Md. Harashid b. Haron, Ph.D.

6.1 Matrices (?) - A rectangular array of numbers consisting m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns.

3 x +4 y +5z = 0

2 x +2 y −z = 0 Numerical coefficients and their relative positions
6 x −4 y + 2z = 0


3 4 5  0
2 2 −1 and 
  Matrix or matrices, uses brackets/parentheses, represented
 0

6 −4 2 
0
 by bold letters e.g., A, B, C, Z etc.

3 4 5  A has a size of 3 x 3; 3 x 3 matrix; 3 rows and 3 columns

 −1
A = 2 2  (row is specified first followed by column), the numbers
6
 −4 2 are called entries.

Two common methods to denote entries

a b   a11 a12 
c d  or  
  a 21 a 22 

Row vector versus Column vector?

Equality of Matrices.

A=[aij] and B=[bij] are equal if and only if they have the same size, and aij=bij for each i
and j.

 6 
4 3 
2.2
Eg.  2  = 3 −2
 3 − 2  


Transpose of a matrix

AT , a transpose of an mxn matrix A is the nxm matrix whose ith row is the ith column of
A.

1 2 1 3
Eg. A=   => AT = 
3 4 2 4


Special Matrices

1. Zero Matrix, Omxn

2. Square Matrix (when m=n) of order n.
3. In square matrix of order n, the a11, a22, a33…ann entries are called main diagonal
 Md. Harashid b. Haron, Ph.D.

4. A square matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all the entries off the main diagonal are
zeroes, aij=0 for i≠j.
5. In is nxn identity matrix and is a diagonal matrix whose main diagonal entries are
1’s.
6. A is a triangular matrix when either all entries below the main diagonal entries
are zero, aij=0 for i>j (upper triangular matrix) or all entries above the main
diagonal entries are zero, aij=0 for i<j (lower triangular matrix).

6.2 Matrix Addition/Substraction

If A and B are both mxn matrices, then the sum A + B is the mxn matrix obtained by
adding corresponding entries of A and B; A + B = [aij+bij]. If they are of different sizes,
thus A + B is not defined.

If A and B are both mxn matrices (same size), then, by A – B, means A + (-B).

Properties of Matrix Addition (pg 233)

1. A + B = B + A (commutative property)
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C (associative property)
3. A + O = O + A = A (identity property)

1 2 1 3 1 +1 2 + 3 2 5
Eg., A=  + B=  =>  =>
3 4
 2 4
 3 + 2 4 + 4

5
 8


1 2 1 3 1 −1 2 − 3 0 −1
Eg., A=   + (-B)=(-1)   =>   => 
3 4 2 4 3 − 2 4 − 4 1 0

Scalar Multiplication

If A is an mxn matrix and k is a real number then, by kA, we denote the mxn matrix
obtained by multiplying each entry in A by k. This operation is called scalar
multiplication, and kA is called a scalar multiple of A.

Properties of Scalar Multiplication (pg 236)

1. k(A + B) = kB + kA
2. (k + l)A = kA + lA
3. k(lA) = (kl)A
4. 0A = O
5. kO = O
6. (A + B)T = AT + BT
7. (kA)T = kAT
 Md. Harashid b. Haron, Ph.D.

1 3 2 6
Eg. 2   => 
2 4 4 8


6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Let A be an mxn matrix and B be an nxp matrix. Then the product AB is mxp matrix
whose entry cij is given by

n
cij = ∑a
k =1
ik bkj = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + …..+ ainbnj.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication (pg 242)

1. A(BC) = (AB)C (associative property)

2. A(B + C) = AB + AC (distributive property)
(A + B)C = AC + BC
3. kAB=k(AB)=(kA)B=A(kB)
4. (AB)T=BTAT  (ATBC)T = CTBT(AT)T = CTBTA

Note: IT=I

1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1.1 + 2.2 1.3 + 2.4 

Eg. A=   B=   ; AB =  => 
3 4 2 4 3 4 
 2

4 3.1 + 4.2 3.3 + 4.4
 5 11 
=  
11 25 

If A is a square matrix and p is a positive integer, then the pth power of A, written Ap, is
the product of p factors of A.
Ap =A.A….A (up to p factors)
0
If A is nxn, we define A =In

Note: Ip = I

Matrix Equations

3 4 5   x1  1  3x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3  1 
2 −1
x  2  + 2 x2 − 1x3  =  
 2   2 =   => 2 x1 2

6 −4 2  x3  
3 6 x1 − 4 x2 + 2 x3  3


3 x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 = 1

2 x1 + 2 x2 − x3 = 2
6 x − 4 x2 + 2 x3 = 3
 1
 Md. Harashid b. Haron, Ph.D.

∴This system of linear equations can be written in the form AX=B

6.4-6.5 Reducing Matrix (Method of Reduction)

3 x −y = 1 Three matrix operations; elementary row operations

 1- Interchanging two rows of a matrix
x +2y = 5
2- Multiplying a row of matrix by a nonzero number
3- Adding a multiple of one row of a matrix to a
3 −1 1 3 −1 1  different row of that matrix
1
 2 and   => 1
5  2 5 
 Augmented matrix

3 x −y = 1 3 −1 1  Coefficient matrix

x +2y = 5
; 1
 2 5  =A


x +2 y = 5 1 2 5 

3 x −y = 1
; 3
 −1 1  =B


x +2y = 5 1 2 5 

0 x −7 y = −14
; 0
 −7 −14  =C


x +2y = 5 1 2 5 

0 x +y = 2
; 0
 1 2  =D


x +0 y = 1 1 0 1 

0 x +y = 2
; 0
 1 2  =E

What is a reduced matrix? Pg 252

1) Solving a system by reduction

i) Unique solution ii) No solution iii) Infinitely many solutions

2) Nonhomogeneous and homogeneous Systems.

6.6 Inverse of a Matrix

If A is a square matrix and there exists a matrix C such that CA=I, then C is called an
inverse of A, and A is said to be invertible.
 Md. Harashid b. Haron, Ph.D.

1 2 7 − 2 7 − 2 1 2 1 0
Eg. A =   and C = − 3 => CA = =  = I2
3 7   1 

− 3
 1 

3


7 0 1


Note: A-1A=AA-1=I

If A is an invertible matrix, then the matrix equation AX=B has the unique solution X=A-
1
B

Notation used in elementary operations.

Notation Corresponding Row Operation

Ri ↔ Rj Interchange rows Ri and Rj
kRi Multiply row Ri by nonzero constant k
kRi + Rj Add k times row Ri to row Rj (but leave Ri unchanged)

Inverse of 2x2 Marix

a b
A=  , D=ad-bc is not equal to zero, Then, A-1 exists and is given by
c
 d


1 d − b
A-1 = 
D − c a 


1 2
E.g. A =  , D=1(4)-2(3)=-2
3 4


1 4 − 2  − 2 1 
A-1 =  = 3 1
− 2 − 3 1 
  − 
2 2

Leontief’s Input-Output Analysis