HLE with constant Coefficients Linear: Eigenvalue Problem

𝑎𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) + 𝑏𝑦 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑐𝑦𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) → (𝑖) ⇒ 𝑋 ′ = 𝐴𝑋

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦0 (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) Find eigenvalue det⁡(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) = 0

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑦2 (𝑥) Find eigenvector (𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0 for each 𝜆
Causes (Eigenvalues)
 Constant Coefficients (Using equation no 1) Distinct: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝜆1 𝑡 𝑣1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝜆2 𝑡 𝑣2
Repeated: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 𝑣1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 (𝑡𝑣1 + 𝑣2 )
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑏𝑟 + 𝑐 = 0
Complex: 𝑋1 = [𝐵1 cos⁡𝛽𝑡 − 𝐵2 sin⁡𝛽𝑡]𝑒 𝛼𝑡
𝑋2 = [𝐵2 cos⁡𝛽𝑡 + 𝐵1 sin⁡𝛽𝑡]𝑒 𝛼𝑡
Cases (roots)
Distinct ⇒ 𝑦𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 r𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 r2 𝑥
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑋1 + 𝑐2 𝑋2
Repeated ⇒ 𝑦𝑐 (𝑥) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑟𝑥
Complex ⇒ 𝑦𝑐 (𝑥) = (𝑐1 Cos⁡𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 Sin⁡𝛽𝑥)𝑒 𝛼𝑥 ⁡⇒ 𝑥 ′ = 𝐴𝑋 + 𝐹(𝑡)
⇒ Annihilator approach 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑋1 + 𝑐2 𝑋2 : 𝜙(𝑡) = [𝑋1 𝑋2 ]
𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝜙 ′ (𝑡)[𝜙 −1 (𝑡)𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
if 𝐿(𝑓) = 0 𝑋 = 𝑋𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑋𝑝 (𝑡)

1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 ⋯ , 𝑥 𝑛−1 ⇒ 𝐷 𝑛+1 : (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 0 Half-Angle Identities

(1𝑒 𝛼𝑥 , 𝑥𝑒 𝛼𝑥 , ⋯ , 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 ⇒ (𝐷 − 𝛼)𝑛 (𝑥 𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 ) = 0
𝐴 1 + cos⁡𝐴
cos⁡( ) = ±√
𝑒 𝛼𝑥 cos⁡𝛽𝑥, 𝑥𝑒 𝛼𝑥 cos⁡𝛽𝑥, −𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 cos⁡𝛽𝑥 2 2
[𝐷 2 − 2𝛼𝐷 + (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 )](𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 cos⁡𝛽𝑥) = 0
𝐴 1 − cos⁡𝐴
sin⁡( ) = ±√
NHLE with variation of parameters 2 2
𝑊1
𝑦𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑦2 (𝑥): 𝑈1′ = 𝐴 1 − cos⁡𝐴
𝑊 tan⁡( ) = ±√
𝑊2 2 1 + cos⁡𝐴
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑈1 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑈2 𝑦2 (𝑥): 𝑈2′ = 𝐴 sin⁡𝐴
𝑊
tan⁡( ) =
2 1 + cos⁡𝐴
Modeling with Higher ODE 𝐴 1 − cos⁡𝐴
tan⁡( ) =
2 sin⁡𝐴
 F=kx , 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
 𝑚𝑥 ′′ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0 Eq of motion Double-Angle Identities

 𝑥 ′′ + 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷𝐸 of free undamped equation cos⁡(2𝐴) = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴

𝜔2 = k/m, 𝑇 = 2𝜋/𝜔, 𝑓 = 𝜔/2𝜋 cos⁡(2𝐴) = 1 − 2sin2 𝐴
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴sin⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙), 𝐴 = √𝑐12 + 𝑐22 , tan⁡𝜙 = 𝑐1
𝑐 cos⁡(2𝐴) = 2cos2 𝐴 − 1
2

 ′′ ′ 2
𝑥 + 2𝜆𝑥 + 𝜔 𝑥 ⇒ 0 ⇒ DE of free damped equation sin⁡(2𝐴) = 2sin𝐴cos𝐴
𝛽
2𝜆 = , quasi Period = 2𝜋/√𝜔 2 − 𝜆2 2tan𝐴
𝑚 tan⁡(2𝐴) =
1 − tan2 𝐴
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 sin⁡√𝜔 2 − 𝜆2 (𝑡) + 𝜙
 𝑥 ′′ + 2𝜆𝑥 ′ + 𝑤 2 𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑡) ⇒ 𝐷𝐸 of Driven motion Sin(A+B)= SinACosB + CosASinB
𝑓(𝑡)
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑚 Cos(A+B)= CosACosB - SinASinB

Done by Johi chawala

Derivative Rules Hyperbolic Functions Integration Formulas
Exponential Functions
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 cuemath
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (sinh⁡𝑥) = cosh⁡𝑥 THE MATH EXPERT
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln⁡𝑎 (cosh⁡𝑥) = sinh⁡𝑥 ⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) (tanh⁡𝑥) = sech2 ⁡𝑥 ⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) ) = ln⁡( a )a 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑
(csch⁡𝑥) = −csch⁡𝑥coth⁡𝑥 ⁡∫ ⁡ cos⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
Trigonometric Functions 𝑑
(sech⁡𝑥) = −sech⁡𝑥tanh⁡𝑥 ∫ ⁡ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(sin⁡𝑥) = cos⁡𝑥 (coth⁡𝑥) = −csch⁡𝑥 ⁡∫ ⁡ sec 2 ⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cos⁡𝑥) = −sin⁡𝑥 ⁡∫ ⁡ cosec 2 ⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
𝑑
(tan⁡𝑥) = sec 2 ⁡𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 (sinh−1 ⁡𝑥) = ⁡∫ ⁡ sec⁡𝑥tan⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2
(csc⁡𝑥) = −csc⁡𝑥cot⁡𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 ⁡∫ ⁡ cosec⁡𝑥cot⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cosec⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑 (cosh−1 ⁡𝑥) = ,𝑥 > 1
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
(sec⁡𝑥) = sec⁡𝑥tan⁡𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 1 ⁡∫ ⁡ = sin−1 ⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑 (tanh−1 ⁡𝑥) = , |𝑥| < 1 √1 − 𝑥 2
(cot⁡𝑥) = −csc 2 ⁡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 −1 ⁡∫ ⁡ = −cos−1 ⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
(csch−1 ⁡𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ 0 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√1 − 𝑥 2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 ⁡∫ ⁡ = tan−1 ⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
(sech−1 ⁡𝑥) = ,0 < 𝑥 < 1 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
(sin−1 ⁡𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ ±1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑 1 ⁡∫ ⁡ = −cot −1 ⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
(coth−1 ⁡𝑥) = , |𝑥| > 1 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
(cos −1 ⁡𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ ±1 ⁡∫ ⁡ = sec −1 ⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 2
Derivatives of Logarithmic 𝑥√𝑥 − 1
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
(tan ⁡𝑥) = Functions
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 ⁡∫ ⁡ = −cosec −1 ⁡𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑 −1 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
(cot −1 ⁡𝑥) = 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 ln⁡(𝑥) = ⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 ′
−1
(sec ⁡𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ ±1,0 ln⁡[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥√𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) ⁡∫ ⁡ = log⁡|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
(csc −1 ⁡𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ ±1,0 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 log 𝑎 (
⁡ 𝑥) = ⁡∫ ⁡ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥ln⁡𝑎 ln⁡𝑎
𝑑 1
log 𝑎 ⁡[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)ln⁡𝑎
∫ tan⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −log⁡|cos⁡𝑥| + 𝑐
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − (∫ 𝑣)𝑑𝑢
∫ sec⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log⁡|sec⁡𝑥 + tan⁡𝑥| + 𝑐
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1 ∫ csc⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log⁡|csc⁡𝑥 − cot⁡𝑥| + 𝑐
∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ln⁡𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2 4 ∫ cot⁡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log⁡|sin⁡𝑥| + 𝑐

Done by Johi chawala

Done by Johi chawala