Surname & Initials Student Number

Bapela T 221632940
Motsepe B 221868102
Mankwe M 221694660
Hlongwane RW 222908647
Practical Number 03
Date 19 March 2024
Qualification Bachelor Of Engineering Technology in
Mechanical Engineering (BPME18)
Module Manufacturing II (MAN317B)
Practical Heading CNC
Lecturer Mrs. Rouxzeta van der Merwe

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Table of Contents
1.Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3
2.Discussion ........................................................................................................... 4
3.Drawing ............................................................................................................... 5
4. Coding ................................................................................................................ 6
5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 7
6. References ......................................................................................................... 7

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1.Introduction
The term "computer numerical control" (CNC) describes the use of machine tools in
which a computer controls the movements of a cutting tool and/or the workpiece. A
machining centre is a machine tool that is highly automated and can execute several
machining operations. It is commonly used for milling, drilling, and other operations
involving spinning cutting tools.

A computer program (also known as a G. code or M. code) that is coded and cutting
tools are used in the CNC milling process to precisely remove material from the
workpiece and create a custom-designed part without the need for a manual operator
to control the machining operation.

Furthermore, this kind of device is electro-mechanical in nature and has the capacity
to manipulate machining tools for an example; mills, drills, and lathes, around a varying
number of axes normally three (3) or five (5) with high precision as instructed by the
computer software program.
Wood, metal, plastic, ceramic, or composite are some of the main pieces of materials
a CNC machine can process.

Figure 1: CNC machine.

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2.Discussion
Advantages of CNC machine

• Precision: CNC machines can achieve remarkably high levels of accuracy and
precision in production operations, which produces products that are reliable
and of excellent quality.
• Efficiency: These devices can run nonstop, around-the-clock, with little
assistance from humans, which boosts output and expedites response times.
• Automation: By eliminating the need for manual work and freeing up operators
to concentrate on more specialized duties like programming and quality control,
CNC machines automate the manufacturing process.
• Flexibility: CNC machines are perfect for creating both large-scale production
runs and small batches of bespoke parts because they can readily switch
between different tasks and production runs by reprogramming them.
• Complex geometries: CNC machines can create complex and detailed shapes
that are difficult or impossible to obtain using manual machining techniques,
which opens new avenues for the development of products and designs.
• Reduced waste: CNC machines reduce waste and maximize the use of raw
materials, which saves money and helps the environment by optimizing tool
paths and material usage.
• Consistency: CNC machines ensure that every part satisfies the necessary
criteria by producing parts with uniform quality and dimensions, which
minimizes variability.
• Safety: CNC machines make the manufacturing process safer for employees
by removing many of the risks connected with manual milling, including as flying
chips and operator fatigue.

Disadvantages of CNC machine.

• High Initial Investment: It can be costly to set up a CNC machining business. In

addition to the machinery, the fee also covers operator and maintenance staff
training.
• Complex Programming: CNC machine programming calls for certain training
and expertise. Making effective toolpaths and programs can be difficult and
time-consuming, even with software support.
• Restricted Flexibility: CNC machines may be difficult to modify for new products
or manufacturing processes because they are designed for specialized jobs.
Reprogramming or reconfiguring the equipment may need resources and time.
• Maintenance Requirements: To guarantee optimal performance, CNC
machines need to have regular maintenance performed. This covers parts
including bearings and cutting tools cleaning, lubrication, and routine
inspections.

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 • Skill Gap: It can be difficult to locate competent workers given the increased
demand for skilled CNC operators and programmers. It requires time and
resources to train new programmers and operators.
• Production Disruptions: Production schedules may be affected, and order
fulfilment may be delayed if a CNC machine malfunctions or needs
maintenance.
• Restricted Material Compatibility: Although CNC machines can process a large
variety of materials, it may be difficult or impractical to machine particular
materials using CNC techniques. Specialized procedures may be necessary for
materials that are brittle or sensitive to heat.
• High Energy Consumption: CNC machines tend to use a lot of energy,
particularly when they are doing intensive milling tasks. High operational costs
may result from this, especially in areas where electricity is expensive.
• Danger of Programming Errors: When programming CNC machines, human
error can result in expensive errors like tool crashes or produced parts with the
wrong dimensions. To reduce this risk, programs must undergo extensive
testing and validation.
• Overhead Costs: Operating a CNC machining business involves overhead
costs in addition to the direct costs of personnel and equipment. These costs
include facility upkeep, insurance, and administrative charges.

3.Drawing

Figure 2: CNC drawing.

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4. Coding
0001(Wedge);
G91 G28 Z0.0;
T1 M6: S2000 M3;
G90 G54 G0 X-20.0 Y-20.0;
G43 Z5.0 H1;
/M8; Z-10.0;
N1 G41 G1 X0.0 Y0.0 D21 F300;
N3 Y30.0;
N5 G91 X60.0 Y30.0;
N7 G2 X40.0 Y-40.0 R40.0
N8 G1 X-60 Y20.0;
N9 G1 X60.0 Y0.0;
N10 G1 X0.0;
N11 G0 Z150.0;
N12 G40 X-20.0 Y-20.0;
M30;

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5. Conclusion
In the manufacturing sector, a computer numerical control machine has shown to be
a wise investment. It creates intricate geometric pieces with a very high degree of
accuracy and precision. Additionally, the automation of certain processes, particularly
the replacement of cutting tools, results in high production with fewer labourers
needed, saving further expenses.

However, CNC machines can be expensive. Because they are computerized, they
require training to operate, requiring a working knowledge of codes. Additionally,
students are no longer taught the outdated techniques used to operate traditional
machines.

With the rapid advancement of technology and the globalization of the world, a CNC
is essential to maintaining the high production levels that will be needed while
maintaining part efficiency and time.

6. References
➢ Groover, M., 2020. Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials,
Processes, and Systems. 7th ed. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., pp.487 - 488.
➢ Ryan, V., n.d. Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC Machines. [online]
Technologystudent.com. Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2024].
➢ 2020. CNC Milling Guide – CNC Milling Advantages & Disadvantages,
Application, Materials and Definition. [online] Available at: [Accessed 16 March
2024].
➢ Concerning Reality, what is CNC Machining and How Does it Work? 7 May
2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNYEXjRmDtI