DAR-ES-SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

4 3 1
− −
 27  3  16  2  1  2
1. Evaluate (a)   +  −  (b) 32 x − 3x +1 − 3x + 3 = 0 .
 8  9  49 
(c) log5 x = 16 log x 5 (d) log 3 x − 6 log x 3 = −1 (e) 4 x − 6(2 x ) − 16 = 0 (f) log2 5  log5 8

2. (a) One factor of f ( x) = x 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 8 is ( x + 1) . Find the other two factors

. (b) The expression 2 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 6 is exactly divisible by (x+ 2) and on

division by (x+1) gives a remainder of -12. Calculate the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’

(c) Find the remainder when the expression x5 − x 2 + 1 is divided by x + 2 ,

(d) One of the factors of the cubic polynomial 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + ax + b is x − 2 . When the
polynomial is divided by ( x − 1) , a remainder of -5 results. Find a and b , and hence

factorize the polynomial completely.

(e) If the expression ax 4 + bx3 − x 2 + 2 x + 3 is divided by x 2 − x − 2 the remainder is
3x + 5 . Find the values of a and b.
(f) Find the value of n when the expression x n − 5 x 2 − 4 is divided by x − 3 leaves the
remainder of 40.
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(g) If 2log y x + 2log x y = 5 , show that log y x , is either or 2. Hence find all pairs of
2
values of x and y which satisfy simultaneously the equation above and the equation
xy = 27 .

27 n + 2 − 6  3 3n +3
3. (a) Simplify
3n  9 n+2

(b) Solve the equations log3 x + 3 log x 3 = 4

(c) Solve for x and y for the following system of simultaneous equations
3 x+ y = 9 


5 2 x −3 y
= 625


1
1. Matrix

A representation of items (information) stored or arranged in an order fashion is simply

called a Matrix. Mathematically, the concept of a matrix refers to a set of numbers, variables
or functions ordered in rows and columns.

Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, letters or symbols. Matrices are always denoted
by upper cases and the entries inside the array are called elements that are uniquely
identified by their positions; such as i th row and j th column.

Consider the Matrix A below.

 a11 a12 a1n 
 
 a21 a22 a2 n 
A=
 
 
 am1 am 2 amn 
A is the matrix of m rows and n columns. The art of identifying a matrix in terms of its
number of rows and columns is known as Order (size or dimension) of a matrix i.e. matrix A
above has m × n (pronounced as m by n) order.

A matrix is said to be a column matrix (column vector) if it has only one column and several
row(s). While a matrix with only one row and several column(s) is called a row matrix (row
vector).
 1 
 
 5  is a column matrix, while ( a11 a12 a1n ) is a row matrix.
 −2 
 

2 Matrix Operation

(a) Matrix addition (subtraction): The operation is defined if two or more matrices have
the same order or dimension.
Example
1 0 1 0   2 1 1 0
  
(i) Find the value of  2 3 4 5 +  2 − 7 0 5 
1 4 8 4   4 5 3 9 
 5 0 4  1 5 − 2 
(ii)  − 
1 − 3 2   7 2 5 
(b) Matrix Multiplication
(i) Scalar Multiplication: Multiply each element in a matrix by a scalar
 3 5   15 25 
For example 5  = 
1 4   5 20 

2
 (ii) Matrix Multiplication: Multiplication (product) of two matrices A and B is
defined if and only if the matrices are compatible, i.e., the number of columns
of first matrix should be equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.

 1 −3 1 2 
 7
Example: 1. ( 2 − 3 4 )  5 0  2.  3 4   
 −2 4  5 68 
   
 3 1 2  4 − 1 2 
3.   
 5 1 7  3 1 3
 3 5 1 0 
4. If f ( x) = 2 x − 4 I , find f ( A) given A =  , I = 
 1 4  0 1

(c) Transpose of a Matrix: The transpose A T of an n × m matrix A is the m × n matrix

3 1 2
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A. Example A =   , its
5 1 7
3 5 
 
transpose is A = 1 1 
T

2 7
 

3. Properties of Matrices
(i) Matrix addition is Commutative A + B = B + A
(ii) Matrix addition is Associative A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
(iii) Matrix multiplication is not Commutative A  B  B  A .
1 0 
However, if I =   , then AI = IA
 0 1

4. Special Types of Matrices

(i) Square matrix: A square matrix is a matrix of dimension n. i.e., a matrix with
the same number of rows and columns (n x n matrix).
1 0 0
 
 0 1 0
(ii) Unit matrix/ Identity matrix: is a square matrix denoted as I = ,
 
 
1 0 1
with 1’s along the leading diagonal (the one that goes from top left-hand corner
to the bottom right-hand corner), and 0’s elsewhere.
1 0 0 
 
So the 3 x 3 unit matrix is I =  0 1 0 
 0 0 1
 

3
(iii) A diagonal matrix is a square matrix A whose elements above and below the
leading (principal) diagonal are all zero, that is aij = 0 for all i  j . [Hint:
Any identity matrix is a diagonal matrix]
3 0 0
For example, A = 0 9 0

0 0 7 

(iv) Symmetrical Matrix:

A real square matrix A is said to be symmetric if it is equal to its transpose,
i.e., AT =A,

 −3 1 5  −3 1 5
Example A = 1 0 − 2 , AT =  1 0 − 2
5 −2 4   5 − 2 4 

(v) Skew-Symmetric Matrix:

A real square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if it is equal to its
negative transpose, i.e., AT = -A
0 −4 1 0 4 −1

Example A =  4 0 
− 5 , 
A =  −4 0
T
5 
 −1 5 0  1 − 5 0

(vi) Triangular Matrix:

A real square matrix A, whose elements above the principal diagonal (or
below the principal diagonal) are all zeros is called triangular matrix

1 0 0

T1 =  −2 3 0  → Lower Triangular Matrix
 −1 5 2 
Example
1 6 − 1
T2 = 0 2 3  → Upper Triangular Matrix
0 0 − 4 

(vii) Orthogonal Matrix:

A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if ATA = I i.e., AT = A−1

4
 3 −6 2 
1
Example A = 2 3 6 
7
6 2 − 3 

5. Trace of a matrix
If A is the square matrix, then the trace of A denoted by tr(A) is defined as the sum of
all entries in the main diagonal of A
3 − 6 2 
Example A =  2 3 6  , tr ( A) = 3 + 3 + (−3) = 3
6 2 − 3 

6. Determinant and Inverse of a Matrix

The determinant of a matrix is a scalar (number), obtained from the elements of the
square matrices by specified operations. It is denoted by det(A) or |A| for a square
matrix A
If det( A) = A = 0 , then matrix A is called a singular matrix (non-inversible matrix)
If det( A) = A  0 , then matrix A is called non- singular matrix (inversible matrix)
Inverse of matrix A, is denoted as A−1

Determinant and inverse of 2 x 2 Order of a Matrix

a b 
Given matrix A =   , det( A) = ad − bc
c d 
1  d −b
Inverse of A is A−1 =  
det( A)  −c a 

5 2
Example A =   , det( A) = (5  4) − (1 2) = 18
1 4 

1  4 − 2
Inverse of matrix A, A−1 =  
18  −1 5 

5
7. Determinant, Co-factor, and inverse of 3 x 3 Order of a Matrix
 a11 a12 a13 
Consider matrix A =  a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 

Minor and Co-factor

The minor of the entry aij in a given matrix A, denoted as Mij is defined to be the
determinant of order (n − 1) formed by deleting the i th row and j th column of A matrix.
The scalar (number) Cij = (−1)i+jMij is called the Co-factor of the element aij of matrix A.
a21 a23
For example, minor of a12 of matrix A is M 12 =
a31 a33

a21 a23 a21 a23

Cofactor of the element a12 of matrix A C12 = (−1)1+ 2 =−
a31 a33 a31 a33

Determinant of matrix A: This can be obtained by summing the products of aij Cij in any of

the rows or columns. For instance, using first row expansion, the determinant of A is:
3
det( A) = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 =  aij Cij
j =1

Co-factor matrix and adjoint matrix.

 a11 a12 a13 
 
Given matrix A =  a21 a22 a23  , Cij is a co-factor element of aij then, the matrix of co-
 a31 a32 a33 

C11 C12 C13 

 
factor matrix A is given as C = C21 C22 C23 .
 C31 C32 C33 

Adjoint and Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix

The transpose of cofactor matrix A is called the adjoint matrix and is denoted as adj (A).
T
C11 C12 C13 
 
Thus, Adj ( A) = C = C21 C22 C23
T

 C31 C32 C33 

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 Adj ( A)
Inverse of a 3x3 Matrix: A−1 =
det( A)

Exercise
 −1 − 1 2 

1. Show that the matrix A = 1 3 − 4  is singular

 1 2 − 3 

1 1 1
2. Find the co-factor and adjoint matrix of A, where A =  2 1 − 1
 
3 − 1 − 2

x y  x 6  4 x + y
3. (a) Find x, y, z and w if: 3 = + .
 z w   −1 2w   z + w 3 
(b) Use inverse matrix and Cramer’s methods to solve the system of linear equations:
1 2 3   x  6
 2 1 1   y  = 5 
    
3 1 − 2  z  1 

 −5 10 8

(c) Evaluate the determinant of matrix A =  4 − 7 − 6 
 −3 6 5

(d) What is an adjoint matrix?

4. (a) Solve the following linear equations by inverse matrix method
x + 2 y + 3z = 6 , 2x + y + z = 5 , 3x + y − 2 z = 1

2x − y = 3 
(c) Use Cramer’s method to solve the following system of linear equations .
x + 3 y = 5

(d) Evaluate:
1 4 3
6 2 5 .
1 7 0

4. (a) Construct a 3  2 matrix A = ( aij ) with the following entries:

7
 a11 = 1, a21 = 2, a31 = 3, a12 = 4, a22 = 5, a32 = 6 .

(b) Find the transpose of matrix A, AT if

1 0 1 0 
A =  2 3 4 5  .
 4 4 4 4

(c) Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following system of linear equations:
4 x − 2 y = 6

x + y = 3

(d) Use Inverse method to solve the following system of linear equations
4 x + 2 y + 3 z = 17
6 x + 5 y + 5 z = 31
x+ y+ z = 6

 x '   5 2  x 
5. (a) The transformation   =    maps the triangle A(3, 2), B(7, 2), C(3, 8) onto
 y '  1 4  y 
the triangle A ' B ' C ' . Find the coordinates of A ' , B ' , C ' and calculate the area of the
triangle A ' B ' C ' .
 x '   3 2  x 
(b) The linear transformation is defined by   =    . (i) Find the image of (1, 0)
 y '   5 4  y 
and (0, 1). (ii)Find the point whose image is (4, 6).

x −3 1 −1
(c) Solve the following equation − 7 x + 5 −1 = 0
−6 6 x−2