COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

THE HUMAN COMFORT

Since the purpose of most air conditioning systems is to provide a
comfortable indoor environment, the system designer and operator should
understand the factors that affect comfort.

Water on the skin (perspiration), which has absorbed heat from the body,
evaporates into the surrounding air, taking the heat with it. The rate of
body heat loss is affected by five conditions:
 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Air quality, refers to the degree of purity of the air. The level of
air quality affects both comfort and health. Air quality is
worsened by the presence of contaminants such as tobacco
smoke and dust particles, biological microorganisms, and toxic
gases. Cleaning devices such as filters may be used to remove
particles.
1. Air temperature
2. Air humidity
3. Air motion
4. Temperature of surrounding objects
5. Clothing
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

RATING AND PERFORMANCE OF AN AIR CONDITIONER

If the temperature and humidity of the air are to be maintained at a
comfortable level, this heat must be re-moved. The amount of heat that must
be removed is called the cooling load.

The cooling load must be determined because it is the basis for selection of
the proper size air conditioning equipment and distribution system. It is also
used to analyze energy use and conservation.

The room cooling load is the rate at which heat must be removed from the
room air to maintain it at the design temperature and humidity.
The heat gain components that contribute to the room cooling load
consist of the following:
1. Conduction through exterior walls, roof, and glass
2. Conduction through interior partitions, ceilings, and floors
3. Solar radiation through glass
4. Lighting
5. People
6. Equipment
7. Heat from infiltration of outside air through openings
HOW TO DETERMINE THE CAPACITY OR SIZE OF AN AIR
CONDITIONER NEEDED IN A CONDITIONED SPACE OR ROOM?
CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING
Chiller

Rated in Tons of
Refrigeration (TR)
1 TR = 3.52 kW
Unitary or Single type Air conditioner
PARAMETERS TO CONSIDER IN SIZING OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

x
Concepts and fundamentals of air conditioner sizing is based on heat gain, and/or
losses in a building. It is obvious that you will need to remove the amount of heat
gain - if it is hot outside. Similarly, you'll need to add in the heat loss from your space
- if outside temperature is cold. In short, heat gain and loss, must be equally
balanced by heat removal, and addition, to get the desired room comfort that we
want.
The heat gain or heat loss through a building depends on:
a. The temperature difference between outside temperature and our desired
temperature.
b. The type of construction and the amount of insulation is in your ceiling and walls.
Let's say, that you have two identical buildings, one is build out of glass, and the
other out of brick. Of course the one built with glass would require much more
heat addition, or removal, compared to the other - given a same day. This is
because the glass has a high thermal conductivity (U-value) as compared to the
brick and also because it is transparent, it allows direct transmission of solar heat.
c. How much shade is on your building’s windows, walls, and roof? Two identical
buildings with different orientation with respect to the direction of sun rise and
fall will also influence the air conditioner sizing.
d. How large is your room? The surface area of the walls. The larger the surface area - the
more heat can loose, or gain through it.

e. How much air leaks into indoor space from the outside? Infiltration plays a part in
determining our air conditioner sizing. Door gaps, cracked windows, chimneys - are
the "doorways" for air to enter from outside, into your living space.

f. The occupants. It takes a lot to cool a town hall full of people.

g. Activities and other equipment within a building. Cooking? Hot bath? Gymnasium?

h. Amount of lighting in the room. High efficiency lighting fixtures generate less heat.

i. How much heat the appliances generate. Number of power equipment such as oven,
washing machine, computers, TV inside the space; all contribute to heat.
Design Conditions

Site Location :
Latitude :
Longitude :
Elevation :
Daily Range :
Wind Velocity :

Outside Design Temperatures: tr6.pdf

Summer:
Temperature = 30o C DB / 26 oC WB Humidity Ratio =

Inside Design Temperatures:

Summer:
Temperature = 28 oC DB / 70% RH Humidity Ratio =

x
External Load– Exposed Roof

1. Transmission Heat Gain for Exposed Roof

qsr = Ur x Ar x CLTDr – Eqn. (1)
Where:
qsr = Sensible heat gain due to exposed roof
Ar = Net area of roof, m2
Ur = Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
CLTDr = Cooling load temperature difference for roofs,
= outdoor temperature minus indoor design temperature
Exterior Load– Exposed
Walls
2. Transmission Heat Gain for Exposed Walls
qsw = Uw x Aw x CLTDwc – Eqn. (2)

Where:
qsw = Sensible heat gain due to exposed walls
Aw = Net area of wall
Uw = Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
CLTDwc = Cooling load temperature difference for walls
= outdoor temperature minus indoor design temperature
A steel roof above a cooling zone in a
commercial building has a U-factor (overall heat
transfer coefficient) of 0.12 Btu/hr- ft^2 °F and an
area of 1240 ft^2. Compute the transmission
component of the cooling load for a cooling load
temperature difference of 34 °F .
Exterior Load – Exposed
Glass
3. Transmission Heat Gain for Exposed Glass
qsgc = Ug x Ag x CLTDgc – Eqn. (3)
Where:
qsgc = Sensible heat gain due to exposed glass
Ag = Net area of glass
Ug = Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
CLTDgc = Cooling load temperature difference for glass
= outdoor temperature minus indoor design temperature
Exterior Load – Exposed
Glass
4. Solar Heat Gain thru Glass
qgs = Ag x SC x SCL - Eqn. (7)
Where:
qgs = Solar heat gain due to glass
Ag = Net area of glass in sun
SC = Shading Coefficient
SCL = Solar Cooling Load Factor
_

ASHRAE tables provide values for SC and SCL. Typical

center-of-glass performance measures for selected types
of glazing.
East-facing windows in a space of a commercial
building have an area of 150 ft^2. The double-glazed,
windows have performance ratings of: U-factor
(overall heat transfer coefficient) of 0.32 Btu/hr ft^2
°F; a cooling load factor is 0.83; and a shading
coefficient of 0.60. The indoor–outdoor temperature
difference is 19°F. Determine the total load through
the glass window.
Exterior Load – Partition Walls
5. Transmission Heat Gain for Partition Walls
qsp = Up x Ap x TDp - Eqn. (3)
Where:
qsp = Sensible heat gain due to wall partition
Up = Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
Ag = Net area of partition
TDp = Design temperature difference across the partition
= Unconditioned space temp minus room design temperature
Internal Heat Gains -
Lightings
6. Heat Gain due to Internal Lights
qsl = Watts x CLF x Profile - Eqn. (4)
Where:
qsl = Sensible heat gain due to internal lights (Watts)
Watts = Total wattage of lighting fixture
CLF = Cooling load factor, (equal to “1 since cooling system operated only when lights
are ON)
Profile = Internal operating load profile at given hour, fraction = 1
Internal Heat Gains -
People
7. Sensible Heat Gain due to People
qspe = NP x SensG x CLF x Profile – Eqn. (5)
Where:
qspe= Sensible heat gain due to people
NP = Number of people in space
SensG = Sensible heat gain per person
CLF = Cooling load factor, (equal to “1 since cooling system does not run 24
hours/day)
Profile = Internal operating load profile at given hour, fraction = 1
Internal Heat Gains -
People
8.Latent Heat Gain due to People
qlpe = NP x LatG x CLF x Profile – Eqn. (6)

Where:
qlpe= Latent heat gain due to people
NP = Number of people in space
LatG = Latent heat gain per person
CLF = Cooling load factor, (equal to “1 since cooling system does not run 24 hours/day)
Profile = Internal operating load profile at given hour, fraction = 1
A large convention center conference room seats 800
occupants. All conference attendees are seated at rest.
The cooling system is shut down during off days.
Determine the total load associated with the people
seated in this space. Because cooling is shut down
during weekend hours, CLF 1.0.
Internal Heat Gains -
Equipment
9. Heat Gain due to Equipment
qse = Equip.Watts x CLF x Profile - Eqn. (7)
Where:
qse = Sensible heat gain due to equipment
Equip.Watts = Total wattage of equipment
CLF = Cooling load factor, (equal to “1)
Profile = Internal operating load profile at given hour, fraction = 1
 Total Cooling Load (Cooling Capacity)

𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = qsr + qsw + qsgc + qsp + qsl + qspe + qlpe

+ qse