Salahaddin University - Erbil

College Of Engineering
Mechanical and Mechatronics Department
Class B

Matrix

Prepared By: lawand salah muslem

Supervised by: dr. kareem Akrawi
Date: 22/4/2022
1
 Constant

Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------3
Some Applications of Matrix-----------------------------------------4
Types of matrix---------------------------------------------------------5,6
Matrix operations-------------------------------------------
1- Equality--------------------------------------------------------7
2-Edition and subtraction------------------------------------7
3-multiplication of matrix------------------------------------8
4-Transpose of Matrix-----------------------------------------9
5-Determination of Matrix-----------------------------------9
6-Cofactor and Minor of Matrix----------------------------10
7-inverse of matrix---------------------------------------------11
Solving Linear Equation -----------------------------------------------12
1-Inverse Method --------------------------------------------12,13
2-Gramer’s Method------------------------------------------14,15

2
Introduction
The entries of a matrix are a rectangular array of numbers (or
other mathematical objects) that make up the matrix. Standard
operations such as addition and multiplication are performed on
matrices. It is intended to be used when there are many values to
calculate or complex values. And its applications are wide.

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Some Applications of Matrix

 Matrixes are used in the study of electrical circuits, quantum

physics, and optics in physic applications.
 Many organizations, such as scientists, use matrices to
record data from their investigations.
 Matrixes are the foundation for robot movement in robotics
and automation.
 Matrixes are used in geology to conduct seismic surveys.
 matrices and their inverse matrices are used for a
programmer for coding for encrypting a message
 the matrices calculus is used in generalization of analytical
notions like exponentials and derivatives to their higher
dimensions.
 in computer based applications . matrices play a vital role in
the projection of three Dimensional image into two
dimensional screen. creating the realistic seeming motions.

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Types of matrix
1-Colome matrix

[]
3
A= 4 2-Row matrix
0

A=[ 3 4 5 ]

3-Rectangular matrix

[ 5 71 2]
A= 51 0 3

4-Square matrix

[ 20 ]
A= 0 1

5-Diagonal matrix

[ ]
100
A= 040
007
[ 3 0]
A= 0 1

6-unit identity matrix

[ ]
10 0
A=[ ]10
01 A= 0 10
001

5
 7-Zero matrix

[ 0 0]
A= 0 0

8-Triangular matrix

[ ]
109
A= 398
841

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Matrix operations
1-Equality
[1 4 ]
A= 0 4 [1 4 ]
B= 0 4 [1 3 ]
C= 0 4

A=B≠C

2-Edition and subtraction

A2×3+B2×3=C2×3

[ 1201]+[ 3112]=[ 4124]

C=A-B

[ 1201]-[ 3112]=[−2
−1 0 ]
0

D=3C

[ 4 4] [ 1212]
3 12 = 3 6

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3-multiplication of matrix
The product of two matrix another matrix C=A×B
Two matrix A and B must comfortable for multiplication
No. of Colums A = No. of Rows B

Example 1:

[12 ]
A= 3 4 [ 13 4]
B= 2 15
`

C=A×B

[ ( 1 ×1 ) +(2× 2) ( 1× 3 ) +(2 ×1) ( 4 × 1 )+(2 ×5)

C= ( 3× 1 ) +(4 ×2) ( 3 ×3 )+( 4 ×1) ( 3 × 4 ) +(4 × 5) ]
[ 5 5 14 ]
C= 1113 32

Example 2:

[ 13]
A= 25 B=[ 2 4−1 ]

No. of columns A ≠ No. of Row B

2≠1

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A × B is not possible

4-Transpose of Matrix
Transpose of A=AT

[]
12
[ ]
1 10
A= 2 4 3 T
A = 14
03

5-Determination of Matrix
The determination is necessary to complete the inverse of a Matrix. The
determinant, indicated by |A|, is the unit scalar (any number) value of each
square matrix A.

Example1:

[ 21]
A= 13 |A|=(2x3)-(1x1)=5

Example2:

[ ] [ ]
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
A= 1 4 2 |A|= 1 4 2 1 4
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1

|A|=(1x4x1)+(2x2x2)+(3x1x1)-(3x4x2)-(1x2x1)-(2x1x1)= -13

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6-Cofactor and Minor of Matrix

[ ] [ ]
¿ a 1 a2 a 3 abc
A= a 4 a 5 a 6 Minor of A= d e f
a7a8a9 gk l

a= (a5xa9)-(a6xa8) b=(a4xa9)-(a6xa7) c=(a4xa8)-(a5xa7)

d=(a2xa9)-(a3xa8) e=(a1xa9)-(a3xa7) f=(a1xa8)-(a2xa7)
g=(a2xa6)-(a3xa5) k=(a1xa6)-(a3xa4) l=(a1xa5)-(a2xa4)

[ ]
a−b c
cofactor of A= −d e−f
g−k l

Example1:

[ ] [ ]
12 3 033
A= 21 1 Minor of A= −2−1 0
12 2 −1−5−3

[ ]
0−3 3
Cofactor of A= 2−1 0
−15−3

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7-inverse of matrix
A . A-1 =1

[ 12 ]
A= −3 4

adj( A) ( Ac ) T
A-1= =
¿ A∨¿ ¿ ¿ A∨¿ ¿

Step 1: |A|= 4-(-6) = 10

step 2: Minor of A= 2 1 [ 4−3] [ 43 ]

step 3: cofactor of A= −21

step 4: (Ac)T = 3 1 [ 4−2]

step 5: A =
( Ac ) T
-1
¿ A∨¿ ¿
= [ 4−2
31 ] = [
0.3 0.1 ]
0.4−0.2
10

checking for answer

A . A-1 =1

[−31 24 ] x [ 0.4−0.2
0.3 0.1 ]
= 1

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Solving Linear Equation
We solve linear Equation by two difference way ,the first way is called
Inverse Method , and the second one called Gramer’s Method .

1-Inverse Method
Q/ solve the following Linear Equation using Inverse Method .
3x+y+3z=10
5x-4y+z=18
-x+2y+z=12

[ ] [] []
3 1 3 10 x
A= 5 −4 1 B= 18 C= y
−1 2 1 12 z

[ A ] [ X] = [B] [ x ] =[ B ] [ A ] -1

adj( A)
[ A ] -1 =
¿ A∨¿ ¿

[ ] [ ]
−6 6 6 −6 −6 6
Minor of A= −5 6 7 Cofactor A= 5 6 −7
13 −12 −17 13 12 −17

[ ] [ ]
−6 5 13 3 1 3 3 1
[ Ac ] T = −6 6 12 , |A|= 5 −4 1 5 −4
6 −7 −17 −1 2 1 −1 3

|A|= -12-1+30-12-6-5 =-6

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 [ ] [ ]
−5 −13
−6 5 13 1
6 6
adj( A) −6 6 12
[ A ] -1 = = 6 −7 −17 = 1 −1 −2
¿ A∨¿ ¿ 7 17
¿−6∨¿ ¿ −1
6 6

[ x ] =[ B ] [ A ] -1

[ ]
−5 −13
1

[] [ ]
x 10 6 6
y = 18 1 −1 −2
z 12 7 17
−1
6 6

X=-31
Y=-32
Z=45

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2-Gramer’s Method
Example: solve the following Linear Equation using Gamer’s
Method.
3x+2y-z=1
x-y+5z=-2
2x+y=3

[ ] []
3 2 −1 1
A= 1 −1 5 B= −2
2 1 0 3

¿ ¿ ¿
X=¿ Ax∨ ¿ A∨¿ ¿ ¿ , Y=¿ Ay∨ ¿ A∨¿ ¿ ¿ , Z=¿ Az∨ ¿ A∨¿ ¿ ¿

[ ]
1 2 −1 1 2
|Ax|= −2 −1 5 −2−1 , |Ax|=0+30+2-3-5-0=24
3 1 0 3 1

[ ]
3 1 −1 1 2
|Ay|= 1 −2 5 −2 −1 , |Ay|=0+10-3-4-45-0=-42
2 3 0 3 1

[ ]
3 2 1 3 2
|Az|= 1 −1 −2 1 −1 , |Ax|=-9-8+1+2-6(-6)-6=-14
2 1 3 2 1

[ ]
3 2 −1 3 2
|A|= 1 −1 5 1 −1 , |A|=-3+20+(-1)-2-15-2=-3
2 1 0 2 1

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 24 −42 −14
X= −3 = 8 , Y= −3 =14 , Z= −3 = 4.67

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