PROJECT PROGRESS

PRESENTATION
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of
Engineering
A and
PROJECT PRESENTATION
Technology,Warananagar.
ON

“DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

TOOL FOR DESIGN OF CENTRAL AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR MULTI STORY
BUILDINGS”
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Contents
 Project Summary
 All about Air Conditioning
 Structure of Building
 Methodology
 Area of multi-story building
 Cooling load calculation
 Conclusion
 References
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summary

 Introduction
 All about air conditioning
 Problem statement
 Available Software
 Design of air conditioning
system
 Cooling Load Calculation
Procedure
 Data collection
 Methodology for Load
calculations
 Structure of sports complex
 Excel Sheet Results
 Conclusion
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All about Air Conditioning

 Human comfort

 Electrical air conditioning machines and Central air conditioning

system

 Central air conditioning is more reliable

 Advantages of effective design of central air conditioning

 Method Used

This project addresses the design of air conditioning system for

Multi Story Building ,by using CLTD method for a Multi Story Building.
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Problem Definition

 Cooling load estimation

 Time consuming calculations

 Hectic Process

 Many Parameters
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Available Software for Cooling Load Calculations

 There are also various software for cooling load calculations such

as DOE 2.1E, BLAST, Elite or HAP 4.3 are available.

 They make the use of transfer function method and heat balance

method.

 These methods require a complex and lengthy data input; hence

most of the designers do not use these methods.

 But we have developed software in the form of MS –Excel format

which we will convert or connect to the Visual Basic . Net

( [Link])
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DESIGN OF CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

 In this study following building design is considered for providing the
Central Air Conditioning system.
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•Due to budget limitation we have considered following area of the building

for central air conditioning system design.
1) Living room or Hall ( 11’2” x 14’2”)
2) Bedroom 1 (10’10 x 11’7”)
3) Bedroom 2 (10’8” x 11’7”)
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Step 1 Heat Load Calculation for Buildings

Part A: Manual Heat Load Calculations

Refer figure 5 building plan to determine the dimensions. The summary of all dimension
are given below. These dimensions are used to estimate the area of wall, windows, and
doors through which heat is transmitted due to conduction as well as solar heat gain

Details Total Length in m Height in m Area in m2

Exterior wall dimension with thickness 22.8
cm 16.916 3.048 51.559
Interior wall dimension with thickness 15cm 22.1486 3.048 67.5089
Exterior wall windows 6.096 1.2192 7.4322
Interior wall windows 1.524 1.2192 1.8580
Interior wall door 3.6576 2.1336 7.8038
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Actual area of Exterior and Interior Wall and

Windows
Actual area of Exterior wall of 22.8 cm thickness is given
by
= Area of exterior wall – Area of
outer window
= 51.559 -7.4322= 44.1268 m2
Actual area of Interior wall of 15cm thickness is given by
= Area of interior wall – Area of
inner windows and door
= 67.5089 -1.8580 = 65.6509 m2

Actual Roof area of Building

a) Area of Hall = Length of Hall x Width of Hall
= 3.4137 x 4.3281
= 14.7748 m2
b) Area of Bedroom 1 = Length of Bedroom 1 x Width
of Bedroom 1
= 3.2918 x 3.5661
= 11.7388 m2
c) Area of Bedroom 2 = Length of Bedroom 2 x Width
of Bedroom 2
= 3.2918 x 3.5661
= 11.7388 m2
Total area of roof = Area of Hall + Area of
Bedroom 1+ Area of Bedroom 2
= 14.7748 + 11.7388 + 11.7388
= 38.2524 m2
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Actual Exterior Glass Window area

= Total length of window x
Height of window
= 6.096x 1.2192= 7.4322 m2
Actual Interior Glass Window area
= Total length of interior
window x Height of window
= 1.524x 1.2192= 1.8580 m2
Area of Doors
= Total length of door x
Height of door
= 3.6576x 2.1336 = 7.8038 m2

Solar and Transmission Load calculations

1)Solar and Transmission or Conduction Heat Gain

from Exterior wall of thickness 22. 8 cm
= Uw x area of exterior wall x ∆T

= 1.5832 x 44.1268 x 17
= 1187.64 W
2)Solar and Transmission or Conduction Heat
Gain from Interior wall of thickness 15 cm
= Uw x area of interor wall x ∆T
= 1.9934 x 65.6509 x 17
= 2224.76 W

3)Solarand Transmission or Conduction Heat

Gain from roof
= Uroof x area of roof wall x ∆T
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4)Transmission or Conduction Heat Gain from flooring

= Uflooring x area of floor x ∆T
= 2.1429 x 38.2524 x 12
= 983.65 W
5)Solarand Transmission or Conduction Heat Gain from Exterior windows
= Uwindow x area of window x ∆T
= 5.6367 x 7.4322 x 17
= 712.18 W
6)Solarand Transmission or Conduction Heat Gain from Interior windows
= Uwindow x area of interior window x ∆T
= 5.6367 x 1.8580 x 17
= 178.04 W
7)Solarand Transmission or Conduction Heat Gain from room doors
= Uwindow x area of doors x ∆T
= 1.867 x 7.8038 x 17
= 247.68 W
8)Sensibleheat added due to People
= No. of people x Heat Factor
=4 x 110 = 440 w
9)Sensibleheat added due to Light
= No. of light x Heat Factor
= 10x 30
= 300w
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10) Sensibleheat added due to Equipments

= No. of Equipments x Heat Factor
= 3x110
= 330 w
11) Latentheat of people
= No of People x Latent Heat Factor
= 4 x45
=180 W

Total load on rooms without infiltration is

= 1187.64 + 2224.76 + 1191.52 + 983.65 + 712.18 + 178.04 + 247.68 + 440 +
300 +330 + 180
= 7975.47 W
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Part B: Cooling Load Calculation by using Software

1) Solar Heat Gain for Glass= 235.02 W
2) Solar and Transmission Heat Gain for Walls and Roof =754.25 W
3) Through All Glasses = 172.48 W
4) Due to Partitions = 1862.32 W
5) Heat transmission from Celling = 1638.41 W
6) Heat gain from Floor = 430.76 W
7) Heat Gain due to Infiltration = 1042.44 W
8) Due to People = 440 W
9) Heat addition through Light (W/m2) = 300 W
10)Due to Equipments (W) = 330 W
11)Room Sensible Heat Subtotal (With Infiltration) = 7205.70 W
12)Room Sensible Heat Subtotal (Without Infiltration)= 6163.26 W

13)Leak Loss and Factor of Safety( 6%) =432.342 W

14)Room Sensible Heat (R. S. H) (With Infiltration) = 7638.04 W
15)Room Sensible Heat (R. S. H)(Without Infiltration) = 6595.603 W

16)Room Latent Heat Calculation (A) = 2340.46 W

17)Room Total Heat (R. T. H)(With Infiltration) = 9978.51 W
18)Room Total Heat (R. T. H)(Without Infiltration) = 7067.05 W
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Total Heat load on room

19)Grand Total of (RSH+RLH+OAH) (With Infiltration) =9978.51 W

20)Grand Total of (RSH+RLH+OAH) (Without Infiltration) = 7067.05 W

Capacity of air conditioning system in tons using software

21)Tons = (W/3500)(Without Infiltration)= 2.0192 tons

22)Sensible Heat Factor = (RSH/RTH) = 0.72

23)Indicated ADP = 4.5oC

24)Psychrometric Properties of Conditioned Air

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Sr. Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5 Point 6

Points of Psychrometric Chart
No. (x1, y1) (x2, y2) (x3, y3) (x4, y4) (x5, y5) (x6, y6)

1 Dry Bulb Temp in oC 40.00 23.00 25.83 8.38 6.50 6.00

2 Wet Bulb Temp in oC 32.00 16.00 18.50 7.50 6.50 6.00

3 Dew Point Temp in oC 30.50 11.50 14.67 7.18 6.53 6.53

4 Pw Saturation pressure in bar at WBT 0.04753 0.01817 0.02062 0.01001 0.00935 0.00935

5 Ps Saturation Pressure in Bar at DBT 0.07375 0.02808 0.03166 0.01072 0.00935 0.00935

6 Pv Vaporization Pressure in Bar at DPT 0.04237 0.01359 0.01582 0.00943 0.00935 0.00935

7 Specific Humidity (w) in kg/kg 0.02715 0.00846 0.00987 0.00585 0.00579 0.00579

8 Relative Humidity (φ) 0.57454 0.48398 0.49977 0.88005 1.00000 1.00000

9 Relative Humidity (φ) in Percentage 57.45 48.40 49.98 88.01 100.00 100.00

10 Latent Heat of Evaporation of Water at DPT 2430.70 2475.50 2468.50 2485.00 2487.40 2487.40

11 Enthalpy in kJ/kg 108.77 44.66 51.09 23.19 21.14 20.63

Mass of Dehumidified Air Quantity or Total mass of Air Flowing in kg/hr

25)Required Enthalpy in kJ/kg = 44.66 kJ/kg
26)Mass of Fresh Air Quantity in kg/hr = 60.44 kg/hr
27)Refrigeration Load on Cooling Coil in Tons = 0.803 Tons
28)Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) Temperature in oC = 6.00 oC
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•5.2 Step 2 Equipment Selections:

1 Design and Selection of Compressor
Assuming a SEER rating of 16 (a common rating for efficient residential central air
conditioning systems), we can calculate the required compressor capacity in tons using

Total Cooling Load

the following formula
Compressor Capacity (BTU/hr)
(tons) = 12000
Given that the total cooling load is 7975.47 Watts, we need to
convert it to BTU/hr
BTU
Total Cooling Load ( hr ) = 7975.47 ×
3.412 = 27212.30 BTU/hr

Now, we can calculate the required compressor capacity:

Compressor Capacity 27212.3

(tons) = 0 = 2.267
1200 tons
0
However, compressors are typically available in standard capacities (e.g., 2, 2.5,
3 tons, etc.), so a compressor with a capacity closest to 2 tons would be selected.
2 Design and Selection of Condenser
Let's assume a SEER rating of 16 for the condenser (a common rating for efficient
residential central air conditioning systems)

Total Cooling Load

Condenser Capacity (BTU/hr)
SEER rating for
(tons) =
Condenser
Condenser Capacity 27212.3 = 1700.76
(tons) = 0 BTU/hr

Condenser Capacity (tons1700.76

) =
BTU
hr

= 498.45W 3.4121

This is the capacity of the condenser based on the heating load which is to be removed
from building.

To calculate the area required for the condenser, we first need to determine the heat
rejection rate of the condenser. This can be calculated using the formula:

Assume COP of the system is 3

The coefficient of performance or COP of air conditioning system is a ratio of useful

cooling effect obtained or provided to work (energy) required to supply for compressor.

18
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𝐶𝑂𝑃 useful cooling effect

= obtained
Compressor work
required

Compressor work 7975.4 =

required = 7 3 2658.49 𝑊
Heat rejection rate of the condenser
= Heat is to be removed from room + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 7975.47 + 2658.49

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 10633.96 𝑊

Heat Rejection Rate = U x A x ∆T

Now, we can use the formula for heat transfer

Where:
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m²·K) A is the surface area of the
condenser (m²)
ΔT is the temperature difference (oC)
The required area for condenser is

Heat Rejection
A Rate
= U x ∆T
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Assuming a typical value for U in the range of 15-50 W/m²·K for air cooled condenser.
We select 40 W/m²·K and temperature difference is 25 oC

10633.96
A 2= = 7.65
m 40 x
35
[Link] and Selection of Evaporator

The required flow rate in Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM)

Required Airflow (CFM) = Total Cooling Load (

BT 1 ) x(
)
U
hr
350
= 27212.30 x ( 1
)
35
0

Required Airflow (CFM) = 77.7494

CFM

Required Airflow
Determine the Cross-Sectional Area of the Coil:

Cross − Sectional Area (CFM)

Air Velocity
(A) =
(fpm)
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77.7494 CFM = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝟑/s

The acceptable air velocity at the occupant's head was between 0.3 and 0.45 m/s at 23o
C

Required Cross Sectional Area (A)of coil = 0.0366

= 0.122 m2 0.3
The diameter of the pipe or duct for evaporator is given by

4 x 0.122
d = √ 3.14 = 0.1554 m = 15.54
cm

4. Design of Expansion Valve:

Selection Criteria:
Refrigerant Type: Choose an expansion valve compatible with the
refrigerant used in the system. Common refrigerants include R-410A.
Capacity: The expansion valve should have a capacity that matches or
slightly exceeds the system's cooling capacity to ensure proper refrigerant flow
and system performance.
Operating Conditions: Consider the operating conditions such as temperature
and pressure ranges to ensure the expansion valve operates effectively within
these parameters.
Evaporator Characteristics: The expansion valve should be selected based on
the evaporator's design, including its size, coil material, and configuration.
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Cooling Load Calculation Procedure

i. Select inside design condition (Temperature, relative humidity).
ii. Select outside design condition (Temperature, relative
humidity).
iii. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient U o for wall,
ceiling, floor, door, windows, below grade.
iv. Calculate area of wall, ceiling, floor, door, windows.
v. Calculate heat gain from transmission.
vi. Calculate solar heat gain
vii. Calculate sensible and latent heat gain from ventilation,
infiltration and occupants.
viii. Calculate lighting heat gain
ix. Calculate total heat gain and
x. Calculate TR
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Step3: Ductwork Design and Selection:

The function of a duct is to convey the air between two points, such as between
the air handling unit or air-washer and the room to be conditioned. It also carries
the room air back to the air conditioning apparatus.
Types of duct systems are :
1 Loop perimeter duct system
2. Radial perimeter duct system
3. Extended plenum duct system

5.1 (a) Loop perimeter duct 5.1 (b) Radial perimeter 5.1 (c) Extended plenum
system duct system duct system

As it is more suitable for considered building construction, extended plenum duct system
is selected and designed for air distribution. The layout is shown in figure
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Figure 5.2 Ductwork

Design

Duct Material and Insulation

The ducts and usually made from the following
materials:
1. Galvanized iron sheet metal
2. Aluminum sheet metal, or
3. Black steel.

In air-conditioning system, galvanized sheet metal is most commonly used duct

material. Since the Zinc coating of this metal prevents rust and avoids the painting
costing.
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Step 4: Thermostat Placement:

Install thermostats in strategic locations to monitor and control indoor temperature
effectively. It is done by considering following points Central Areas, Avoid Direct
Sunlight, Avoid Drafts, Rooms with High Occupancy, Avoid Obstructions etc.
.
Step 5: Ventilation and Filtration
Install high-efficiency air filters to remove dust, , and other contaminants from
the indoor air.

Following filter is selected

From CAMFIL Catalogue

Specification of Filter
Filter Type: HEPA (H Type)
Efficiency Rating: ≥ 99.97% efficiency for particles ≥ 0.3
microns Filter Class: H13 or H14
Airflow Capacity: 1000 to 2000 cubic meters per hour
(m³/h) Dimensions: 610 mm x 610 mm x 292 mm (24" x
24" x 11.5") Frame Material: Galvanized steel or
aluminium
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B) Psychrometric Chart
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C) Component Selection

• ..\project\COMPONENT [Link]
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Cooling Load sheet

Excel Sheet for Load Calculations

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Cooling load sheet

4 Results of Load Calculations for Monsoon Conditions

Grand Load
Sr. No. Name of Building or Floor RSH RLH OAH
Total
Tons SHF

1 Ground Floor -Badminton Court 29146.49 19654.60 30442.42 34988.03 10.00 0.59

2 First Floor - Entrance Lobby 9399.36 5713.27 1876.78 12673.21 3.62 0.61

3 First Floor - Gymnasium Hall 34815.48 13623.69 18700.46 62039.70 17.73 0.68

4 Second Floor - Entrance Lobby 24783.57 9443.29 1960.70 32143.95 9.18 0.69

5 Second Floor - Multi Purpose Hall 34242.67 8970.79 1911.49 41081.34 11.74 0.75
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Cooling load sheet

Excel Sheet for Component Selection Calculations

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Conclusion
• The project demonstrates the effectiveness of a cost-
efficient, user-friendly MS-Excel-based tool for accurate
cooling load estimation and Design of VCR system
components.
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References

1. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and

Technology, (ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

2. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Design Strategy for a Hot-

Humid Production Builder: (P. Kerrigan Building Science Corporation)

3. Design Guide for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems .

([Link])

4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

(IRJET),cooling load estimation of a room (prof. Deepak kumar)

Books:
5. Refrigeration and air-conditioning by Khurmi Gupta.
6. Refrigeration and air-conditioning by [Link].
Thank You ........