Introduction to

Computers
Introduction to information and
communication Technology

Presented by
SIR. MJ MAÑEGO
ICT TEACHER
What is ICT?
•Information Communication
Technology (ICT) refers to
technologies that provide
access to information through
telecommunications.
•It includes the internet,
wireless networks, cell phones,
and other communication
mediums.
 Components of
ICT
•Hardware: Computers, servers,
networking devices, mobile phones
•Software: Operating systems,
applications, databases
•Networks: Internet, intranets,
extranets, local area networks
(LANs), wide area networks (WANs)
•Data: Raw facts and figures
•People: Users and IT professionals
 Communication Business
Email, social media, video E-commerce, online banking, digital
conferencing marketing

Education Government
E-learning platforms, online courses,
digital libraries E-governance, online public services,
Healthcare digital identification systems.
Telemedicine, electronic health
records, mobile health apps.

The Role
of ICT in
Society
 Accessibility Innovation
Information and services Continuous development of
available 24/7 new technologies and
solutions Growth
Efficiency Economic
Streamlined processes, New business
reduced manual work opportunities and
markets

Connectivity
Bridging gaps between
people and places

Advantages
of ICT
 Digital Divide Dependence
Unequal access to technology Over-reliance on technology

Security Risks Environmental Impact

Cybersecurity threats and E- Waste and energy
data breaches consumptions

Privacy Concerns
Data privacy and surveillance
issues

Challenges
of ICT
 Artificial Intelligence Blockchain
(AI) learning, natural
Machine Secure and transparent
language processing transactions
Internet of Things (IoT) Augmented Reality
(AR) and Virtual
Smart devices, connected Reality (VR)
Enhanced user
homes and cities experiences
5G Technology
Faster and more reliable
mobile networks

Future
trends in
ICT
What is a
Computer?
Computers are such an integral part
of our society that it is sometimes
difficult to imagine life without them.
However, computers as we know them
are relatively new devices. Today, pocket
calculators have many times more
memory capacity and processing power
than computers from the '50s and '60s
What is a
Computer?
Try imagining life without
technology, such as alarm clocks,
refrigerators, computers, telephones, and
so on. It would be very different from
what we are accustomed to today. The
truth is, all of us rely on technology a
great deal to get through the day.
Whether at work, at home, or at school,
most of us depend greatly on technology.
 What is a
Computer?
Computers are found in practically
every household today. Everywhere you
look, people have access to a personal
computer, one way or another. As
computers become more advanced, the
demand for better computers increases
What is a
Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information or data. It has
the ability to store, retrieve, and process
data.
Modern computers can perform a wide
range of tasks, from simple calculations
to complex simulations.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER AND ITS
DEVELOPMENT
The history of the computer started from a simple device called abacus. The abacus
was the first mechanical calculating device. It was used to perform addition and
subtraction easily and speedily. This device was first developed by the Egyptians in the
10th century BC but it was given its final shape in the 12th century AD by the Chinese.
 As necessity demanded, inventors created better calculating devices.
John Napier of Scotland invented a calculating device in 1617 called the
Napier Bones. Napier used bone rods for the device's counting purpose.
Numbers were printed on these rods. The device was used for
multiplying, dividing, and taking square roots and cube roots.
 In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French scientist, invented an
adding machine called Pascal's calculator or Pascaline. It
made use of gears to represent the position of digits.
 In 1833, Charles Babbage, a scientist from England Invented the
Analytical Engine, a device that could keep data secure. This device was
considered as the first mechanical computer. It included a feature that is
used in today's computer language. For this great invention of the
computer, Charles Babbage is considered as the father of today's modern
computer.
 As time passed, the demand increased for more efficient and
reliable computers that could perform work more quickly. In 1946, the
first successful electronic computer called ENIAC was developed and it
was the starting point of the current generation of computers.

ENIAC or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer is the

world's first successful electronic computer. It was developed by the two
scientists, John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly. Its invention
marked the beginning of first generation computers.
 ENIAC was a very huge
and big computer. It took up the
space of a whole room and was
only able to store limited or
small amounts of information.
It was so rudimentary that
a basic cell phone from year
2000 is 1,300 times more
powerful than ENIAC.
 GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION
In the first generation computers as in ENIAC, vacuum tubes were
used. As a computer component, vacuum tubes proved inefficient and very hard to
work with. It required a very large cooling system in order for the computer to work
properly. This problem was addressed by the second generation computers.
 SECOND GENERATION
With the invention of transistors, the second generation computers were born.
Transistors were used as electronic components instead of vacuum tubes. Because a
transistor is much smaller than a vacuum tube, this paved the way for second generation
computers to become smaller compared with the first generation computers. However,
a much better improvement on transistors was introduced, which were called integrated
circuits. This introduced a new generation of computers.
THIRD GENERATION
Third generation computers were invented in 1964. The use of
integrated circuits or IC in its components is the defining characteristic of
third generation computers. The development of IC gave birth to a new field
of microelectronics. The main advantage of IC is not only its small size but
also its superior performance and reliability compared to previous circuits.
It was first developed by T.S. Kilby. This generation of computers has far
greater storage capacity and higher calculating speed than its predecessors.
However,technological progress in miniaturization or the trend of producing
even smaller devices and electronic products led to the development of
smaller yet more powerful generation of computers.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
FOURTH GENERATION
The computers which we see around us - the Personal Computers -
belong to the fourth generation computers. The microprocessor is the main
technology behind this generation of computer. A microprocessor is a single
chip which is used in a computer for any arithmetical or logical function to
be performed in any program. Ted Hoff, an American electrical engineer,
developed the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004,while working for Intel
Corporation. With the use of microprocessor in the fourth generation
computers, computers became very fast and efficient. Combined with the
concept of artificial intelligence, a new generation of computers was
developed
MICROPROCESSOR
FIFTH GENERATION
Fifth Generation computers are those that possess
artificial intelligence or the ability of a machine to exhibit
intelligence by means of learning on its own. Artificial
intelligence is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines by imitating human characteristics and
behavior. Some applications for fifth generation computers
include robots that can interact with humans.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Basic Components of a
Computer
CPU (Central Processing Unit) Storage
The brain of the computer. Hard drives or SSDs for long-term data
storage.

RAM (Random Access Memory) Motherboard

Temporary storage for data and The main circuit board connecting
instructions. all components.
 Supercomputers Personal Computers
Extremely powerful machines used for Desktops and laptops used by individuals.
complex calculations.

Mainframes Mobile Devices

Large systems used by businesses for bulk Smartphones and tablets.
data processing.

Types of
Computers
Software and Operating
Systems
Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
The operating system (OS) is a critical piece of software that
manages hardware resources and provides common services for
computer programs.
 The Internet
and Networking
The internet is a global network of computers that communicate through standardized protocols.
Networking allows computers to connect and share resources, enabling activities like browsing the web,
emailing, and streaming media.
Modern Uses of
Computers
• Education • Business
• Healthcare • Entertainment
 The Future
of Computing

The future of computing holds exciting possibilities, including

advancements in artificial intelligence, quantum computing,
and the continued growth of the Internet of Things (IoT).

These innovations will further transform how we live and

work.
Conclusion
Computers have become an integral part of our lives, driving
innovation and progress. Understanding their basics, history,
and impact can help us appreciate the technology that shapes
our world.
Assignment
Define the following:
1. Bin 6. Nozzle
2. Computer chassis 7. Preventive
3. Diagnostic Tools 8. Static Electricity
4. Hazards 9. Tool
5. Insulation 10. Toolkit
Thank You For Your
Attention
1
2
3
4
5
6
Introduction to
7
8
9
1
1
0
Programming
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
2
3
4 Computer Programs
5
6 - Is a sequential set of instructions
7
8 written in a computer language that is
9 used to direct the computer to perform a
1
1
0
1 specific task of computation
1
2
1
3
4
1
2
3
4 Objective of Programming
5
6
7
8 - Is to solve problems using computers
9 quickly and accurately
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
2
3 Law of Equifinality
4
5
6
7 - States that the same goal can be
8 achieved through different course of
9
1
1
0 action and variety of paths, so the same
1
1
2
result can be derived in a number of
1
3 ways.
4
1
2
3 Optimum Way
4
5
6
7 - The most effective way in solving
8 problems
9
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
2
3 Solution Strategies
4
5
6
7 - The different ways in solving a problem
8
9
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
2
3 Task Analysis
4
5
6
7 - It is required to reach the solution from
8 a problem definition that states what is
9
1
1
0 to be achieved.
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
2
3 Algorithm
4
5
6
7 - A set of steps that generates a finite
8 sequence of elementary computational
9
1
1
0 operations leading to the solution of a
1
1
2
given problem
1
3
4
1
2
3 Flowchart
4
5
6
7 - Textual description of an algorithm
8 may not be understood quickly and
9
1
1
0 easily. This is why a pictorial
1
1
2
representation may be used as a
1
3 substitute for an algorithm.
4
1
2
3 Two categories of Flowchart
4
5
6
7 Program Flowchart – act like mirrors of
8 computer programs in terms of
9
1
1
0 flowcharting symbols. They contain the
1
1
2
steps in solving a problem unit for
1
3 specific result
4
1
2
3 Two categories of Flowchart
4
5
6
7 System Flowchart – contain the
8 solutions of many problem units together
9
1
1
0 that are closely related to each other
1
1
2
and interact with each other to achieve a
1
3 goal.
4
1
2
3 Program Flowchart (5 Rules)
4
5
6
7 1. Only the Standard Symbol should be
8 used in program flowcharts
9
1
1
0 2. The program logic should depict the
1
1
2
flow from top to bottom and from left to
1
3 right
4
1
2
3 Program Flowchart (5 Rules)
4
5
6
7 3. Each symbol used in a program
8 flowchart should contain only one entry
9
1
1
0 point and one exit point, with the
1
1
2
exception of the decision symbol. This is
1
3 known as the SINGLE RULE.
4
1
2
3 Program Flowchart (5 Rules)
4
5
6
7 4. The operations shown within a
8 symbol of a program flowchart should be
9
1
1
0 expressed independently of any
1
1
2
particular programming language.
1
3 5. All decision branches should be well-
4
labeled.
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
Terminal: used to show the beginning
1
0 and end of a set of computer-related
1
1
2 processes
1
3
4
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
Input/Output: used to show any
1
0 input/output operation
1
1
2
1
3
4
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
Computer Processing: used to show any
1
0 processing performed by a computer
1
1
2 system
1
3
4
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
Flow line: used to connect the symbols
1
0
1
1
2
1
3
4
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
Document input/output: used when input
1
0 comes from a document and output
1
1
2 goes to a document
1
3
4
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
0 Decision: used to show any point in the
1
1
2 process where a decision must be made
1
3
4
to determine further action
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
0 On-page Connector: used to connect
1
1
2 parts of a flowchart continued on the
1
3
4
same page
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
0 Off-page connector: used to connect
1
1
2 parts of a flowchart continued to
1
3
4
separate pages
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
0 Off-page connector: used to connect
1
1
2 parts of a flowchart continued to
1
3
4
separate pages
 Standard Symbols used in
1
2 Program Flowcharts
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
0 Off-page connector: used to connect
1
1
2 parts of a flowchart continued to
1
3
4
separate pages
Flowcharting
 Symbols represent the given
numbers. A similar symbol can be used to
represent the sum. Another concept used
during programming is that of containers
called variables. The symbols for
representing input data values or the output
results may be treated as the containers of
the values’ input or output
 Variables are symbolic
representations of containers
for holding data or information.
 A variable is actually a
named collection of one or
more memory locations of a
computer treated as a
single container.
Draw a Flowchart in
Finding the Sum of
Two numbers.
 A represents the first
INPUT A, number
B B represents the second
number
S represents the sum of the
S A+B given values

PRINTS
Step 1: INPUT TO A, B
Step 2: S A+B
(Store the sum of the values in A and B in
S)
Step 3: PRINT S
(Show the sum obtained in Step 2)
Step 4: STOP
 INPUT A, A represents the first number
B B represents the second
number
S represents the sum of the
S A+B
given values

AVG S/2 AVG represents the average

PRINT
AVG
Step 1: INPUT TO A, B
Step 2: S A+B
(Store the sum of the values in A and B and store in S)
Step 3: AVG S/2
(Compute the Average)
Step 4: PRINT AVG
(Show the Average)
Step 5: STOP
Finding the
START

INPUT B,
H
B is the value for the base of the triangle
H is the value for the height of the triangle

Area of
Area
𝟏
𝟐
∗B*H

PRINTS

Triangle
Step 1: INPUT TO B, H
(B is for the base and H is for the height of the triangle)
1
Step 2: COMPUTE AREA *B*H
2
Step 3: PRINT AREA
(Show the Average)
Step 4: STOP
 Finding the
Area of
Parallelogram
Finding the
Area of
Circle