DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation is a mathematical equation that 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 4

relates some function with its derivative. In applications ( ) + 𝑥 ( ) + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
the function usually represent physical quantities, the Are all third degree differential equations.
derivatives represent their rate of change.
Example
Examples of differential equation are
Determine the order and the degree of the following
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦, + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 8 = 0, = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥, Etc. differential equations
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(𝑎) + 𝑥𝑦 = 5𝑥
Order of a differential equation 𝑑𝑥
The order of a differential equation is the order of the 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑏) 2
− 5𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2
highest derivative appearing in that equation. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
For example:  d3y  d2y
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (c) x 2  3   3x 2  7 x  0
(1).
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑦,
𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ,  dx  dx

𝑦−
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥, etc 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) 𝑦 − 5𝑥 ( ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
are all first order differential equations
Solution
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
(2). = 5 + 𝑥, 5 2 − ( ) = 7, (a) First order, first degree differential equation
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 (b) 2nd order, first degree differential equations
7 ( 2) + 𝑥 +6=0 (c) third order second degree differential equation.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
are all second order differential equation (d) first order second degree differential equation.
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
(3). + sin 𝑥 = 0, (𝑑𝑥 3 ) + 5 (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3 A Solution of a Differential Equation
Are all third order differential equations. A solution to a differential equation is defined as any
relationship connecting the two variables of the
The Degree of a Differential Equation equation and not involving their derivatives. A solution
The degree of a differential equation is the highest to a first order differential equation is said to be general
integral power to which the highest order derivative is solution (complete solution). If an arbitrary constant
raised when a differential equation is written as a remains in the solution. The solution obtained by giving
polynomial in unknown function and its derivative. a particular value to an arbitrary constant is called a
Example: particular solution.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
(i) 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 2 = 0 First Order Differential Equations
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 (1) Method of separating the variables
.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 1, 𝑑𝑥 3
= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
Example I
are all first degree differential equations
Find the general solution of the following differential
2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 equations
(ii) (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑦 = 0, 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 6𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) =0
𝑑𝑦
Are all second degree differential equations a) (𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
3 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 b) (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
(iii) (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = 5 (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin 𝑥,

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 c)
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣(𝑣 − 1) 𝑣𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑣 − 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝐴𝑒 𝑢
d) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1 = 𝑣(1 − 𝐴𝑒 𝑢 )
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦2
e) 𝑑𝑥
+ √1−𝑥2 = 0 1
𝑣=
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 1 − 𝐴𝑒 𝑢
f) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Solution (𝑑) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝐚) =𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + +𝐴
𝑦 2
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥2
𝑦 = tan (𝑥 + + 𝐴)
ln 𝑦 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶 2
𝑦
ln ( ) = 𝐶 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 (f) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦
𝑦
log 𝑒 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑒𝐶 =
𝑥 2𝑥 3
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 𝑒𝐶𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑥−1
(𝑏) = 𝑣(𝑣 − 1) 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥 2
𝑣(𝑣 − 1) 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
1 𝐴 𝐵 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 = +
𝑣(𝑣 − 1) 𝑣 𝑣 − 1 2𝑥 − 2
𝐴(𝑣 − 1) + 𝐵𝑣 = 1 2
If 𝑣 = 1 1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2) + 𝑑𝑥
𝐵=1 𝑦 𝑥−1
If 𝑣 = 0 2𝑥 3
ln 𝑦 = + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
−𝐴 = 1 3
𝐴 = −1 2 x2
ln y  ln( x  1) 2   x2  2x
1 1 3
⟹ ∫− + 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 𝑦 2𝑥 3
𝑣 𝑣−1 ln = ( + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
− ln 𝑣 + ln(𝑣 − 1) = 𝑢 + 𝑐 (𝑥 − 1)2 3
2
𝑣−1 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑒
( 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +2𝑥)
3 =𝑦
ln ( )=𝑢+𝑐
𝑣
𝑣−1 Example II
log 𝑒 ( )=𝑢+𝑐 Solve the following differential equations.
𝑣
𝑣−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑢+𝑐 = (𝑎) 𝑥 =𝑥−1
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑣−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑢 × 𝑒𝑐 = (𝑏) = tan 𝑦 tan 𝜃
𝑣 𝑑𝜃
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 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
(𝑐) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − − ln cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
(𝑑) 𝑒 𝑡 = sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + ln cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
(𝑒) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 4 = 0 (d)
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
Solution sin 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑡
𝑥 =𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 Sign change Differentiate  (integrate)
1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = 1 −
𝑥 - −𝑒 −𝑡
− cos 𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝑒 −𝑡
− sin 𝑡

∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 = −𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
(𝐛) 𝜃 = tan 𝑦 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
= tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
tan 𝑦 1
∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡) + 𝐶
cos 𝑦 sin 𝜃 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝑦 cos 𝜃 1 −𝑡
𝑥 = − 𝑒 (cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡) + 𝑐
ln(sin y)   ln cos  c 2
𝑑𝑦
ln(sin 𝑦) + ln cos 𝜃 = 𝐶 (𝒆) 𝑒 𝑥 = −(𝑦 2 + 4)
𝑑𝑥
ln sin 𝑦 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑦 −𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒 𝑐 = sin 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑦2 + 4 𝑒𝑥
𝐴 = sin 𝑦 cos 𝜃 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 +4
𝜃𝑑𝜃
(c) = cos2 𝜃 1 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑟 But ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 = 𝑎 tan−1 (𝑎) + 𝐶
𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑟 1 1 𝑦
cos2 𝜃 ⇒∫ 2
𝑑𝑦 = tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
4+𝑦 2 2
∫ 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑦
 tan−1 ( ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
Consider ∫ 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑦
tan−1 ( ) = 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑢=𝜃 2
𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = tan(𝐴 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 )
=1 2
𝑑𝜃
𝑦 = 2 tan(𝐴 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑣
= sec 2 𝜃 Example III
𝑑𝜃
Find the particular solution of the following differential
𝑣 = tan 𝜃
equation which satisfy the given condition.
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
∫𝑢 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝜃 (𝑎) (1 + cos 2𝜃) = 2, 𝑦( ) = 1
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (𝑏) = 𝑥(𝑦 − 2) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5
𝑑𝑥
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 𝑑𝑦 𝐶 = tan−1 3 − tan−1 2
(𝑐) (1 + 𝑥 2 )
= 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑦(2) = 3
𝑑𝑥
Let tan-1(3) = A
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
(𝑑) = √1 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦( ) = 0 tan-12 = B
𝑑𝑥 6
Solution C=A–B

dy tan C = tan(A – B)
(1  cos 2 ) 2
d tan A  tan B
tan C 
2 1  tan A tan B
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝜃
1 + cos 2 𝜃 32
2 tan C 
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝜃 1 3 2
1 + 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1 1
2 tan C 
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝜃 7
2 cos2 𝜃
1
𝑑𝑦 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 C  tan 1  
𝑦 = tan 𝜃 + 𝐶 7
𝜋 1
𝜃 = ,𝑦 = 1 tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1
4 7
𝜋
⇒ 1 = tan + 𝐶 1
4 tan−1 𝑦 − tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1
𝐶=0 7
𝑦 = tan 𝜃 𝑦−𝑥 1
=
1 + 𝑥𝑦 7
𝑑𝑦
(b) = 𝑥(𝑦 − 2) 7𝑦 − 7𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 7𝑥 + 1
∫ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−2 𝑦(7 − 𝑥) = 7𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 7𝑥 + 1
ln(𝑦 − 2) = +𝐶 𝑦=
2 7−𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 𝑑𝑦
= √1 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
ln 3 = 0 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
x2 = 𝑑𝑥
ln( y  2)   ln 3 √1 − 𝑦 2
2
sin−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦−2 𝑥2
ln ( )= 𝜋
3 2 𝑦( ) = 0
2
6
𝑥 𝑦−2 𝜋
𝑒2 = sin−1 0 = + 𝐶
3 6
𝑥2 𝜋
𝑦 = 2 + 3𝑒 2 − =𝐶
6
𝜋
𝑑𝑦 sin−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
(𝐜) (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 1 + 𝑦2 6
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 − )
= 6
1+𝑦 2 1 + 𝑥2
tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 Example IV (UNEB Question)
dy
tan−1(3) = tan−1(2) + 𝐶 Solve the differential equation  y tan 2 x ; y(0) = 2
dx
y(2) = 3
Solution
303
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Solution
∫ = ∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 2𝑥 𝑑
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑦 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑(1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = − ln cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
 d (1  2 x)e   sec 2 x dx
y

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=2
(1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
ln 2 = − ln cos 0 + 𝐶
2 Example III
1 Solve the differential equation
(ln 2) = −` ln 1 + 𝐶
2 dy 1
𝐶 = (ln 2) x 2 cos y  2 x sin y 
1 dx x
ln 𝑦 = − ln cos 2𝑥 + (ln 2) Solution
2
1 dy 1
ln 𝑦 − ln 2 = − ln cos 2𝑥 x 2 cos y  2 x sin y 
2 dx x
𝑦 1 𝑑 2 1
ln ( ) = − cos 2𝑥 (𝑥 sin 𝑦) =
2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 1 𝑑 2 1
ln = ( ) (𝑥 sin 𝑦) =
2 √cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑(𝑥 2 sin 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 √cos 2𝑥 𝑥
2
2 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦=
√cos 2𝑥 Example 4
Solve the following exact differential equations
Exact Differential Equations 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑎) ln 𝑦 + = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
A differential equation is said to be exact if and only if 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
the left hand side can be expressed as an exact 𝑑𝑦
(𝑏) 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥
differential. 𝑑𝑥
Example I 𝑑𝑟
(𝑐) 𝑒 𝑢 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
dy 𝑑𝑢
Solve the differential equation x 2  2 xy  1 Solution
dx
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Solution (𝑎) ln 𝑦 + = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ((ln 𝑦)𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 𝑦) = 1 𝑑(𝑥(ln 𝑦)) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑦) = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑏) 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example II
𝑑 𝑥2𝑦2
Solve the differential equation ( ) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

304
 𝑥2𝑦2 (3) Multiply both sides of equation (i) by the
𝑑( ) = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integrating factor
2
𝑥2𝑦2 4. Integrate both sides and makes sure that you
∫𝑑( ) = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 properly deal with the constant of integration
2
𝑥 2𝑦2 Example I
= tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 Solve the following linear differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑢 2 𝑑𝑟 (𝑎)𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
(c) 𝑒 𝑟 + 2𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑢 2 (𝑏)𝑑𝑦 + (2𝑥 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
(𝑒 𝑟 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
(𝑐) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 𝑟 2 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Solution
∫ 𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 𝑟 2 ) = ∫ − cosec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
(𝐚) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑒 𝑢 𝑟 2 = cot 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
Example 5 − = 0 … … … … … … … (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution 1
−2
𝑑𝑦 𝐼 = 𝑒 −2 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 =
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 Multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 1/x2
𝑑 𝑥 2
(𝑒 𝑦 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 We have:
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
∫ 𝑑(𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 ) = ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − =0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3
𝑑 1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 = cot 𝑥 + 𝑐 ( 𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
1
First order linear differential equation ∫ 𝑑 ( 2 𝑦) = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
A first order linear differential equation is a differential 1
equation of the form 𝑦 =0+𝐶
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2
+ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) … … … … … … … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞(𝑥)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
Solution
(𝑏) + (2𝑥 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Process of solving first order linear differential equation 𝑑𝑦 2
Comparing 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 with
(1) Put the differential equation in the standard linear 𝑑𝑦
form of a differential equation + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) gives
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)……. (i) P(x) = 2x + 1, Q(x) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(2) Find the integrating factor 𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥+1𝑑𝑥
2 +𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒𝑥
I  e
P  x  dx

305
 2 +𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 𝐼 = 𝑒 2 ln sin 𝜃
𝑒𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑒 ln sin 𝜃 = sin2 𝜃
𝑑 𝑥2 +𝑥
(𝑒 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑟 cot 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
2 +𝑥 𝑑𝜃
𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑟 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 1
 + = sin2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
(c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥3 Multiplying both sides by the integrating factor we
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 have,
+ = 𝑥 2 … … … … … … . (1) 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
Comparing + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) with Eqn (1);
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
1 (sin2 𝜃 𝑟) = 1
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 𝑑(sin2 𝜃 𝑟) = 𝑑𝜃
1
𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐼 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑏)3𝑦 + (𝑥 − 2) =
(d) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 2
(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + = … … … … … . . (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = +𝐴
4 3
𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥−2𝑑𝑥
3
Example II 𝐼 = 𝑒 ln(𝑥−2)
Solve the following linear differential equation 𝐼 = (𝑥 − 2)3
𝑑𝑟 Multiply both sides of equation (1) by the integrating
(𝑎) + 2𝑟 cot 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 factor
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑏)3𝑦 + (𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 − 2)3 + 3(𝑥 − 2)2 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑
(𝑐) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)3 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥 − 2)3 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
(𝑑) sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥 − 2)3 𝑦 = ∫ 2(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥

Solution (𝑥 − 2)3 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑟
(𝑎) + 2𝑟 cot 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 ……… (i) 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝜃 (b) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑟
+ 𝑃(𝜃)𝑟 = 𝑄(𝜃) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝜃 + = 2 … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑃(𝜃) = 2 cot 𝜃 2
𝐼= 𝑒 ∫ 2 cot 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥  eln x  x2
2
2 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝐼= 𝑒 ∫ sin 𝜃

306
Multiplying both sides of Eqn (1) by the integrating But cos x  1  2sin 2 x
2
factor, we have
2sin 2 2x  1  cos x
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑(tan 𝑦) = 1 − cos 𝑥
2
∫ 𝑑 (𝑥 2 𝑦) = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 2x y  x  sin x  C
𝑥 2 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 Example II
Find the particular solution of the following differential
𝑑𝑦 2
(d) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 equations which satisfy the given condition
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (a) (𝑥 + 1) − 3𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)4
+ = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑦 = 16 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
1
𝐼= 𝑒 ∫sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (b)
𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑢 cot 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
Consider 𝜋
1 𝑢( ) = 3
2
∫ 𝑑𝑡
sin 𝑥 Solution
𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan 𝑑𝑦
2 (𝑥 + 1) − 3𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)4
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
𝑑𝑡 = sec 2 𝑑𝑥 − = (𝑥 + 1)3 …………. (i)
2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
2𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥

2𝑑𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 3
1 + 𝑡2 𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥+1𝑑𝑥
1 (1+𝑡 2 ) 2𝑑𝑡 −3
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑡
. 1+𝑡 2 𝐼 = 𝑒 −3 ln(𝑥+1) = 𝑒 ln(𝑥+1)
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝐼=
𝑡 (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥 Multiplying both sides of Eqn (i) by the integrating
ln tan
2 factor, we have
𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 ln tan2 = tan 1 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
2 − =1
(𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)4
Multiplying both sides of Eqn (i) by the integrating
𝑑 1
factor, we have ( 𝑦) = 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 tan 2 𝑥 1
tan + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 tan ∫𝑑( 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)3
x
dy tan 2 sin 2x 1
tan 2x  y  2sin x
2
cos x
2 𝑦 =𝑥+𝐶
dx 2sin 2x cos 2x cos 2x (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 + 𝐶)
tan + sec 2 𝑦 = 2 sin2
2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 If x = 1, y = 16
𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 16 = (2)3 (1 + 𝐶)
(tan 𝑦) = 2 sin2
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝐶=1
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑑 (tan 𝑦) = ∫ 2 sin2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)
2 2
307
(b)
𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑢 cot 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥)𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑢( ) = 3 𝑑
2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑦) = 1
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑(sec 2 𝑥 𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 ln sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 sec 2 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 2
⇒ sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃 (sec 2 0) (2) = 0 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
sin 𝜃 + 𝑢 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 2=𝐶
𝑑𝜃
𝑑 𝐶=2
(sin 𝜃 𝑢) = sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 (sec 2 𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑(sin 𝜃 𝑢) = ∫ sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑥+2
𝑦=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1
(sin 𝜃) 𝑢 = − cos 2𝜃 + 𝐶 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) cos2 𝑥
2
u( 2 )  3


 Example IV (UNEB Question)

 , u 3
2 Solve the differential equation
1 𝑑𝑦
(sin 2 )(3)  cos   c + (𝑦 + 3) cot 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
1 Solution
3= +𝐶
2 𝑑𝑦
5 + (𝑦 + 3) cot 𝑥 = −𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝐶= 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦
1 5 + (cot 𝑥) 𝑦 + 3 cot 𝑥 = −𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
(sin 𝜃) 𝑢 = − cos 2𝜃 + 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 𝑑𝑦
(sin 𝜃) 𝑢 = (5 − cos 2𝜃) + (cot 𝑥)𝑦 = −𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 3 cot 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝐼 = 𝑒 cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = cosec 𝜃 (2 − cos 2𝜃)
2 cos 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example III (UNEB Question) 𝐼 = 𝑒 ln sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
dy 𝑑𝑦
Solve  2 y tan x  cos 2 x  (sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥)𝑦 = −𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
dx 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑦(0) = 2 (sin 𝑥 𝑦) = (−𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑(sin 𝑥 𝑦) = ∫(−𝑒 2𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑦 tan 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 ……………… (i)
1
𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥)𝑦 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
2 sin 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example
𝐼 = 𝑒 −2 ln cos 𝑥
A curve passes through the point (1, 0). The gradient of
1
ln(cos 𝑥)−2 the normal to the curve at any point (x, y) is
𝐼=𝑒 =
cos 2 𝑥
sec y – x tan y. Find the equation of the curve.
Multiplying both sides of Eqn (i) by the integrating
Solution
factor, we have
308
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝑉+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of the normal n = −
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Example I
− = sec 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Solve the following homogeneous equations.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= − sec 𝑦 + 𝑥 tan 𝑦 a) 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 b) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
− 𝑥 tan 𝑦 = − sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 c)
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 − ∫ tan 𝑦𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
d) 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2
sin 𝑦
−∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= 𝑒 cos 𝑦 Solution
ln(cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝐼=𝑒
𝑥2 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑒 ln(cos 𝑦) = cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥 tan 𝑦 = −sec 2 𝑦 …………. (i) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣+𝑥
Multiplying both sides of Eqn (i) by the integrating 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
factor 𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑥 2 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥(𝑣𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = −1 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 (3 + 𝑣).
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
(cos 𝑦𝑥) = −1 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣+𝑥 =3+𝑣
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑(cos 𝑦) 𝑥 = ∫ −1𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = 3.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑦 = −𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑑𝑥
The curve passes through (1, 0)
3
⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
(1)cos 0 = −0 + 𝐶 v = 3lnx + c
1=𝐶 v = lnx3 + c
(cos 𝑦)𝑥 = −𝑦 + 1 is the equation of the curve. Let c = ln k
v = lnx3 + ln k
First order homogeneous equations
The function f  x, y   x3  3x 2 y  5 xy 2  2 y 3 is a 𝑦
= (ln 𝑥 3 𝑘)
function which is such that each of its terms is degree 3. 𝑥
Such a function is said to be homogeneous function of 𝑦 = 𝑥(ln 𝑥 3 𝑘).
degree 3.
In general a homogeneous function f(x, y) is said to be a 𝑑𝑦
(b) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
homogenous of degree n if 𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Once we have verified that the differential equation is 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, = 𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
homogenous. We use the substitutions
𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑥(𝑣𝑥) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥

309
 𝑑𝑣 𝑦
𝑥 2 (𝑣) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑣 2 ). tan−1 ( ) = ln(𝑥𝑘)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑦
𝑣 2 + 𝑣𝑥 = 1 − 𝑣 2. = tan(ln(𝑥𝑘))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan(ln 𝑥𝑘).
𝑣𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑣 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (b) 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 .
∫ 2
𝑑𝑣 = ∫ .
1 − 2𝑣 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
− ln(1 − 2𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶. = 𝑣+𝑥 .
4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
− ln(1 − 2𝑣 2 ) = ln(𝑥𝑘).  dv 
4 3x 2  v  x   v 2 x 2
1
 dx 
ln(1 − 2𝑣 2 )−4 = ln 𝑥𝑘. 𝑑𝑣
3𝑣 + 3𝑥 = 𝑣2
1 𝑑𝑥
1 = 𝑥𝑘.
2 𝑑𝑣
(1 − 2𝑣 )4 3𝑥 = 𝑣 2 − 3𝑣.
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥 4 𝐴. 3𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
1 − 2𝑣 2 2
=
𝑦 𝑣 − 3𝑣 𝑥
But 𝑣 = 𝑥 .
Consider.
1 3 3
= 𝑥 4 𝐴. =
2𝑦 2 2
𝑣 − 3𝑣 𝑣(𝑣 − 3)
1− 2
𝑥
3 𝐴 𝐵
1 = +
⇒ 2 = 𝑥 4 𝐴. 𝑣(𝑣 − 3) 𝑣 𝑣 − 3
𝑥 − 2𝑦 2
𝑥2 𝐴(𝑣 − 3) + 𝐵𝑣 = 3.
2
𝑥 If v = 3, B = 1
= 𝑥 4 𝐴.
𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 If v = 0, -3A = 3
1 𝐴 = −1.
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 )
𝐴 3 −1 1
𝐵 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 ). = +
𝑣(𝑣 − 3) 𝑣 𝑣−3
1 3𝑑𝑣 𝑣−3
where B ∫ 2 = ln 𝑣 + ln(𝑣 − 3) = ln ( )
A 𝑣 − 3𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑦
(c) 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 . 𝑣−3
⇒ ln ( ) = ln 𝑥𝑘.
𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣+𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑣−3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑘.
𝑣
 dv  𝑦
x 2  v  x   x 2  vx 2  v 2 x 2
 dx  𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥𝑘
𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = (1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )𝑥 2 . 𝑦 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑘
𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣 2. 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 3𝑥
∫ 2
=∫ = 𝑥𝑘.
1+𝑣 𝑥 𝑦
tan−1 𝑣 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥𝑘 + 3𝑥
310
 3𝑥 1
𝑦= . = 𝑥3𝐴
1 − 𝑥𝑘 9(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2
𝑥4
2
Example II 𝑥 = 𝐴(9(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ))
Solve the following differential equations.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎) 4𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (b) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥.
𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐) = + tan . 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) − 𝑣𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 (𝑣 + 𝑥 − 𝑣) = 𝑥 √1 − 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎) 4𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥 dv
x  1  v2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 dx
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 dv dx
=𝑣+𝑥 
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 v 2 x
𝑑𝑦
4𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 sin−1 𝑣 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑣
⇒ (4𝑥)(𝑣𝑥) (𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 . sin−1 ( ) = (ln(𝑥𝑘))
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑣 = sin(ln(𝑥𝑘)).
𝑥 2 (4𝑣) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 (3 + 𝑣 2 ) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin(ln𝑥𝑘).
4𝑣 2 + 4𝑣𝑥 = 3 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
(c) = + tan
dv 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4vx  3  3v 2
dx 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, = 𝑣+𝑥
4𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝑑𝑣
3(1 − 𝑣 ) 𝑥 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑣 + tan 𝑣.
4𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑣
3 − 3𝑣 2 𝑥 = tan 𝑣
2 𝑑𝑥
− ln(3 − 3𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
3 =
tan 𝑣 𝑥
1 cos 𝑣 1
ln ( 2) = ln 𝑥𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3 − 3𝑣 2 )3 sin 𝑣 𝑥

1 ln(sin 𝑣) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑘.
2 = 𝑥𝑘 ln sin 𝑣 = ln 𝑥𝑘.
3𝑦 2 3
(3 − 2 ) sin 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑘
𝑥
𝑦
1 sin ( ) = 𝑥𝑘
2 = 𝑥3𝑘3 𝑥
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑦
( ) = sin−1 (𝑥𝑘)
𝑥2
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥𝑘)

311
 𝑑𝑦
(b) (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦
Solve the following differential equations. Let y = vx
𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
a) 𝑎) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦(7) = −7 =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b) 𝑏) (𝑥 2− 𝑦2) = 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑦(4) = 2
𝑑𝑥  dv 
𝑑𝑦 ( x 2  v 2 x 2 )  v  x   x(vx)
c) 𝑐) (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦(3) = −2.  dx 
Solution  dv 
(1  v 2 )  v  x   v
𝑑𝑦  dx 
(𝑎) 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0. 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣 2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, =𝑣+𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = − 𝑣.
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣 2
𝑥(𝑣𝑥) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑣2
𝑥 2 (𝑣) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 (−4 − 𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑣 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑥
𝑣 2 + 𝑣𝑥 = −4 − 𝑣 2 .
𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑣 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣𝑥 = −4 − 2𝑣 2 .
𝑑𝑥 1 2
v  ln v  ln x  c
𝑣𝑑𝑣 −𝑑𝑥 2
2
=
4 + 2𝑣 𝑥 1 𝑥2 𝑦
1 − ( 2 ) − ln = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
ln(4 + 2𝑣 2 ) = − ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑦 𝑥
4
1 2𝑦 2 𝑦(4) = 2.
ln (4 + 2 ) = − ln 𝑥 + 𝐶. 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2
4 𝑥
1 1 16 2
4𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 4 1 − ( ) − ln ( ) = ln 4 + 𝐶
2 4 4
ln ( 2 ) = ln + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 1
−2 − ln ( ) = ln 4 + 𝐶
1 2
4𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 4 1 1
ln ( 2 ) = ln 𝐴. −2 − ln − ln4 = 𝐶.
𝑥 𝑥 2
4𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 1 1
2
= 4 𝑘. −2 − (ln + ln4) = 𝐶.
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑘 −2 − ln2 = 𝐶.
4𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 2
𝑥
𝐶 = −2 − ln2.
When x= 7, y = -7
1 𝑥2 𝑦
2 2 k − ( 2 ) − ln = ln 𝑥 − ln 2 − 2
4(7 ) + 2(-7) = 2 2 𝑦 𝑥
7
k 1 𝑥2 𝑦
294 = 2 2 − ( 2 ) = ln + ln(𝑥) − ln2
7 2 𝑦 𝑥
k = 294 × 49 4𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
k = 14406 2
= ln ( ) 𝑥 − ln(2)
2𝑦 𝑥
14406
4𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = . 4 y 2  x2 y
𝑥2 2
 ln( )
2y 2

312
 𝑦 7 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
4𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2 ln ( )
2
𝑑𝑦 Example IV
(c) (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦(3) = −2.
Solve the following differential equations.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, =𝑣+𝑥 . 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎) =
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
(𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑏) (𝑥 + 𝑦) =𝑥+𝑦−2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1 + 𝑣) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (1 − 𝑣). 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑐) =
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3.
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 Solution
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣 dy 2 x  y  2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣
−𝑣 (a) 
dx 2 x  y  1
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑣 2
𝑥 = Let 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 2 2𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣 2+ =
−(1 + 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 =∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑥 = ( − 2)
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− ln(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1) = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑧 𝑧−2
2 ⟹ −2=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧+1
1 𝑦 2 2𝑦
− (ln ( 2 + − 1)) = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶. 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 2
2 𝑥 𝑥 = +2
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 + 1
1 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 2 + 2(𝑧 + 1)
− ln ( ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 =
2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑧+1
𝑥
ln = (ln 𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑧 3𝑧
√𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 + 1
𝑥
ln = ln(𝐴 𝑥) For C = ln A, (𝑧 + 1)
√𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑥
x 𝑧
 Ax 1
y 2  2 xy  x 2 ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥
𝑧
1
A 𝑧 + ln 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝐶.
y  2 xy  x 2
2
(2𝑥 + 𝑦) + ln(2𝑥 + 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 𝐶.
1
= √𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑦
𝐴 (b) (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2
𝑘 = √𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2
When x = 3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
𝑦 = −2.
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝐾 = √4 − 2(−6) − 9 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦.
𝐾 = √16 − 9 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
=1+
𝐾 = √7 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
√7 = √𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = ( − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
313
 𝑑𝑧 𝑧−2 Application of differential equations (modeling) in
( − 1) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 differential equations
𝑑𝑧 𝑧−2 We can now move into the application of differential
=( + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 equations both in class and in general. Almost all the
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 2 + 𝑧 differential equations that you will use in your job (for
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 the engineers and their audience) are there because
𝑑𝑧 2𝑧 − 2 somebody, at a certain time, someone modeled a
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 situation to come up with a differential equation that
𝑧 you are using. First order differential equations can be
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑧 − 2 applied to real world systems.
𝑧 1. Newton’s law of cooling
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 2𝑑𝑥
𝑧−1 2. Population growth and decay
1 3. Radioactive decay and carbon dating.
∫1 + 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑧−1 4. Mixture of two salts solution.
𝑧 + ln(𝑧 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 𝐶 5. Salt solutions
6. Series circuits.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
7. Draining tank
ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝐶 8. Economics and finance
9. Mathematics policies
𝑒 𝑥−𝑦+𝐶 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
10. Men and women
𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 . 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 11. Drug distribution in human body.
𝐴 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 12. A pursuit problem harvesting of renewable
natural resources.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦+1
(c) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥−𝑦+3
Radioactive decay and carbon dating
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑦.
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦. Example 1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 The rate at which a radioactive nuclei decay is
=1−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 proportional to number of such nuclei that are present in
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 a given sample. Half of the original number of the
=1−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 radioactive nuclei has undergone disintegration in the
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 + 1 period of 1500yrs.
1− =
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 + 3 a) What percentage of the original radioactive nuclei
𝑧+1 𝑑𝑧 will remain after 3000yrs?
1−( )=
𝑧+3 𝑑𝑥 b) In how many years will one tenth of the original
(𝑧 + 3) − 𝑧 − 1 𝑑𝑧 number remain?
= Solution
𝑧+3 𝑑𝑥
2 dz 𝑑𝑁
 ∝ Ν
z  3 dx 𝑑𝑡
2𝑑𝑥 = (𝑧 + 3)𝑑𝑧 𝑑Ν
= −𝑘Ν.
𝑑𝑡
𝑧2
2𝑥 = + 3𝑧 + 𝐶. 𝑑Ν
2 ∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡.
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 Ν
2𝑥 = + 3(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝐶 ln Ν = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
2
4𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 𝐴 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, Ν = Ν0.
𝐾 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 ln Ν0 = −𝑘(0) + 𝐶

314
 𝐶 = ln(Ν0 ) substance disintegrates in 136 days. Calculate the time
7
ln Ν = −𝑘𝑡 + ln(Ν0 ). required for 8
of a substance to disintegrate. If the
ln Ν − ln Ν0 = −𝑘𝑡. original mass of a substance was 100gm, calculate the
𝑁 mass after 34 days.
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡.
Ν0 Solution
Ν 𝑑𝑚
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = ∝ 𝑚.
Ν0 𝑑𝑡
Ν = Ν0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑚
= −𝑘𝑚.
Ν0 𝑑𝑡
When t = 1500, Ν = 2
. 𝑑𝑚
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡
Ν0 𝑚
= Ν0 𝑒 −𝑘(1500)
2 ln 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
1
= 𝑒 −1500𝑘. When t = 0, m = mo.
2
1 ln 𝑚0 = −𝑘(0) + 𝐶.
ln = −1500𝑘. 𝐶 = ln 𝑚0.
2
−1 1 ln 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑡 + ln 𝑚0
𝐾= ln ( ) .
1500 2 ln 𝑚 − ln 𝑚0 = −𝑘𝑡.
𝑡 1
⇒Ν=
ln( )
Ν0 𝑒 1500 2 𝑚
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡
𝑚0
When 𝑡 = 3000.
𝑚
3000 1
ln( ) 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
Ν = Ν0 𝑒 1500 2 𝑚0
1 𝑚 = 𝑚0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 .
Ν = Ν0 𝑒 2 ln2. 𝑚0
1 When t = 136 days, 𝑚 =
ln( ) 2
Ν= Ν0 𝑒 4
mo
 m0 e  
 k 136
Ν0
Ν= 2
4
Ν0 1
4 = 𝑒 −136𝑘
Percentage = Ν0
× 100 = 25%. 2
𝑡 1 ln 12  136k
ln( )
(b) Ν = Ν0 𝑒 1500 2
1 1
N 𝑘=− ln ( )
When N  o , 136 2
10 1 1
𝑡 1 𝑘=− ln ( ).
No ln( ) 136 2
= Ν0 𝑒 1500 2
10 𝑡 1
ln( )
𝑚 = 𝑚0 𝑒 136 2
1 𝑡 1
ln( ) 7
= 𝑒 1500 2 For 𝑚0 to disintegrate,
10 8
1
1 t 1 𝑚 = 𝑚0.
ln    ln   8
 10  1500  2 
1 𝑡 1
ln( )
t = 4982.892 years ⇒ 𝑚0 = 𝑚0 𝑒 136 2
8
1 𝑡 1
ln( )
Example II = 𝑒 136 2
8
A radioactive substance disintegrates at a rate 1 𝑡 1
proportional to its mass. One half of a given mass of a ln = ln .
8 136 2
315
 1 𝑑𝜃
136 (ln 8) ∝ (𝜃 − 𝜃0 )
𝑡= 𝑑𝑡
1
(ln 2) 𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃0 ).
t = 408 days. 𝑑𝑡

Example I
Example III A hot body at temperature of 1000C is placed in a room
Radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200mg, two of temperature 200C. Ten minutes later, its temperature
years later, its mass is 50mg. Find the expression for the is 60. Write down a differential equation to represent
amount of isotope remaining at any time. the rate of change of temperature 𝜃 of a body with time
Solution t. Determine the temperature of a body after further 10
minutes.
𝑑𝑚
∝ 𝑚. Solution
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘𝑚. ∝ (𝜃 − 20)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝜃
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡. = −𝑘(𝜃 − 20)
𝑚 𝑑𝑡
ln 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶. 𝑑𝜃
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡
(𝜃 − 20)
When t = 0, m = mo
ln(𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
ln 𝑚0 = −𝑘(0) + 𝐶.
𝐶 = ln(𝑚0 ). When 𝑡 = 0 𝜃 = 100.
ln 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑡 + ln 𝑚0 ln(100 − 20) = 𝐶.
ln 𝑚 − ln 𝑚0 = −𝑘𝑡 𝐶 = ln 80.
𝑚
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡. ln(𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + ln 80.
𝑚0
𝑚 ln(𝜃 − 20) − ln 80 = −𝑘𝑡
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
𝑚0 𝜃 − 20
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡
𝑚 = 𝑚0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 . 80
𝑚0 = 200. 𝜃 − 20
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
𝑚 = 200𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 . 80
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2, 𝑚 = 50𝑚𝑔. 𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 .
50 = 200𝑒 −2𝑘 When 𝑡 = 10, 𝜃 = 60
1
= 𝑒 −2𝑘 60 = 20 + 80𝑒 −10𝑘
4
1 1
ln ( ) = −2𝑘. = 𝑒 −10𝑘
4 2
1 1 1
𝑘 = − ln ( ) . ln ( ) = −10𝑘
2 4 2
𝑡 1
ln( ) −1 1
𝑚 = 200𝑒 2 4 𝑘= ln ( )
10 2
Newton’s law of cooling
𝑡 1
It states that the rate of heat loss from the body is (ln )
𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 10 2
directly proportional to the difference between the body After further 10 minutes, (t = 10 + 10)
temperature 𝜃 and the temperature θ0 of the
𝑡 = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
surrounding air.

316
 20 1
ln( ) 11
𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 10 2 ln ( ) = −3𝑘.
30
1
𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒
2 ln( )
2 1 11
𝑘 = − ln ( )
1 3 30
ln( ) 𝑡 11
𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 4
𝜃 = 20 + 60𝑒 3 30
ln( )

𝜃 = 20 + 20 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠.
5 11
𝜃 = 400 𝐶. ln( )
𝜃 = 20 + 60𝑒 3 30

𝜃 = 31.3°
Example II
At 3:00 pm, the temperature of a hot metal was 800C Example III
and that of the surrounding 200C. At 3:03 pm the A police patrol on Kampala Jinja road found a dead
temperature of the metal had dropped to 420C. body of a man lying in the middle of the road at exactly
7:00am and its body temperature was 300c, 10 minutes
Write a differential to represent the rate of cooling of a
later the police surgeon measured the body temperature
metal.
and found it to be 28.50C. If the normal body
Solve the differential equation using the given
temperature is 370c estimate the time at which the man
condition.
was killed given the temperature of the surrounding air
Find the temperature of a metal at 3:05 pm. is 250c.
Solution Solution
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∝ (𝜃 − 20) ∝ (𝜃 − 25).
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = −𝑘(𝜃 − 25)
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 20) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 ∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡.
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡. (𝜃 − 25)
𝜃 − 20 ln(𝜃 − 25) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
ln(𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶. When 𝑡 = 0 𝜃 = 30.
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 80 ln(30 − 25) = 𝐶.
ln(80 − 20) = 0 + 𝐶 𝐶 = ln 5
ln(𝜃 − 25) = −𝑘𝑡 + (ln 5)
𝐶 = ln 60.
𝜃 − 25
ln(𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + (ln 60) ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡.
5
ln(𝜃 − 20) − ln 60 = −𝑘𝑡. 𝜃 − 25
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
𝜃 − 20 5
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡 𝜃 = 25 + 5𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 .
60
𝜃 − 20 When 𝑡 = 10 𝜃 = 28.5
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 28.5 = 25 + 5𝑒 −10𝑘
60
𝜃 = 20 + 60𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 . 3.5 = 5𝑒 −10𝑘
When t = 3 minutes, 𝜃 = 42 3.5
𝑒 −10𝑘 =
5
42 = 20 + 60𝑒 −𝑘(3)
35
42 = 20 + 60𝑒 −3𝑘 𝑒 −10𝑘 =
50
22 = 60𝑒 −3𝑘 .
7
22 −10𝑘 = ln ( )
= 𝑒 −3𝑘 10
60
11 1 7
= 𝑒 −3𝑘 𝑘 = − ln ( ) .
30 10 10

317
 𝑡 7
𝜃 = 25 + 5𝑒 10 ln10 2 = 𝑒 −𝑘(1)

Before death, 𝜃 = 37 (ln 2) = −𝑘

𝑡 7 𝑘 = −(ln 2).
ln( )
37 = 25 + 𝑒 10 10
x  1000e t ln 2
𝑡 7
ln( )
12 = 5𝑒 10 10 When x = 4000, 𝑡 = 𝑡1
12 𝑡 7
ln = ln 4000 = 1000𝑒 𝑡1 (ln 2)
5 10 10
12 4 = 𝑒 𝑡1(ln 2)
10 ln
𝑡= 5 = −24.54 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 (ln 4) = 𝑡1 (ln 2)
7
ln ln 4
10 𝑡1 =
≈ −25 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 ln 2
2 hours
7: 00
− 25
6: 35 𝑎𝑚 Example II
So the man was killed at around 6:35 am.
On 1st January 2015, Kidepo national park had 25 lions
and 60 antelopes, the lions feed on antelopes. The rate
Population growth rate and decay at which antelopes are eaten besides dying natural death
Example I (natural circumstances) is proportional to a sum of 5
and the number of antelopes present. On 30th June, 40
a) Bacteria in a culture increase at a rate proportional to
antelopes are present.
the number of bacterial present, if the number
increases from 1000 to 2000 in one hour. How many Form a differential equation and solve it.
bacteria will be present after one and half hours. b) How many antelopes are in a park by 15
b) How long will it take for the number of bacteria in a September 2015.
culture to become 4000. Solution
Solution 𝑥 = number of antelopes present
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∝ 𝑥. ∝ (𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑘𝑥. = −𝑘(5 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡. ∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥 5+𝑥
ln 𝑥 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 ln(5 + 𝑥) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
When t = 0, 𝑥 = 1000 When t = 0, x = 60
ln 1000 = 𝐶. ln(5 + 60) = −𝑘(0) + 𝐶
ln 𝑥 = −𝑡 + ln 1000. ln(65) = 𝐶.
(ln 𝑥 − ln 1000) = −𝑘𝑡 ln(5 + 𝑥) = −𝑘𝑡 + ln(65)
𝑥
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡 ln(5 + 𝑥) − ln(65) = −𝑘𝑡.
1000
𝑥 5+𝑥
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡.
1000 65
𝑥 = 1000𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 5+𝑥
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
65
When t = 1, 𝑥 = 2000
−𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 65𝑒 −5
2000 = 1000𝑒 −𝑘
318
When t = 6 months, x = 40 𝑃
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡.
40 = 65𝑒 −6𝑘 − 5. 𝑃0
𝑃
45 = 65𝑒 −6𝑘 . 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
𝑃0
9
= 𝑒 −6𝑘 . 𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 .
13
9 Po
ln ( ) = −6𝑘 When t = 4, P 
13 3
1 9 𝑃0
𝑘 = − ln ( ) ⇒ = 𝑃0 𝑒 −4𝑘.
6 13 3
𝑡 9 1
ln( )
𝑥 = 65𝑒 6 13 −5 = 𝑒 −4𝑘 .
3
On 15th September 2015, t = 8.5 1
8.5 9 ln ( ) = −4𝑘.
𝑥 = 65 𝑒 6
ln( )
13 − (5) 3
1 1
x = 33.6 antelopes. 𝑘 = − ln ( ).
4 3
𝑡 1
ln( )
Example III 𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 4 3 .
5𝑃0
A research to investigate the effect of a certain chemical When P= 100.
on virus infection crops revealed that the rate at which 5 𝑡 1
ln( )
the virus population is destroyed is directly proportional 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃0 𝑒 4 3
100
to the population at that time initially the population 5 𝑡 1
ln( ).
was 𝑃0 at t months later it was found to be P. = 𝑒4 3
100
a) Form a differential equation connecting P and t. 5 𝑡 1
Given the virus population reduced to one third of ln = ln ( ) .
100 4 3
the initial population in 4 months. 5
4 ln (100)
Solve the differential equation above: 𝑡=
1
b) Find how long it would it would take for only 5% ln (3) .
of the original population to remain. t = 10.907 minutes
c) What percentage of the original virus population t ln 13
1 P  Po e 4
will be left after 2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠.
Solution When t = 2 12 ,
𝑑𝑝 P  Po e 8
5 ln 1
3
∝ 𝑃.
𝑑𝑡
P
𝑑𝑝 =  100
= −𝑘𝑝 Po
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝 P e8
5 ln 1
3
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡. = o  100
𝑝 Po
ln 𝑃 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
= 0.50328 × 100
When t = 0, P = PO
ln 𝑃0 = 𝐶. = 50.328%

ln 𝑃 = −𝑘𝑡 + ln 𝑃0. Example IV

ln 𝑃 − ln 𝑃0 = −𝑘𝑡 An athlete runs at a speed proportional to the square

root of the distance he still has to cover. If the athlete
starts running at 10𝑚𝑠 −1 and has a distance of 1600m
319
to cover. Find how long he will take to cover that 1
0 = 𝑡 − 80.
distance. 4
Solution t = 320 s
Assume the athlete has covered a distance x.
Example V
Distance covered Distance he still has to cover
x 1600-x A boy starts to sip a 900ml from a bottle at a rate of
10cm3/min. Given that the rate of consumption is
𝑑𝑥
∝ √1600 − 𝑥. inversely proportional to the square root of the volume
𝑑𝑡 of soda remaining at time t. find the time he takes to
𝑑𝑥 empty the bottle.
= −𝑘√1600 − 𝑥.
𝑑𝑡
Solution
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡. 𝑑𝑣 1
√1600 − 𝑥 ∝
𝑑𝑡 √900 − 𝑉
Consider.
𝑑𝑉 −𝑘
𝑑𝑥 =
∫ 𝑑𝑡 √900 − 𝑉
√1600 − 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = √1600 − 𝑥. ∫(√900 − 𝑉) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡.

𝑢2 = 1600 − 𝑥.
∫(√900 − 𝑉) 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
2𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑢𝑑𝑢 Consider ∫ √900 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣.
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑢𝑑𝑢 Let 𝑃 = √900 − 𝑣
∫ =∫
√1600 − 𝑥 𝑢 𝑃2 = 900 − 𝑣
= −2𝑢 + 𝐶. 2𝑝𝑑𝑝 = −𝑑𝑣.
= −2√1600 − 𝑥. 𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑝𝑑𝑝.
𝑑𝑥
From ∫ 1600−𝑥 = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡. ∫ √900 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ −2𝑃2 𝑑𝑝
√

2 1600  x  kt  C ……………………… (1) −2 3

= 𝑃 + 𝐶.
dx 3
From   k 1600  x
dt −2 3
= (√900 − 𝑣)
𝑑𝑥 3
When x = 0, 𝑑𝑡
= 10
From ∫ √900 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
10 = −𝑘√1600 − 0.
2
 
3
900  v   kt  C
10 = −40𝑘 3
1 When t = 0, v = 0
𝑘=−
4 2 3
1 − (√900) = 𝐶.
From Eqn (1), 2 1600  x  t  C 3
4 c = -18000
When t = 0, x = 0 2 3
1 ⇒ − (√900 − 𝑣) = −𝑘𝑡 − 18000.
−2√1600 − 0 = × 0 + 𝐶. 3
4 dv
From = 10cm3/minute
−80 = 𝐶. dt
1 When t = 1 min, v = 10
−2√1600 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 80.
4
320
 2 3 If x = 1, B = 1.
− (√900 − 10) = −𝑘(1) − 18000
3 If x = 0, A = 1
2 3
− 3 (√890) = −𝑘 − 18000 1 1 1
= +
2 3
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
𝑘 = (√890) − 18000 1 1
3 ⇒∫ + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐴
2  2 𝑥 1−𝑥
    
3 3
 900  v  890  18000  t  18000
3  3  ln 𝑥 − ln( 1 − 𝑥) = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐴.
𝑥
When t = t1, v = 900 ln = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐴.
1−𝑥
−2 3
0 = ( (√890) + 18000) 𝑡1 − 18000 When t = 0, x = c
3
𝑐
2 3 ln (1−𝑐) = 𝐴.
18000 = (18000 − (√890) ) 𝑡.
3 𝑥
18000 ln ( ) = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐴
1−𝑥
𝑡=
2 3 𝑥 𝑐
18000 − (√890) ln ( ) − ln ( ) = 𝑘𝑡
3 1−𝑥 1−𝑐
t = 60.167 s 𝑥
ln ( )
1 − 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡
Example VI 𝑐
A rumour is circulating in Kampala town that Besigye 1−𝑐
has been arrested at a rate which is proportional to the 𝑥(1 − 𝑐)
ln = 𝑘𝑡.
product of people who have heard it and that of those 𝑐(1 − 𝑥)
who have a not heard it. Given that x is a fraction of the 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 =
population of the town who have heard the rumour after 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑥.
time t. Form a differential equation connecting x, t and 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 =
k. 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑥.
If initially a fraction C had heard the rumour deduce 𝑐𝑒 − 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐.
𝑘𝑡

C 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑥.
that: x 
C  (1  C )e kt 𝑥(1 − 𝑐 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ) = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 .
Given that 15% had heard the rumour at 9:00a.m ce kt
x
another 15% by noon. What fraction of the population 1  c  ce kt
would have heard the rumour by 3pm? cekt (e kt )
x
Solution (1  c)  e kt  (e  kt )
𝑑𝑥 𝑐
∝ 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥). 𝑥=
𝑑𝑡 (1 − 𝑐)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥(1 − 𝑥). c
𝑑𝑡 
c  (1  c)e kt
Note: If x is a fraction of the number f people who have
heard the rumour then the fraction (1 – x) have c = 0.15
not heard the rumour. 0.15
x ………………….. (1)
𝑑𝑥 0.15  0.85e  kt
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) When t = 3hrs, x = 0.3
1 𝐴 𝐵 0.15
= + . 0.3 =
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 0.15 + 0.85𝑒 −3𝑘
𝐴(1 − 𝑥) + 𝐵𝑥 = 1. 0.3 1
=
0.15 0.15 + 0.85𝑒 −3𝑘
321
 1 1
2= ∫ − 1 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
0.15 + 0.85𝑒 −3𝑘 𝑥
1 = 0.3 + 1.7𝑒 −3𝑘 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
0.7 = 1.7𝑒 −3𝑘 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
7 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
= 𝑒 −3𝑘
17 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑥
7 𝑥
ln ( ) = −3𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑐
17 𝑒 𝑒
−1 7
𝑘= ln ( ) 𝑒 = 𝑒 −𝑐 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
𝑘𝑡
3 17
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑒 −𝑐 = 𝐴
0.15
From Eqn (1), x  t  7 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥.
ln  
0.15  0.85e 3  17 
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 .
When t = 6hrs, x = 0.51 1
When t = 0, x 
51 2
The fraction of will have heard the rumour by
100
 1  1
3:00pm e0  A   e 2
2
 1  1
Example VII 1  A  e 2
2
The rate at which a disease spreads through a certain 2
A  1
community is found to be directly proportional to the e 2
fraction x of the community infected after t month but
A  2e
1
2
inversely proportional to the fraction not yet infected.
 ekt  2 xe 2 e x
1
Set up a differential equation connecting x and t. Show
that the general solution to the equation can be dx kx
expressed as 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 , where k and A are From 
dt k  x
constants. When first noticed one half of the community
dx 1
was infected and by this instant the disease is spreading When first noticed, x = 0  
1 dt 4
at a fraction per month
4 1
Show that the particular solution to the differential 1 𝑘 (2)
=
equation is 𝑒 𝑡 = 16𝑥 4 𝑒 2−4𝑥 . 4 1
2
Find how long (in days) from the instant it was first 1
noticed, it takes the community to be completely 𝑘=
4.
infected given that a month has 30 days. 1 1
 𝑒 4𝑡 = 2𝑒 2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
Solution
1 4 1 4
Let x be fraction of the community infected. (𝑒 4𝑡 ) = (2𝑒 2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
1 – x = fraction of the community not yet infected.
𝑒 𝑡 = 16𝑒 2 𝑥 4 𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∝ 𝑒 𝑡 = 16𝑥 4 𝑒 2−4𝑥
𝑑𝑡 1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝑥 To be completely
=
𝑑𝑡 1 − 𝑥. x=1
(1 − 𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥

322
 𝑡 6
et  16 x 4 e 2  4 x 𝑥 = 50𝑒 2
ln( )
5
et  16(1) 4 e 2  4 When t = 5 yrs
et  16e 2 5 6
ln( )
-2
𝑥 = 50𝑒 2 5 = 78.87 accidents
t = ln(16e )
t = ln 16 + ln e-2 Example IX
t = ln 16 – 2 The population x of Kampala town follows a logistic
dx 1 1
t = 0.775 months model  x  8 x 2 , where t is the time
dt 100 10
t = 23.18 days
measured in years. Given that the population of the
Example VIII town was 100,000 in 1990. Determine the population as
a function of time (t).
The number of car accidents x in years on the high way
𝑑𝑥 In what year does the 1990 population double?
was found to approximate to = 𝑘𝑥 where t is the
𝑑𝑥
Assuming that the given differential equation applies
time in years and k is constant. At the beginning of
for t > 1990, how large will the population ultimately
2000, the number of accidents was 50. If the number of
be?
accidents increased to 60 at the beginning of 2002.
Estimate the number that was expected at the beginning Solution
of 2005. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡
Solution 1 1𝑥 2
𝑥− 8
100 10
𝑑𝑥 8
= 𝑘𝑥. 10
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
10 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
6
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡 108 108 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥 6 2
= 6
= + 6
10 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥(10 − 𝑥) 𝑥 10 − 𝑥
ln 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
𝐴(106 − 𝑥) + 𝐵𝑥 = 108
When 𝑡 = 0 𝑥 = 50.
If x = 0, A = 100
ln 50 = 0 + 𝐶
If x = 106, B = 100
𝐶 = ln 50
100 100
ln 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + ln 50. ⇒∫ + 6 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡.
𝑥 10 − 𝑥
ln 𝑥 − ln 50 = 𝑘𝑡. 100(ln 𝑥) − 100 ln(106 − 𝑥) = 𝑡 + 𝐶.
𝑥 𝑥
ln ( ) = 𝑘𝑡. 100 (ln 6 ) = 𝑡 + 𝐶.
50 10 − 𝑥
𝑥
log 𝑒 = 𝑘𝑡 When t = 0, x = 100,000
50
𝑥 100
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 100 ln ( 6 ) = 𝐶.
50 10 − 100,000
𝑥 = 50𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . 100
100 ln ( ) = 𝐶.
900,000
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2 𝑦𝑟𝑠, 𝑥 = 60
1
60 = 50𝑒 2𝑘 . 100 ln ( ) = 𝐶.
9
6 𝑥 1
= 𝑒 2𝑘 100 ln ( 6 ) = 𝑡 + 100 ln
5 10 − 𝑥 9
6
ln ( ) = 2𝑘. x 1
5 100ln  100ln  
10  x
6
9
1 6
𝑘 = ln ( ) .
2 5
323
   9
 x 
100ln  (106  x )   t.
 1 18
 9

9𝑥 𝑡
ln 6
=
10 − 𝑥 100.
𝑡 9𝑥
𝑒 100 = 6
10 − 𝑥
For the population to double, x = 200,000, t = t1
𝑡 9 × 200,000 Solution
𝑒 100 = 𝑟 9
800,000 =
1800000 ℎ 18
𝑡 = 100 ln ( ) 𝑟 1
800000 =
𝑡 ≃ 81 𝑦𝑟𝑠 ℎ 2
2𝑟 = ℎ
1990 + 81 = 2071 𝑦𝑟𝑠.
ℎ
𝑡 9𝑥 𝑟=
𝑒 100 = 6 2
10 − 𝑥
1
𝑡 𝑡 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ.
106 𝑒 100 − 𝑒 100 𝑥 = 9𝑥. 3
𝑡 𝑡 1 ℎ2
106 𝑒 100 = 9𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 100 𝑉 = 𝜋( )ℎ
𝑡
3 4
106 𝑒 100 1
𝑥= 𝑡 𝑉= 𝜋ℎ3
9 + 𝑒 100 12
𝑑𝑣
106 ∝ ℎ𝑛 .
𝑥= 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
9𝑒 −100 + 1 𝑑𝑣
106 = −𝑘ℎ𝑛
𝑑𝑡
𝑥= −𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑ℎ
1 + 9𝑒 100 . = −𝑘ℎ𝑛
106 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡
As 𝑡 ⟶ ∞, 𝑥 = 1+0 The negative sign shows you that as time increases, the
𝑥 = 106 volume of water reduces
1 2 −1
Example X 𝜋ℎ . = −𝑘ℎ𝑛
4 3
An inverted cone of radius 9cm and height 18cm is 
k
initially full of water. The water starts to leak through 12
the vertex at a rate proportional to hn where h is the 1
𝜋ℎ2 = 𝑘ℎ𝑛
depth of water remaining and n is a constant. Given that 12
1
the depth decreases at a constant rate of 3cm/s. n=2
𝑑ℎ −1
Find the: = .
𝑑𝑡 3
i) The value of n. 0 𝑡2
ii) The time taken to empty the cone. 1
iii) The time taken for the volume to decrease from ∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫ − 𝑑𝑡.
3
1 1 18 𝑡1
𝑉
2 0
𝑡𝑜 8 𝑉0 where Vo is the original volume
0 t2
1
h  (t )
18
3 t1

324
 1
0 − 18 = − (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
3
−54 = −(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) Revision Exercise
54 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 1. Form differential equations by eliminating the
 54 minutes are taken to empty the bowel arbitrary constants A, B and C.
A
1 (a) y  x 
𝑉= 𝜋ℎ3 . x
12 (b) y = x2lnx + Ax2
(c) y2 = A cos x
1
𝑉0 = 𝜋(183 ) (d) y = xA
12 (e) y = A cos x + B sin x
𝑉0 = 486𝜋 (f) y = Ae-x + Be3x
(g) y2 = Ax2 + Bx + C
𝑉0 = 486𝜋 (h) y = (Ax + B)ex + C
(i) y = 3x2 + Ax
1 A
𝑉 = 243𝜋. (j) y 
2 0 x
1
𝑉
1
= 8 × 486𝜋 = 60.75𝜋. (k) y = 4x2 – A
8 0
(l) y  Ae x
2

1 2. Solve the following differential equations giving in

243𝜋 = 𝜋ℎ3 .
12 terms of x
dy
2916 = ℎ3 (a) + y2 = 12x, when x = -2, y = 30
dx
 ℎ = √2916.
3
dy
(b) = y2, when x = 3, y = -1
dx
1
60.75𝜋 = 𝜋ℎ3 (c) 3y2
dy
= 2x + 1, when x = 2, y = 2
12 dx
729 = ℎ3 . dy 1 11
(d) (cosy) = x2cosec2y; when x  , y 
dx 2 2
9=ℎ
dy
(e) x = 2: x > 0 and when x = 1, y = -3
𝑑ℎ −1 dx
=
𝑑𝑡 3 dy dy
(f) x =2+ : x > 1 and when x = 2, y = 1
9 𝑡2 dx dx
1
∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫ − 𝑑𝑡. dy
3
√2916 𝑡1 3 (g) = 4xy; when x = 0, y = 4
dx
9 t2 3. Solve the following differential equations giving y
1 in terms of x
h  (t )
3
2916
3 t1 dy
(a) = 3x2 + 1
dx
3 1
(9 − √2916) = − (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) dy
3 (b) = cos ½x
dx
3
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 3(9 − √2916) dy
(c) x = x2 + 1
= 15.859 seconds dx
dy
(d) (x – 1) =x+1
dx
dy
(e) = cos2y
dx

325
4. Use the substitution y = uv where v is a function of dy
dy (a) = (x + 1)2: y = 0 and x = 2
x to solve x = 2x – y, stating: dx
dx dy 1
(a) the general solution and (b)  ; y = 4 when x = 3
(b) the particular solution for which y = 5 when x = 1 dx (2 x  3)
dy dy
5. Use the substitution 4x + y = z to solve = 4x + (c) sec x = x: y = 0 when x = π
dx dx
y given that y = 2 when x = 0. dy
6. Use the substitution y = uv where v is a function of (d) (x + y2) = 2x: y = 0 when x = -1
dx
dy x 2  y 2
x to find the general solution of  . dy y 2  1
dx x( x  y ) 16. Solve the differential equation  ,
dx 2 tan x
7. Use the substitution z = 2x – 3y to solve

dy given that y = 3 when . Hence express y in terms
(2 x  3 y  3)  2 x  2 y  1 given that y = 1 2
dx
when x = 1. of x.
8. Use the substitution y = uv where v is a function of 17. Find the general solution of the differential
x to find: dy y2
equation  2 in the region x > 2.
(a) the general solution of x2 – y2 + 2xy
dy
=0
dx ( x  x  2)
dx Find also the particular solution which satisfies y =
(b) Find the particular solution for which y = 4 1 when x = 5.
when x = 2 18. Find the solution of the differential equation
9. Use the substitution y = uv where v is a function of dy sin 2 x
dy  which also satisfies y = 1 when x = 0.
x to find the general solution of (x – y) = 2x + y dx y2
dx
10. By substituting x = X – 1 and y = Y + 3, reduce the dy
19. Find the solution of the differential equation x =
dy 4 x  y  7 dx
differential equation  to a 3
dx 2 x  y  1 3x – 2y. For x > 0 given that y  when x = 1.
homogeneous equation and hence find the general 4
solution in terms of x and y. 20. Find the general solution of the given differential
1 equations expressing y in terms of x in each case.
11. Use the substitution y  to solve the differential dy dy
z (a) 3y2 -1 (b) = 6xy2
dy dx dx
equation x 2  y2 . dy dy
dx (c) = eysin x (d) = ex – y
12. Use the substitution y = uv where v is a function of dx dx
dy dy
x to solve the differential equation x − y = (e) = x sec y
dx dx
x2cos x 21. Find the expressions for y in terms of x
13. Use the substitution y = vx2 where v is a function dy 2
dy (a) x2 - y = 0; y = -1 when x = 1
of x to solve the D.E x − 2y = x dx
dx dy
14. If z = xey, where y is a function of x. Find an (b) + 2xy = 0; y = 5 when x = 0
dz dx
expression for . Hence find y in terms of x dy
dx (c) cot x = y; y = 2 when x = 0
dy dx
given that xe y  e y  2 x and that y = 0 when x dy
dx (d)  xe 2 y ; y = 0 when x = 0
= 2. dx
15. Solve the following differential equations, subject 22. Find the general solutions of the given differential
to the given conditions. equation expressing y in terms of x.

326
 dy 29. According to Newton’s law, the rate of cooling of
(a) (1 – x) = xy a body in air is proportional to the difference to the
dx
difference between the temperature T of the body
dy
(b) (x2 – 1) = (x2 + 1)y and the temperature To of the air. If the air
dx temperature is kept constant at 20°C and the body
dy cools from 100°C to 60°C in 20 minutes, in what
(c) = ex(1 + y2)
dx further time will the body cool to 30°C?
dy 30. Two liquids X and Y, are flowing into a trough at
(d) ey + 2x = 2xey the same constant rate of 10 and 20 litres per
dx minute respectively. The liquid in the trough is
dy stirred continuously and pumped out at the rate of
23. Find y in terms of x given that e 2 x y  2x  0
dx 30 litres per minute. initually, the trough contains
and that y = 1 when x = 0 200 litres of X and 100 litres of Y. after t minutes,
dy the tank contains x litres of X. By considering the
24. Find y in terms of x given that xy  y2  9 change in x in a small interval of time δt, show that
dx
dx x
and that y = 5 when x = e4.  10  . Hence find an expression for x in
25. At time t, the rate of increase in the concentration dt 10
C of a micro-organism in a controlled environment terms of t. Find correct to the nearest litre, the
is equal to k times the concentration, where k is a quantity of liquid X in the trough after 10 minutes.
positive constant when t = 0, C = CO. write down a After how long to the nearest second will there be
differential equation involving c, t and k. Hence less of X in the mixture than liquid Y?
find c in terms of CO, t and k. Find also in terms of 31. In a certain chemical reaction in which a
k the time at which the concentration has increased compound X is formed from a compound Y, the
by 50% from its value at t = 0. masses of X, Y present at time t are x and y
26. A body is kept in a room of constant temperature. respectively. The sum of the masses of X and Y is
The temperature of the body falls at a rate of k𝜃°C a, where a is constant, and at any time the rate at
per minute, where k is constant and θ is the which x is increasing is proportional to the product
difference between the temperature of the body of the two masses at that time. Show that
and that of the room at time t. Express this dx 9
 kx(a  x) ; where k is constant. If x  at t =
information in form of a differential equation and dt 5
hence show that    0 e  kt , where  0 is the 0 and x  9 at t = ln 2, show that k  2 .
2 a
temperature difference when t = 0. The
32. A plant grows in a pot which contains a volume V
temperature of the body falls 5°C in the first
of soil. At time, t, the mass of the plant is m and
minute and 4°C in the second minute. Show that
the volume of soil utilised by the roots is αm,
the fall of temperature in the third minute is 3.2°C.
where α is constant. The rate of increase of the
27. A rectangular tank with its base horizontal is filled
mass of the plant is proportional to the mass of the
with water to a depth h at time t = 0. Water leaks
plant times the volume of soil not yet utilised by
out of the tank from a small hole in the base at a
the roots. Obtain a differential equation for m, and
rate proportional to the square of the depth of the
verify that it can be written in the form
water. If the depth of water is ½h at t, find the
dt 1 
further time it will take before the tank is empty. V   , where β is a constant.
28. A radioactive substance decays so that the rate of dm m V   m
decrease of mass at any time is proportional to the V
The mass of the plant is initially . Find in
mass proportional at that time. Denoting by x the 4
mass remaining at time t, write down a differential terms of V and 𝛽, the time taken for the plant to
equation satisfied by x. Show that x  x0e kt where double its mass. Find also the mass of the plane at
time t.
xo is the initial mass and k is a constant. The mass
33. At any instant, a spherical meteorite is gaining
is reduced to 4/5 of its initial value in 30 days.
mass because of two effects (i) mass is condensing
Calculate, correct to the nearest day, the time
onto it at a rate which is proportional to the surface
required for the mass to be reduced to half its
area of the meteorite at that instant, (ii) the
initial value. A mass of 625 milligrams of the
gravitational field of the meteorite attracts mass
substance is prepared. Determine the mass which
onto itself, the rate being proportional to the
is present 90 days after the preparation.
327
 meteorite mass at that instant. Assuming that the x
11. y 
two effects can be added together and the (1  kx)
meteorite remains spherical and of constant 12. y = kx + x sin x
density. Show that its radius r at time t satisfies the 13. y = kx2 – x
dr
 A  Br , where A and B
 e y ; y  ln  x  
differential equation y dy 2
dt 14. xe
are constants. If r = ro at t = 0, show that
dx  x
1
r  ro e Bt 
A Bt
(e  1) . 15. (a) y  ( x  1)3  9 (b) y  1  (2 x  3)
B 3
(c) y  x sin x  cos x  1
(d) y  ln 12 (1  x 2 )
Answers
2  sin x
16. y 
dy
 2x  y
dy 2  sin x
1. (a) x (b) x  2 y  x2 (1 y )
dx dx 3
 x 1  3
x 1
17. e  A 
y

y

 , 2e
(c) 2
dy
 y tan x  0 (d) x ln x
dy
 y ln y  x2 x2
dx dx 1
d2y d3y d 2 y dy 18. 4y3 = 6x – 3sin 2x + 4 19. y  x  2
(e)  y  0 (f)  2  0 4x
dx 2 dx 3 dy 2 dx 1

20. (a) y  ( x2  x  c)
3

dy  d y 2
d y 3
(g) 3  2 
y 3 0 (b) y 
1
(c) y   ln(cos x  c)
dx  dx  dx (c  3x 2 )
d3y d 2 y dy (d) y  ln(e x  c) (e) y  sin 1 ( 12 x2  c)
(h)  2  0
dx3 dx 2 dx x
(b) y  5e x
2

dy dy 21 (a) y 
(i) x  3x 2  y (j) x y0 (1  2 x)
dx dx
1
dy dy (c) y  2sec x (d) y  ln( x 2  1)
(k)  8x (l)  2 xy 2
dx dx
Ae x
Ae x ( x  1)
1 22 (a) y  (b) y 
2. (a) y = 6x2 – 4x – 2 (b) y  (1  x) ( x  1)
2 x
y  tan(e x  c) (d) y  ln(1  Ae x )
2

  (c)
1
3

1  3 7 
(c) y  ( x  x  2) (d) y  sin  x   
2 1

23. y  e x (2 x  1)
3

 8 
 
24. y  (ln x) 2  9
(e) y  2 ln x  3 (f) y  2 ln( x  1)  1
dC 1
y  4e2 x
2
(g) 25.  kC , C  C0ekt , t  ln 32
dt k
3. (a) y  x3  x  c (b) y  2sin 12 x  c d
26.  k 27. (1  2)t
(c) y  12 x 2  ln | x | c (d) y  x  ln( x  1)2  c dt
dx
(e) y  tan 1 ( x  k ) 28.  kx , 93 days, 320 mg
dt
A 4
4. (a) y  x  (b) y  x  29. 40 minutes
x x t
30. x  100(1  e 10 ) ; 137 litres; 6 min 56 sec.
 | Ax | 
5. y  6e x  4 x  4 6. y  x ln  2 ln 3 V
 ( x  y)  32. t  ; m
V  (1  3eV  t )
7. 6x2 + 9y2 = 12xy + 18y – 6x – 9
8. (a) x2 + y2 = Ax (b) x2 + y2 = 10x
1
9. ln( y  2 x )  2 tan ( x 2 )  A
2 2 y

10. (y – x – 4)3(y + 4x + 1)2 = A

328