Introduction to
ICT
UNIT#1
Introduction to ICT
Stands for "Information and Communication Technologies.“
ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through
telecommunications.
This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other
communication mediums.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a broader term for
Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication technologies,
including
the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video-
conferencing, social networking, and other media applications and services ..
Introduction to ICT
This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other
communication mediums.
Information and Communication Technology or “ICT,” includes products that
store, process, transmit, convert, duplicate, or receive electronic information.
Electronic textbooks, instructional software, email, chat, and distance learning
programs are also examples of ICT.
Information Technology
Information technology refers to both the hardware and software that
are used to store, retrieve, and manipulate information.
The practice of creating and/or studying computer systems and
applications.
Communication
The term 'Communication' has been derived from the Latin word 'communis'
that means 'common’.
Thus 'to communicate' means 'to make common' or 'to make known’.
This act of making common and known is carried out through exchange of
thoughts, ideas or the like.
Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to
another.
Technology
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of
scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
Technology is changing fast.
They should be allowed to wait for cheaper technologies to be developed.
Role of ICT in Society
ICT Applications
ICT applications allows users to communicate with each other in real
time all over the world.
Information and Communication Technology or “ICT,” includes
products that store, process, transmit, convert, duplicate, or receive
electronic information.
Examples are:
software applications and operating systems;
web-based information and applications such as distance learning;
telephones and other telecommunications products;
ICT Applications
video equipment and multimedia products that may be distributed on
videotapes,
CDs, DVDs, email, or the World Wide Web;
office products such as photocopiers and fax machines;
calculators;
and computer hardware.
Electronic textbooks, instructional software, email, chat, and distance learning
programs are also examples of ICT.
ICT Applications
ICT Applications
ICT Applications
ICT Applications
ICT Applications
Overview and Organization of
Computers
UNIT#2
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Calculating Machines
3000 BC
The first calculating device called ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian and Chinese
people.
A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a
person equipped with a hand calculator
Extract square root and cube root.
User has to memorize certain rules
17
ABACUS
1A-18
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Napier’s bones
English mathematician John Napier built a
mechanical device for the purpose of
multiplication.
He invented logarithms, which are a technology
that allows multiplication to be performed via
addition.
Napier also invented an alternative to tables,
where the logarithm values were carved on ivory
sticks which are now called Napier's Bones.
19
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Slide Rule
English mathematician Edmund Gunter developed the slide rule.
This machine could perform operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
It was widely used in Europe in 16th century.
20
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Pascal's Machine
1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced the first mechanical
calculating device.
Pascal invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector.
A machine consisted of wheels, gears and cylinders, that could add and subtract .
21
Pascaline
1A-22
Difference Engine
1833: Charles Babbage
Professor of Mathematics
Cambridge University
With Assistance of Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace
Developed a machine that could store information, calculate numbers and solve algebraic expression.
1A-23
Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Charles Babbage (father of computer) built a
mechanical machine to do complex mathematical
calculations.
Mechanical and Electrical Calculator Mechanical calculator was
developed to perform all sorts of mathematical
calculations. Later mechanical calculator was developed
to the electrical calculator.
Modern Electronic Calculator
At first made quite bulky then transistors.
It can do all kinds of mathematical computations and
store some data permanently.
Its size is too small.
24
Mechanical and Electrical Calculator
Generation of
Computers
Generation Dates Characteristic
1st 1940 – 1956 Use Valves (Vacuum
tubes)
2nd 1956 – 1963 Use transistors
3rd 1964 – 1971 Large Scale Integrated
Circuits
4th 1972 – 2010 Microprocessor
5th 2010-Under “Artificial Intelligence”
development based computers
1A-26
Classification of computer
Classification of computer fall in two broad categories
Size
Purpose
Size Deal with physical appearance.
According to size computer can be further divided.
Classification of computer
Classification of computer
Classification of computer
Classification of computer
Personal Computers
◦ Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or
table
◦ Refer to a type of computer system that was designed for use by a single
person
Next
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What is a notebook computer?
Portable, small enough
to fit on your lap
Also called a laptop
computer
Generally more
expensive than a
desktop computer
Next
Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
What is a Tablet PC?
Resembles a letter-sized slate
Allows you to write on the screen
using a digital pen
Especially useful for taking notes
Offer all the functionality of a
notebook PC, but they are lighter.
Can accept input from an
electronic pen or the user’s voice.
Next
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are mobile devices?
Small enough to carry in a
pocket
Internet-enabled
telephone is a “smart
phone”
Next
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a handheld computer?
Also called palmtop computers.
Used
Small by mobile
enough to fit employees such as
in one meter readers
hand
Next
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
Provides personal
organizer functions
Calendar
Appointment book
Address book
Calculator
Notepad
Next
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are smart phones and smart watches?
A smart watch is
A smart phone is
an Internet-enabled
an Internet-enabled
watch that automatically
telephone that usually
adjusts to time zone changes
provides PDA capabilities
and stores personal
information
Next
Servers
What types of servers are there?
Midrange server Powerful, large computer
that supports up to a few thousand
computers
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of computers.
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive computer.
Used for applications requiring
complex mathematical calculations
like weather forecasting etc
Next
Types Of Computers
Computers Can be divided into the following types on the basis of
their working:
1.Analog Computers
2.Digital Computers
3.Hybrid Computers
Types Of Computers
Analog Computers:
An analog Computer does not operate with digital signals. It
recognizes data as a continuous measurement of a physical
property. it has no state. Analog computer is difficult to operate
and use. Voltage ,pressure, speed and temperature are some
physical properties that can be measured in this way.
Analog computer is mainly used in the field of engineering and
medicine.
Types Of Computers
Examples:
1.The speed of the car is measured by speedometer
2.Analog clock measures time by the distance of the hands of a
clock around a dial.
Examples
Types Of Computers
Digital Computers:
◦ A Digital Computer Works with Digits. Everything Is described in two states
i.e. either on or off. The number 1 represents on and 0 represents off state.
it operates by counting numbers or digits and gives output in digital form.
◦ The digital computers are very fast. These computers store result in digital
form.
Types Of Computers
Examples:
1.Digital watch is a good example of digital computer.
2.Score board that directly count discrete values such as the time
left to play and the score of each team.
Examples
Types Of Computers
Hybrid Computers:
◦ These types of computers are, as the name suggests, a combination of both
Analog and Digital computers.
◦ A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics of both the analog and
digital computer.
◦ It can accept data in analog and digital form.
◦ Examples: Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient’s heart
function ,temperature, blood pressure etc.
Applications of Computer
The various applications of computers in today's arena :
1. Business
2. Education
3. Marketing
4. Banking
5. Insurance
6. Communication
7. Health Care
8. Military
9. Engineering Design
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Business
A computer has
high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or
versatility which made it an integrated part in all business
organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for:
Payroll calculations, Sales analysis, Budgeting, Financial
forecasting, Managing employees database and Maintenance of
stocks etc.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Education
Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can
significantly enhance performance in learning.
Even distance learning is made productive and effective through
internet and video-based classes.
Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work
from the starting to till the end of their scholarly work.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are :
Advertising
With computers, advertising professionals
create art and graphics,
write and revise copy,
and print and publish ads with the goal of selling more products.
Home Shopping -
Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerized catalogues
that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be
filled by the customers.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer.
Banks provide the facilities of:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current
balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee
records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with
banks.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers.
The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using
computers for their concerns.
Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for.
Some main areas in this category are: Chatting, E-mail, Usenet, FTP, Video-conferencing and
Telnet.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Military
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the
deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers.
Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite. Construction
of weapons and controlling their function is not possible without the aid of computers.
The list of the criminals and the records of the cops are maintained regularly in the system.
Engineering Design
aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers, books and many others.
The construction layouts are designed beautifully on system using different tools and software’s.
Health Care
Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports.
Computation in the field of medicine allows us to offer varied miraculous therapies to the patients.
ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers.
