NUMPY

NumPy is a crucial library for numerical operations in Python.

1. Importing NumPy
import numpy as np

2. Creating Arrays

NumPy arrays are the core object for all computations.

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr) # Output: [1 2 3 4 5]

 Zeros array:

zeros_arr = [Link]((2, 3)) # 2x3 array of zeros

print(zeros_arr)
# Output:
# [[0. 0. 0.]
# [0. 0. 0.]]

 Ones array:

ones_arr = [Link]((2, 3))

print(ones_arr)
# Output:
# [[1. 1. 1.]
# [1. 1. 1.]]

 Arange (range of numbers):

arr_range = [Link](0, 10, 2) # From 0 to 10 with step 2

print(arr_range) # Output: [0 2 4 6 8]

 Linspace (evenly spaced values):

arr_linspace = [Link](0, 1, 5) # 5 numbers between 0 and 1

print(arr_linspace)
# Output: [0. 0.25 0.5 0.75 1. ]

3. Array Indexing and Slicing

 Accessing elements:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr[0]) # Output: 1 (accessing the first element)
  Slicing:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr[1:4]) # Output: [2 3 4] (elements from index 1 to 3)

 Fancy indexing:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr[[0, 2, 4]]) # Output: [1 3 5] (using a list of indices)

 Boolean indexing:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr[arr > 2]) # Output: [3 4 5] (elements greater than 2)

4. Array Operations

 Arithmetic operations:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3])

print(arr + 1) # Output: [2 3 4]
print(arr * 2) # Output: [2 4 6]

 Element-wise operations (using functions):

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3])

print([Link](arr)) # Output: [1. 1.41421356 1.73205081] (square root
of each element)
print([Link](arr)) # Output: [ 2.71828183 7.3890561 20.08553692]
(exponential of each element)
print([Link](arr)) # Output: 1
print([Link](arr)) # Output: 5

 5. Reshaping and Sum, Mean, Min, Max:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print([Link](arr)) # Output: 15
print([Link](arr)) # Output: 3.0

Resizing Arrays

 Reshaping:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

reshaped_arr = [Link]((2, 3)) # Convert 1D array to 2D
print(reshaped_arr)
# Output:
# [[1 2 3]# [4 5 6]]
  Flattening:

arr_2d = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

flattened = arr_2d.flatten()
print(flattened) # Output: [1 2 3 4]

 Transposing:

arr_2d = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

transposed = arr_2d.T
print(transposed)
# Output:
# [[1 3]
# [2 4]]

6. Random Module

 Random Numbers:

rand_arr = [Link](2, 3) # Random numbers between 0 and 1 in 2x3 shape

print(rand_arr)

 Random Integers:

rand_ints = [Link](0, 10, size=(3, 3)) # Random integers between 0

and 10
print(rand_ints)

 Random Choice:

choices = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], size=3) # Randomly choose

elements
print(choices)

7. Statistical Operations

 Mean, Median, Standard Deviation:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print([Link](arr)) # Output: 3.0
print([Link](arr)) # Output: 3.0
print([Link](arr)) # Output: 1.4142135623730951

 Variance and Percentiles:

print([Link](arr)) # Output: 2.0

print([Link](arr, 50)) # Output: 3.0 (50th percentile = median)
8. Concatenation and Stacking Arrays

 Concatenate:

arr1 = [Link]([1, 2])

arr2 = [Link]([3, 4])
concat_arr = [Link]((arr1, arr2))
print(concat_arr) # Output: [1 2 3 4]

 Stacking:

arr1 = [Link]([1, 2])

arr2 = [Link]([3, 4])
vstack_arr = [Link]((arr1, arr2)) # Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
print(vstack_arr)
# Output:
# [[1 2]
# [3 4]]

hstack_arr = [Link]((arr1, arr2)) # Stack arrays horizontally (column-

wise)
print(hstack_arr) # Output: [1 2 3 4]

9. Set Operations

 Unique elements:

arr = [Link]([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5])

unique_arr = [Link](arr)
print(unique_arr) # Output: [1 2 3 4 5]

 Union, Intersection, and Difference:

arr1 = [Link]([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = [Link]([3, 4, 5])

print(np.union1d(arr1, arr2)) # Output: [1 2 3 4 5]

print(np.intersect1d(arr1, arr2)) # Output: [3]
print(np.setdiff1d(arr1, arr2)) # Output: [1 2]

10. Handling Missing Data (NaN)

Handling missing data is an important part of data analysis.

 Detect NaN values:

arr = [Link]([1, [Link], 3])

print([Link](arr)) # Output: [False True False]
  Replacing NaN values:

arr = [Link]([1, [Link], 3])

arr_cleaned = np.nan_to_num(arr, nan=0) # Replace NaN with 0
print(arr_cleaned) # Output: [1. 0. 3.]

11. Linear Algebra

 Dot Product:

arr1 = [Link]([1, 2])

arr2 = [Link]([3, 4])
dot_product = [Link](arr1, arr2)
print(dot_product) # Output: 11

 Matrix Multiplication:

arr1 = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

arr2 = [Link]([[5, 6], [7, 8]])
matrix_mult = [Link](arr1, arr2)
print(matrix_mult)
# Output:
# [[19 22]
# [43 50]]

 Inverse of a Matrix:

arr = [Link]([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

inv_arr = [Link](arr)
print(inv_arr)
# Output:
# [[-2. 1. ]
# [ 1.5 -0.5]]

INBUILT FUNCTIONS

1. Array Creation Functions

  [Link](): Create a NumPy array from a Python list or other array-like object.
 [Link](): Create an array of zeros with a specified shape.
 [Link](): Create an array of ones with a specified shape.
 [Link](): Create an array without initializing its values (it may contain random
values).
 [Link](): Generate values in a range (like range() but returns a NumPy array).
 [Link](): Generate evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval.
 [Link](): Create a 2D identity matrix (diagonal 1s, rest 0s).
 [Link](): Create an array filled with a constant value.

2. Array Manipulation

 [Link](): Reshape an array to a new shape.

 [Link](): Flatten a multi-dimensional array into 1D.
 [Link](): Transpose an array (swap rows with columns).
 [Link](): Join two or more arrays along a specified axis.
 [Link](): Stack arrays along a new axis.
 [Link](): Split an array into multiple sub-arrays.
 [Link](): Append values to the end of an array.
 [Link](): Insert values into an array at specified indices.
 [Link](): Delete elements from an array at specified indices.

3. Mathematical Functions

 [Link](): Add two arrays element-wise.

 [Link](): Subtract two arrays element-wise.
 [Link](): Multiply two arrays element-wise.
 [Link](): Divide two arrays element-wise.
 [Link](): Raise each element of an array to the power of a number.
 [Link](): Compute the remainder of division element-wise.
 [Link](): Compute the square root of each element.
 [Link](): Compute the natural logarithm of each element.
 [Link](): Compute the exponential of each element.
 [Link](): Compute the absolute value of each element.
 [Link](): Round elements of an array to the nearest integer.
 [Link](): Round elements down to the nearest integer.
 [Link](): Round elements up to the nearest integer.

4. Statistical Functions

 [Link](): Compute the mean (average) of array elements.

 [Link](): Compute the median of array elements.
 [Link](): Compute the standard deviation of array elements.
 [Link](): Compute the variance of array elements.
 [Link](): Compute the sum of array elements.
  [Link](): Find the minimum element in an array.
 [Link](): Find the maximum element in an array.
 [Link](): Find the index of the minimum element.
 [Link](): Find the index of the maximum element.
 [Link](): Compute the nth percentile of array elements.
 [Link](): Compute the correlation coefficient matrix.
 [Link](): Compute the covariance matrix.

5. Linear Algebra Functions

 [Link](): Compute the dot product of two arrays.

 [Link](): Compute the inverse of a matrix.
 [Link](): Compute the determinant of a matrix.
 [Link](): Compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix.
 [Link](): Solve a system of linear equations.
 [Link](): Compute the singular value decomposition of a matrix.

6. Random Number Generation

 [Link](): Generate random values between 0 and 1 (uniform distribution).

 [Link](): Generate random values from a normal distribution (mean = 0, std
= 1).
 [Link](): Generate random integers within a specified range.
 [Link](): Randomly choose elements from an array.
 [Link](): Shuffle the elements of an array in place.
 [Link](): Set the seed for random number generation (to get reproducible
results).

7. Array Operations

 [Link](): Compute the sum of elements along a specified axis.

 [Link](): Compute the product of elements along a specified axis.
 [Link](): Compute the cumulative sum of elements.
 [Link](): Compute the cumulative product of elements.
 [Link](): Compute the difference between adjacent elements.
 [Link](): Find the unique elements in an array.
 [Link]() (return indices): Return the indices of unique elements.
 np.intersect1d(): Find the intersection of two arrays.
 np.setdiff1d(): Find the set difference of two arrays.

8. Boolean Operations

 [Link](): Check if any element of an array is True.

 [Link](): Check if all elements of an array are True.
 [Link](): Test if elements of an array are present in another array.
  [Link](): Test if elements are NaN.

9. Miscellaneous Functions

 [Link](): Return the indices that would sort an array.

 [Link](): Find indices where elements should be inserted to maintain order.
 [Link](): Test if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.
 [Link](): Limit the values in an array to a specified range.
 [Link](): Delete elements from an array.
 [Link](): Repeat elements of an array.
 [Link](): Repeat an array to create a larger array.

10. Array Information Functions

 [Link](): Return the shape (dimensions) of an array.

 [Link](): Return the total number of elements in an array.
 [Link](): Return the number of dimensions (axes) of an array.
 [Link](): Return the data type of an array's elements.
 [Link](): Return the size (in bytes) of each element of an array.
 [Link](): Return the total number of bytes consumed by an array.

11. Set Operations

 np.union1d(): Compute the union of two arrays.

 np.intersect1d(): Compute the intersection of two arrays.
 np.setdiff1d(): Compute the set difference between two arrays.
 np.setxor1d(): Compute the set exclusive-or (symmetric difference) between two
arrays.

12. Set Operations for Multidimensional Arrays

 [Link](): Return sorted, unique elements of an array.