Galala University
School of Engineering
Department of Production Technology
Computer Numerical control Machine:
Tools and CAD CAM Systems
MEC 242
Summer Term
By
Ass. Prof. Dr. / Sherif Abdelkhalek
Galala University
School of Engineering
Department of Production Technology
Syllabus:
I. Introduction.
II. Computer Technology.
III. The foundations of CAD/CAM.
IV. Computer aided design: Fundamentals of CAD.
V. The design process: Applications of computers for design.
VI. Computer aided design software, wire frame models, solid modelling.
VII. Computer aided manufacturing processes.
VIII. Numerically controlled machines.
IX. Computerized numerically controlled machines (CNC).
X. G codes, Programming Languages, Applications and performance of
CAD/CAM systems
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Conventional milling machines
Vertical milling machine
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Conventional milling machines
Horizontal milling machine
How does the table move along X- Y- and Z- axes?
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Conventional Turning machines
Horizontal turning machine
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What is the
Numerical Control ?
Numerical Control can be defined as an
operation of machine tools by means of
specifically coded instructions to the machine
control system
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NC and CNC Technology?
The NC system uses fixed logical functions, those that
are built-in and permanently wired within the control
unit. These functions cannot be changed by the part
programmer or the machine operator.
The modern CNC system, uses an internal micro-
processor (i.e., a computer). This computer contains
memory registers storing a variety of routines that are
capable of manipulating logical functions.
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CNC milling machines
Vertical machining centre
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CNC milling machines
Horizontal milling machine
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CNC Turning machine
CNC Turning machine
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CONVENTIONAL AND CNC MACHINING.
Feature Conventional Machining CNC Machining
Control Method Manually operated by a Automated control using
machinist using handwheels and computer programs (G-code).
levers.
Precision Limited by human accuracy and High precision and repeatability
skill. due to computer control.
Complexity of Parts Suitable for simple and basic Capable of producing complex
geometries. and intricate designs.
Labor Requirement Requires skilled machinists for Requires programmers and
each operation. operators but less manual labor.
Setup Time Shorter setup time for simple Longer initial setup for
jobs. programming and calibration.
Cost Lower initial investment but Higher initial investment but
higher labor costs. lower long-term labor costs.
Production Volume Ideal for low-volume, custom Suitable for high-volume, mass
jobs. production.
Flexibility Less flexible for design changes. Easy to update and modify
through software.
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CONVENTIONAL AND CNC MACHINING.
Feature Conventional Machining CNC Machining
Safety More risk due to manual Safer due to reduced human
handling. intervention.
Examples of Machines Lathe, milling machine, drill CNC lathe, CNC mill, CNC
press. router, 5-axis machines.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
1. Setup Time Reduction
2. Lead Time Reduction
3. Accuracy and Repeatability
4. Contouring of Complex Shapes
5. Simplified Tooling and Work Holding
6. Cutting Time and Productivity Increase
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1.5 PERSONNEL FOR CNC
1.5.1 CNC Programmer.
is a professional who writes and optimizes the code that
controls CNC machines, allowing them to automate the
manufacturing of precise parts and components. CNC
programmers translate technical drawings and designs into
machine-readable instructions (G-code) to guide
machinery like lathes, mills, routers, and grinders.
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1.5 PERSONNEL FOR CNC
1.5.2 CNC Machine Operator.
is responsible for setting up, running, and monitoring
CNC machines that cut, shape, and produce precision
parts from materials like metal, plastic, or wood. They
ensure that the machines operate correctly and produce
parts according to design specifications.
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1.6 SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Safety Glasses or Face Shield.
• Hearing Protection.
• Protective Gloves.
• Steel-Toe Boots.
• Work Clothing.
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1.6 SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK
2. Machine Safety Procedures
• Pre-Operation Checks:
o Ensure all guards and covers are securely in place.
o Verify emergency stop buttons (E-stops) are
functional.
o Check cutting tools for damage or wear.
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1.6 SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK
2. Machine Safety Procedures
• During Operation:
o Never reach inside the machine while it is running.
o Keep your hands clear of moving parts.
o Always close machine doors before starting the
program.
o Monitor machine sounds—unusual noises may indicate
malfunctions.
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1.6 SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK
2. Machine Safety Procedures
• Post-Operation:
o Turn off and lock out the machine during maintenance
or adjustments.
o Clean the work area and remove debris once the
machine is off.
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1.6 SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK
3. Handling Materials and Tools Safely
• Material Loading:
o Secure workpieces properly to prevent shifting during
machining.
o Use lifting equipment for heavy materials—never lift
alone.
• Tool Safety:
o Use the correct tool for each job and ensure it is
properly installed.
o Inspect tools regularly for damage, cracks, or dull
edges.
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1.6 SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK
4. Emergency Protocols
• Emergency Stop: Always know the location of the E-
stop and use it immediately if something goes wrong.
• Fire Safety: Keep flammable materials away from
machines. Ensure fire extinguishers (Class D for
metal fires) are accessible.
• First Aid: Be familiar with the location of first aid kits
and emergency contacts. Report all injuries
immediately.
Capabilities of machining
processes
Capabilities of machining processes
1. Turning Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
1. Turning Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
1. Turning Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
2. Milling Process:
Milling cutters may be classified as:
a) Plain milling cutters. g) End milling cutter.
b) Face milling cutter. h) Profile milling cutter.
c) Side milling cutters. i) Saw milling cutter (Metal
slitting saw).
d) Angle milling cutters.
j) T-slot milling cutter.
e) Gang milling cutters.
k) Key way milling cutter.
f) Formed cutters.
l) Gear cutting milling cutter.
m) Fly cutter.
Capabilities of machining processes
2. Milling Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
2. Milling Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
3. Drilling Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
3. Drilling Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
4. Shaping and planning Process:
Horizontal shaping machine
Capabilities of machining processes
4. Shaping and planning Process:
Vertical shaping machine
Capabilities of machining processes
4. Shaping and planning Process:
Planning machine
Capabilities of machining processes
5. Broaching Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
6. Grinding Process:
Capabilities of machining processes
6. Grinding Process:
