is continuously transmitted by each CDMA carrier and is used by MS to identify
the BS and to asses the suitability of the cell hand over.In this respect it may be likened to the
BCCH carrier in GSM system.

#Synchronous channel-It allows MS to achieve time synchronization with BS and the network .

#Paging channel-is used to page MSs to alert them to an incoming call.

#Traffic channel-are assigned to the users as required and they may carry speech or user data at
bit rates of up to 9.6 kbps.


41
 Each forward channel on a CDMA carrier is assigned a different 64-bit Walsh code.

 The reverse link radio path consists of the Mobile station(MS) transmitter,the radio channel
and the base station(BS).

 CdmaOne system supports two different types of radio channel on reverse link

#Access channel-as its name would suggest,is used by MS initially to access the
network,e.g. at call initiation or in response to a paging message.Each Base Station may
support 32 access channels per forward link paging channel and the MSs within a CeLL are
pseudo-randomly distributed between the access channels.

42
 CDMA Continues…
Access channel data are presented in the form of one 96-
bit frame every 20 ms.Of this 96 bits,88 are used to
carry information and remaing eight are encoder tail
bits.

# Traffic channel-are assigned to the individual user as

required.A reverse link traffic channel may carry speech
and data at bit rates up to 9.6 kbps.

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 The cdmaOne MS does not transmit a pilot signal as this
would significantly decrease reverse link capacity.

 BS receiver uses RAKE receiver to demodulate the reverse

link signal from a particular MS.

 MS handover process occur by measuring the strength of the

pilot channels signal from a BS other than its current BS.

 CdmaOne system supports three main types of handover

44
CDMA Continues…
# Idle mode handover-It occurs when an MS moves from the coverage area
of one BS into the coverage area of a second BS while an MS is an idle
mode.

# Soft handover- is used between BSs having CDMA carriers with

identical frequency assignments.

# Hard handover- occur when a mobile is switched between two BSs

using different carriers.

45
Simplified data flow for the access procedure of
a mobile terminated call.

46
Basic cdmaOne diagram

47
 CDMA 2000
 This is the evaluated 3G version of IS-95/cdmaOne technology.

 CDMA2000 is an ITU-approved standard that was the first 3G technologies

(October,2000).

 provides advanced voice communications and high-speed data connectivity, including

access to the Internet, mobile data applications and multimedia content.

 Supports data services at minimum transmission rates of 144 kbps in mobile (outdoor)
and 2 Mbps in fixed (indoor) environments.

 The world's first 3G commercial system was launched by SK Telecom (South Korea) in
October 2000 using CDMA2000

48
CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and
includes
>CDMA2000 1X
>CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies
>CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A
>CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B
>Ultra Mobile Broadband - UMB (CDMA2000
1xEV-DO Rev C)

49
 CDMA 2000 continues…


CDMA2000 builds on the inherent advantages of CDMA
technologies,such as
>introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM
and OFDMA)

>advanced control and signaling mechanisms

>improved interference management techniques end-to-end Quality of

Service (QoS)

50
>new antenna techniques such as Multiple
Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and Space
Division Multiple Access (SDMA) to
increase data throughput rates and quality of
service
>improving network capacity and reducing
delivery cost.

51
CDMA2000 Advantages:
>Superior Voice quality

>High-Speed Broadband Data connectivity

>Increased Voice and Data Throughput capacity

>Long-Term, Robust and Evolutionary Migration Path with

Forward and Backward Compatibility

>Differentiated Value-Added Services such as VoIP, PTT,

Multicasting, Position Location, etc.

52
>FlexibleNetwork Architecture with connectivity to ANSI-41, GSM-MAP
and IP-based Networks and flexible Backhaul Connectivity

>Flexible Spectrum Allocations with Excellent Propagation Characteristics

>Robust Link Budget for Extended Coverage and Increased Data

Throughputs at the Cell Edge

>Improved Security and Privacy

53
CDMA 2000 NETWORK DIAGRAM

54
 UMTS/WCDMA
 UMTS (WCDMA)is a 3G evolution of GSM and GPRS

 UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G) mobile systems being developed
within the ITU's IMT-2000 framework

 The coverage will be provided by a combination of cell sizes ranging from 'in
building' Pico Cells to Global Cells provided by satellite, giving service to the
remote regions of the world

 created a platform to converge the worlds of speech, data services and the
Internet to create a global market for mobile multimedia.

 UMTS is designed to increase a subscriber’s data rates and system capacity.

55
Technical Features:
 Modulation Techniques used QPSK

 Multiple access technology used as CDMA

 Frequency reuse pattern : 1*1 (cell*sector)

 Maximum data rates supported: 384kbps to 2 mbps

 Both packect switch and circuit switch are supported

56
 Radio channels are 5MHz wide

 Chip(fundamental unit of transmission in a CDMA system) rate of

3.84 Mcps

 Supports two basic modes of duplex, frequency division and time

division. Current systems use frequency division, one frequency for
uplink and one for downlink. For time division, UMTS uses 15
slots per radio frame.

57
Technical Features
continues .
>Employs coherent detection on uplink and downlink based on the use of pilot
symbols

> Supports inter-cell asynchronous operation

>Variable mission on a 10 ms frame basis

>Adaptive power control

> Multiuser detection and smart antennas can be used to increase capacity
and coverage.

58
>initially poor coverage due to the time it takes to build a
network

>for fully fledged UMTS incorporating Video on Demand

features, one base station needs to be set up every 1–1.5
km (0.62–0.93 mi). While this is economically feasible
in urban areas, it is infeasible in less populated suburban
and rural areas.

>Requires huge frequency spectrum

59
UMTS Network Architechture

60
 UMTS Network Architechture
Ø UMTS core network architechturally a GSM phase 2+
Core network that is power up so that it can also handle the higher volume,higher bit
rate,UMTS traffic.

Ø RNS(Radio network subsystem) is the additional part for UMTS network than GSM Phase
2 + network.

Ø RNS consists of RNC (Radio network Controller) and Node B(part of User Equipment and
Base station)

Ø The UMTS terrestrial Radio interface(UTRA) frequency duplex(FDD) mode is the W-

CDMA radio interface of the UMTS.

Ø Carrier frequency is defined by the UTRA absolute radio frequency channel

number(UARFCN).

61
Physical Channels
there are two basic types of physical channels.
# Dedicated Channels-These are used by UEs for the duration of the call.There are two
Dedicated channels-
>PCCH-Dedicated physical control channel carries physical layer control information
>DPDCH-Dedicated physical data channel transports the user traffic.

#Common channels-these are used to carry information to the UEs within a cell and are
used by the UEs to access the network. Common channels are of two types: Common
channels are of two types:
1. Down link common channels
2. Uplink common channels

62
Down link common channels
 CPICH-Common Pilot Channel provides a common demodulation reference
over all or part of a cell.

 P-CCPCH-Primary common control physical channel caries general network

information.

 S-CCPCH-Secondary common control physical channel is used for paging and

packet data

 SCH-Synchronisation channel is used by UE for its initial cell search

 AICH-Acquisition indication channel controls the use of common uplink

channels.

63
UP Link common physical
channels
 PRACH-Physical Random Access Channels used by UEs
initially to access the network

 PC-PCH-Physical Common Packet Channel allows

bursts of data to be transferred from UEs to the
network.CPCH is typically used for short,infrequent burst
of data where as dedicated channels are more suited to
long burst.

64
UMTS Frame structure
 The duration of a frame is 10ms

 One frame contains 15 slots

 Each slot duration =0.667 ms

 Each slot contains 2560 chips

 Chip rate=3.838Mchips/s

 One super frame =72 frame= 720ms duration

65
Difference between CDMA2000
and UMTS technology
>Cdma2000 and UMTS were developed separately and are 2
separate ITU approved 3G standards

>cdma2000 were developed to be backward compatible with

cdmaOne but UMTS phones are not meant to be backward
compatible with GSM systems.

>Cdma2000 is easy to implement because operators do not need

new frequencies but implementation of UMTS is very difficult
because of its new requirement of wide range of frequency and
new implementation of the radio access network.

66
THANKS

67