OPERATION GROUP-1

P.C Members
AKILESH PANDEY [Link] RAO SOUMYAJIT MUKHERJEE ASHISH SINHA [Link] KUMAR SIVAPRASAD DALAL MAHENDRA KUMAR KACHHVAHA SATISH BEDEKAR NITIN KUMAR VERMA BINAY KUMAR SUMIT KUMAR CHANDRAVANSHI DHIRENDRA KUMAR AKILESH KUMAR VISWAKARMA
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Presentation on SIPAT switchyard By [Link] kumar

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Salient Features of SIPAT Switchyard

1. First switchyard in INDIA at 765 Kv level. 2. First switchyard in NTPC with total substation automation and numerical relays. 3. First switchyard in INDIA with a highest rating EHV Interconnecting transformer of 1000MVA. 4. Various voltage levels such as 765Kv, 400Kv and132Kv. 5. Two 765 kv lines to SEONI , two 400 kv lines to Raipur, two 400 kv lines to Ranchi. One LILO from LANCO patadi to Raipur.

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SIPAT 765/400/132 KV Switchyards

Seoni # 1 Seoni # 2 Ranchi # 1&2 Raipur # 1&2 Lanco Raipur # 3

1000 MVA, 765/400 KV Inter Connecting Transformer

400KV Switchyard

765KV Switchyard
200 MVA, 400/132 KV Inter Bus Transformer

Station Generation 5 Units (3x660+2x500) (2980MW) Power supply for Station Requirement

132KV Switchyard

Switchyard details and notations

765 kv switchyard is having sectionalized double main bus with one and half breaker system . It has 26 bays 400 kv switchyard is having double main bus and one and half breaker scheme with 24 bays 132 kv switchyard is having double bus with bus coupler and has 13 bays Nomenclature for identifying a particular equipment : Ex:- 400 kv Raipur line-3 tie breaker code is 4-552 in which 4represents the first digit of voltage level 400kv 5 represents the bay no. 52 represents standard code of breaker
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FUTURE

RANCHI # 2

RANCHI # 1

RAIPUR # 2

RAIPUR # 1

FUTURE

LANCO

RAIPUR#3 400KV LILO

400KV BUS-II 400KV BUS-I

FROM ICT # 2 AT 765KV SWYD FROM ICT #1 AT 765KV SWYD

IBT#1

IBT#2 TO 132KV SWYD

IBT#3

SIPAT- 400KV SWITCH YARD

FUTURE

SIPAT-132KV SWITCHYARD
TO MUWP/H FROM IBT # 1 FROM IBT # 2 FROM IBT # 3 Line # 1 Line # 2

B/C

BUS-I BUS-II

MST # 1 TO ST # 5 TO ST # 4 TO ST # 3 TO ST # 2 TO ST # 1

MST # 2

SIPAT POWER EVACUATION SYSTEM

765 KV 400 KV FUTURE LINES

BINA

RANCHI

PGCIL S/S NTPC S/S

ITARSI SEONI
A4 A2 A3
344KM

324KM

KHANDWA DHULE SATPURA

210KM

SIPAT

A1
150KM

Lanco

WARDHA

BHILAI

RAIPUR

START UP POWER FLOW

Comparison of Switchyard Levels

132KV Equipment Level Bus level Stringer level Earth wire level (Shield wire) P- P Clearance (min) P- E Clearance (min) Bay width 4.6 8.5 12.2 17.4 (12.2+5.2) 1.587 1.38 12 400KV 8 8 16 24.5 (16+8.5) 4.0 3.5 27
**All are in Meters

765KV 14 26 38 46 7.6 4.9 51.5

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Transmission lines details

LINE Voltage Distance Max Thermal load limit at 0.95 pf Current MW 2800 A 1400 A 1400 A 1400 A 550 A 3338.95 872.93 872.93 872.93 113.17

Seoni-1& 2

765 Kv

344 Km 157 Km 440 Km 60 Km 28 Km

Raipur 1,2 & 3 400 kv Ranchi 1 &2 Lanco Patadi Muph 1&2 400 Kv 400 Kv 132 Kv

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Switchyard equipments
Switchyard consists of the following main equipments 1. Power transformers 2. Circuit breakers 3. Isolators 4. Earth switches 5. Bus bars 6. Lightning arrestors 7. Current transformers([Link]) 8. Capacitance voltage transformers(CVTs) 9. PLCC equipments ( Wave traps) 10. Protective Relays, metering equipments, control units.
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Power transformers at sipat

Transformer type IBT- 1,2,3 ICT-1,2 Auto T/f (3 ph unit) Rating 400/132Kv, 200MVA auto transformer 765/400Kv, MVA 3X333

Auto T/f (3X1 single ph units) 2 winding t/f (3X1 single ph units) 2 winding t/f (3X1 single ph units) 3 winding T/f 3 winding T/f 2 winding t/f

GT-1,2,3 GT-4,5 ST-1,2,3 ST-4,5 MST-1,2

24/765Kv, 3x 260 MVA 21/765Kv, 3x 260 MVA 132/11Kv, 90/45/45 MVA 132/11Kv, 80/40/40 MVA 132/11Kv,Prepared byMVA 16 [Link] kumar

Reactors at sipat

Bus reactor

765 Kv

80 MVAR

Line reactor

765 Kv Seoni 1&2 lines 400 Kv Ranchi 1&2 lines

80 MVAR

Line Reactor

63 MVAR

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Circuit Breakers Ratings

All the 765 Kv, 400 Kv and 132 Kv breakers are of SF6 Parameter Make 132 KV Alstom, India 145KV 1250A SF6 1 < 150 ms 65 ms 400 KV Alstom, India 420kV 2000A SF6 2 120mSec 18 to 24mSec 765 KV Areva T&D France 800kV 3150A SF6 4 120mSec Max 20 to 24 mSec
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Rated Voltage Rated Current Type of interrupter Number of breaks Closing Time Opening Time

Protection concepts
Protective relays and relaying systems constantly

measure and monitor the electrical parameters under all conditions.

Abnormal conditions are detected by the changes in the

electrical parameters such as Current, Voltage, Impedance frequency and phase angle.

After fault detection the relay operates & opens the circuit breaker thereby isolating the faulty part of the equipment

Any protective relaying requires the basic

characteristics Sensitivity, Selectivity, Reliability, Operating speed, Economy and Simplicity

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BASIC RELAY CIRCUIT SCHEME

Equipment

CT

RELAY

CB

Trip Coil of Breaker

Battery

Supply from source

Types of relays
Electromechanical type: operates on electro mechanical principles and has moving parts Static relays: contain no moving parts, uses static components such as diodes, transistors and level detectors. Digital relays: measured quantities are manipulated in analog form and subsequently converted into binary Voltages (square wave). logic circuits & microprocessors compare the Phase relationships of the square waves to make a trip decision. Numerical relays: Numerical relays are those in which the measured a.c quantities are sequentially sampled and converted into numeric data form. A microprocessor performs mathematical and /or logical operations on the data to make trip decisions.
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Numerical relays
Relay panel in control room

P742 module

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Why numerical relays ?

Analogue circuits are replaced with microprocessors to implement relay functions. Microprocessor uses protection algorithms & other computational functions for characteristic generation. Programmable function setting Multiple functions by the same relay. Internal fault diagnosis. (self checking)

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Why numerical relays ?

High operating speed. Flexibility in wide parameter adjustment Built in event logger and disturbance recording options (Post trip analysis) Digital communication facility Control through personal computers and remote control is possible. Low failure rate & less no. of spare cards

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Typical numerical relay architecture

VA VB Vc IA IB IC
G A L V A N I C I S O L A T I O N

A N T I
A L I A S F I L T E R

S A M P L E & H O L D C K T

MULTI PLEXER

ADC

MICRO PROCESSOR

ROM

RAM

E2 PROM

DIGITAL I/O

CB STATUS

OPTO ISOLATOR

KEYBOARD & DISPLAY

COMMUNI CATION

AUX REALY

CB TRIP

Relay hardware structure

Galvanic isolation module : Isolates the field inputs from the microprocessor through a transformer. Anti-alias filters : Filters out high frequency signals Sample & hold circuit : Holds the sampled data to provide time coincidence.

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Hard ware overview of P 442

Power supply module : Main Processor board : based on 32 bit DSP. Co-Processor board : In-put module : In-put and Out-put boards :

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Software over view

Real time o.s System service software Protection control software Platform software Disturbance recording and event logging

software

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400 KV line protections

Duplicate primary protections named as Main1 and Main-2 with individual D.C source for each main protection and Carrier protection through PLCC MAIN-I Distance Protection ( P 442) Directional Phase O/C and E/F Over Voltage and Open Jumper Power swing blocking TEE Differential-1 ( P 637)
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400 KV line protections

MAIN-II Distance Protection ( P 437) Directional Phase O/C and E/F Over Voltage and Open Jumper Power swing blocking TEE Differential-2 ( P 122)

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Characteristics of high speed distance relays

X
Restraining Zone

X
Restraining Zone

Operating Zone

Operating Zone

R R

Fig- 3.3 : Characteristics of an impedance relay

Characteristics of a mho relay

Current graded o/c protection

A 1.3s B 0.8s C 0.3s

Nondirectional relays

Time in Secs

Fig-3.4 :Definite-distance method of time grading of a distance relay

1.3s 0.8s 0.3s

Distance Fig- 3.1 Time grading for a radial feeder

LILO Protections

To Korba

Distance Protecti and O/C on E/F Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3

To Raipur

400 KV Yard

TEE Differential Protection MICOMP633

Fig- :Definite-distance method of time grading of a distance relay time

T (0 secs to 0.1)
Zone-1

T2 Sec. Lag T1 Sec. Lag

Zone-2 Zone-3

Distance (KM)

Zone-1: 80% of line length ( t = 0 to 0.1 sec ) Zone-2: 100% of protected line length + 50% of adjacent shortest length line ( t = 0.4 sec) Zone-3: 100% of protected line length + adjacent longest length line ( t = 1.0 sec) Zone-4: 25% of zone -1 in reverse direction (t = 1.0 sec)

400 Kv line protections

+ Additional features :-

Under voltage protection VT supervision CT supervision Circuit breaker failure detection

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400 KV line protections

400KV CT is having 5 secondary cores and are used as follows: Core-1: Main-I distance protection. Core-2: Main-II distance protection. Core-3: Metering. Core-4: Tee-Differential-I Core-5: Tee-Differential-II
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400 KV line protections

CVT has three secondary windings and are used as: Core-1: Main-I Distance protection. Core-2: Main-II Distance protection. Core-3: Metering

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86A1,86A2- S/R Relay Optd

Main Protection-1 21M1 Directional Ph, O/C, E/f Relay

Optd Reset

Group - A

86B1,86B2- S/R Relay Optd

>
To LBB initiation of Main CB

86C1,86C2- S/R Relay Optd

To A/R initiation of Main CB

Main Protection 21M1/ 21M2 Zone-1 1/ 3 Phase Faults

Phase A Operated Phase B Operated Phase C Operated

Optd Main Protection-1 21M1 Multiphase Reset Faults, Zone 2,3 Faults Optd Main Protection-1 21M1 Over Reset Voltage Protection Stage 1&2 Optd Auto Reclose Lock out Reset 21M1 Main Protection 87T1 Tee Protection Optd Direct Trip Receive CH-1 Reset Optd Tie Breaker LBB Operated Reset 50Z Main LBB 4PU-A / PU-B

LBB Optd& Bus bar Protn Main-1& Main-2

LBB Initiation 86A Line Lock out Relay Optd Res et

Optd Reset

Optd Reset

Main Protection-1 21M1 Broken Conductor detection

> > >

>

To TC2 of Main CB

A Pole trip B Pole trip C Pole trip

Main Protection 21M1/ 21M2 Zone-2 1/ 3 Phase Faults

Phase A Operated Phase B Operated Phase C Operated

To TC1 of Main CB

A Pole trip B Pole trip C Pole trip

>
&

Main Protection-1 21M2 Directional Ph, O/C, E/f Relay

Optd Reset

Group -B To LBB initiation of Main CB

>

Carrier Received From Remote End

Optd Main Protection-1 21M2 Multiphase Reset Faults, Zone 2,3 Faults Optd Main Protection-1 21M2 Over Reset Voltage Protection Stage 1&2 Optd Auto Reclose Lock out Reset 21M2 Main Protection 87T2 Tee Protection Optd Direct Trip Receive CH-2 Reset Optd Tie Breaker LBB Operated Reset 50Z Main LBB 4PU-A / PU-B

86B Line Lock out Relay

Optd Res et

To Closing I/L of Main CB

Optd Reset

Main Protection-1 21M2 Broken Conductor detection

765 KV line protections

All protections same as 400 kv line and in addition 765 kv seoni lines have a compensated over voltage protection

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Transformer Protections

HV CB

LV CB

Relay 50 & 51

50N2

REF (64R)

Differential protection Relay (87)

IBT/ICT protections
Transformer protection comprises of main and backup protections Main-protection: Differential Pressure relief valve trip Buchholz relay alarm and trip Differential Tee-1 Over flux protection Winding temperature alarm and trip
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IBT/ICT protections
Back-up protection: Pressure relief valve trip OLTC trip Oil temperature alarm and trip Directional Over current & Earth fault on HV & LV sides REF protection on both HV & LV sides. Differential Tee-2 protection.

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ICT

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PGCIL

MW

MVAr

MCh

MMain

MMain

NTPC

ICT #1 3 x 1 ph, 333 MVA 1000 MVA 765 / 400 kV

Tertiary winding protection

87T1 67
RYBN

87TT2 87TT1

64R 51N 67
RYBN

Busbar II
BUS II CVT
Same as for Bus IV CVT

50 LBB2 50 LBB1 To BCU

M2 87BB Bus II M1 87BB Bus II

To BCU 50

Outside scope

TRIP LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

T/f Diffl. Protn (P633) LBB Initiation Buchholtz Relay Operated WTI Trip signal PRV - 1 Operated Over Fluxing (V/F, P633) LBB retrip To HV CB Trip Coil -1 To HV CB Trip Coil -2 To LV CB Trip Coil -1 To LV CB Trip Coil -1 To Tie CB Trip Coil -1 To Tie CB Trip Coil -1

O/C Protn Operated (P122) OTI Trip signal PRV - 2 Operated REF Protn Operated (P122) Standby E/F Protn Operated LBB Initiation

IBT/ICT protections
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Protection Differential and Over flux protection Differential Tee-1 protection Directional Overcurrent & Earth fault on HV side REF protection Directional Overcurrent & Earth fault on LV side Differential Tee-2 protection Main Main Back up Back up Back up Back up Numerical relay used Micom P 633 Micom P 633 Micom P 127 Micom P 122 Micom P 127 Micom P 122

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Bus-bar protection
Bus-bar is a conductor arrangement for connecting the various incoming and out going power sources / feeders A fault on bus bar is of serious concern as the fault currents involved are very high and may damage the associated equipments if not cleared immediately. During a Bus-fault Network may get unstable and result into cascade tripping and grid collapse
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Bus-bar protection
Bus-bar protection system primarily protects bus-bars and associated equipments of transmission or distribution network substations/switchyards from phase to phase or phase to earth faults Bus-bar protection operating speed should be very high for internal faults and it should not operate for external fault. MUST be very stable during normal operating conditions

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Bus to be protected

External/Through Fault

Internal Fault

Bus-bar protection
Bus-bar protection is based on KCL Sum of incoming currents and out-going currents =0 during healthy condition Implemented by using biased differential protection Numerical relay based bus-bar protection is of two types 1. Centralized protection. [Link] type protection with PUs Decentralized protection has Peripheral units attached to each bay and a central unit for scheme logic, and has many zones.
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Numerical Bus-Bar Protection

Central Unit

Peripheral Units

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Decentralized Bus-bar Protection

Hardwires

Peripheral Units Optical fibre cables Central Unit

Programming Unit

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Bus-bar protection features

For Busbar protection Micom Numerical relays P-741(CU) and P-742(PU) are used. biased current differential protection Non-directional phase fault over current protection Non-directional earth fault protection Circuit breaker failure protection For bus-bar protection to act both main-1 & main-2 protections should act.

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Trip logic diagram of Bus-bar protection

Main protn-1 Busbar protection

optd & Reset

To TC-1 of 452

A pole trip B pole trip C pole trip

Main protn-2 Busbar protection

optd Reset
B/B IN

&

>

Lock out relay

Optd Reset

A pole trip To TC-2 of 452 B pole trip C pole trip

Remote end trip CH-1 Busbar protection Selection switch Remote end trip CH-2 M1 out M2 out B/B out Lock out relay operated (to PU 4A )

&
Lock out relay operated (to PU 4B ) DR triggering B/B protn optd

Main protn-1 PU4 A LBB protn

optd Reset > optd

Lockout relay (LBB trip) 86A Lockout relay (LBB trip) 86B DR triggering (LBB trip)

Main protn-2 PU4 B LBB protn

Reset

Thank you

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