VIT
UNIVERSITY
(Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
[Link] Electronics and Communication Engineering
ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
Course code: ECE207
Fall 2017- 2018
Challenging Tasks
Laboratory manual
[Link] Title of the experiment Mode
1 Frequency response of CE Amplifier Multisim
2 Frequency response of CE Amplifier Hardware
3 Frequency response of MOSFET Multisim
source follower
4 Class B Complementary symmetry Multisim
power amplifier
5 Class AB complimentary symmetry Hardware
power amplifier
6 Design of Differential amplifier Multisim
7 Design of Differential amplifier Hardware
8 Voltage Shunt feedback amplifier Hardware
9 RC phase shift oscillator Hardware
10 Single tuned amplifier Multisim
‘
ECE 207 –ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
EVALUATION PROCEDURE
1. Each task is evaluated for 10 marks under the following scheme:
i) Design of the circuit - 3 marks
ii) Simulation/ Hardware execution - 3 marks
iii) Graph & Result - 2 marks
iv) Viva voce - 2 marks
2. An electronic system development using the tasks.
Design of the circuit - 6 marks
ii) Simulation/ Hardware execution - 6 marks
iii) Graph & Result - 4 marks
iv) Viva voce - 4 marks
1. Design of a Voltage amplifier
Problem Definition:
Design a voltage amplifier with a voltage gain of 100 V/V, bandwidth of 10 kHz and
lower cut off frequency of 1 kHz.
Learning outcome:
The student will be able to:
Design and analyze a voltage amplifier for any application by varying the parameters like
voltage gain, transconductance of transistor and bandwidth.
Components Required:
Resistors
Capacitors
NPN Transistor - BC547BP
Prelab questions:
1. What is Q point?
2. What do you mean by dc load line and ac load line
3. What is voltage divider biasing?
4. The Q-point for the amplifier must be established in the _____________.
Theory:
A common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-
transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. In this circuit
the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the
emitter is common to both, hence the name. The common emitter amplifier is called
“inverting amplifier” as the output of the common emitter amplifier is inverted because
increasing the base-emitter current causes a proportional increase in collector-emitter
current. That increase in collector-emitter current pulls the collector towards the emitter,
so the voltage on the collector will go down when the biased base voltage goes up, and
vice versa.
Circuit Diagram:
VCC
Rc
C2
R1
XSC1
Q1
C1
Ext T rig
+
_
BC547BP A B
+ _ + _
R2
Vin
Re Ce
Model graph:
Input waveform Output waveform
Design:
Voltage gain Av = 100
VCC 12V I C 4mA f 100 Hz
, ,
hfe= 200
To find RE:
VCE 50% of VCC
VRE 10% of VCC
VRC 40% of VCC
VRE
RE
IE
To find R1 & R2:
VR 2 VBE VRE
VR1 VCC VR 2
Assume the current passing through R1 and R2 as 10IB and 9IB
IC
IB
h fe
VR 2
R2
9I B
VR1
R1
10 I B
To find RC:
VRC VCC VCE VRE
VRC
RC
IC
RB R1 || R2
1
C
2fR B
To find Bypass capacitance:
RE
X CE
10
10
CE
2fR E
Tabulation:
Input voltage (Vi) =
Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB
Procedure:
1. Set the amplitude of the input signal to a required voltage
2. Vary the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the gain using the formula.
Av (dB) =20log (Vo/Vi)
4. Plot the frequency response characteristics in the semi-log sheet and find the
bandwidth and gain.
Impedance Measurement:
5. To measure input impedance, connect a 10k resistor in series with the function
generator and note down the potential difference across the resistor. Calculate the current
through the resistor. The input impedance is equal to the ration of the voltage at the right
side of the 10k resistor to the current through it.
6. To measure the output impedance, connect a pot at the output of the circuit. Adjust the
pot until the voltage across it is 50% of the output voltage. Remove the pot from the
circuit and measure its resistance using a multimeter.
Post lab questions:
1. What is the significance of bypass capacitor?
2. What will happen to the voltage gain of the amplifier circuit when you remove
the bypass capacitor?
3. Why the voltage gain gets reduced at the low frequency and high frequency
regions?
4. Why the output signal has a phase shift of 180˚ with respect to input signal?
5. What are the functions of emitter resistor?
Result:
Midband gain of the amplifier = _____________
Bandwidth of the amplifier = _______________
Gain bandwidth product =__________________
Input impedance =________________________
Output iimpedance=_______________________
2. Design of a Buffer amplifier
Problem Definition:
Design a buffer amplifier with an input impedance of 50 kΩ and bandwidth of 10 kHz.
Learning outcome:
The student will be able to:
Design and analyze a buffer amplifier for any application by varying the parameters like
transconductance, input impedance and output impedance.
V1
12 V
Q1 XSC1
C1
Ext Trig
+
V2 0.1µF
BF998 C2 _
R1 A B
10mVpk 1MΩ + _ + _
1kHz R2 0.1µF
0° 4.7kΩ
Design specifications:
Vcc = 12V, RG (R1) = 1MΩ, Rs=4.7kΩ, Av=0.9
Procedure:
1. Set the input voltage to be 10mV peak.
2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Compute the gain and plot the graph.
Compute the following:
Find the midband gain Av
1. Voltage gain: Av= gm Rs / (1+ gmRs)
2. Input impedance: Ri= RG
3. Output impedance: Ro = Rs||(1/gm)
3. Design of a Power amplifier
Problem Definition:
A class B output stage is required to deliver an average power of 100W into a 16Ω load.
The power supply should be 4V greater than the corresponding peak sine wave output
voltage. Determine the power supply voltage required, the peak current from each
supply, the total power supply, and the power conversion efficiency. Also, determine the
maximum possible power dissipation in each transistor for a sine wave output
Learning outcome:
The student will be able to:
Design and analyze a power amplifier for driving any load by varying the parameters like
transconductance, and output power.
Class B amplifier
Connect the circuit as shown below. Use MJE15032(npn Power BJT) and MJE15033(pnp
Power BJT)
5
V2
12 V
0 XSC1
Q1 Ext T rig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _
MJE15032
0
3
V1
10 Vpk
1kHz 1
Q3
0°
R3
0 10Ω
MJE15033
2
V3
12 V
Procedure:
Apply a large signal say, 10V peak,1 Khz sine wave as shown in the figure
[Link] the output across the 10 ohm load resistor with respect to the input.
Verify if you get unity voltage gain and a signal in phase with the input.
Verify if you get a large current gain
Calculate the efficiency
Class AB amplifier
Consider the Class AB circuit shown above. The resistors R and R are necessary to bias
the amplifer.
Procedure:
Apply a large signal say, 4V p-p,1KHz sine [Link] the output across the 22 ohm
load resistor with respect to the input.
Verify if you get unity voltage gain and a signal in phase with the input.
Verify if you get a large current gain
Calculate the efficiency
4. Design of a Differential amplifier
Problem Definition:
Design a differential amplifier with a double ended voltage gain of 100 V/V.
Learning outcome:
The student will be able to:
Design and analyze an application specific differential amplifier (Hall Effect) by varying
the parameters like transconductance and drive currents.
Apparatus required:
*Transistor – 2N2222A – 2No’s
*Resistors-1K-3 No’s
*Function Generator
*CRO
*Power supplies
Procedure
To Find Differential Gain (Ad)
*Connect FG(100mVpk,1KHz) at base of Q1 and connect the Q2 base to
Ground
* Connect CRO at collector of Q2 and measure Voltage and find gain(Avd1)
* Now Connect FG(100mVpk,1KHz) at base of Q2 and connect the Q1 base to
Ground
* Connect CRO at collector of Q2 and measure Voltage and find gain(Avd2)
* Since both the Transistors are selected with equal “hfe” it is suppose to have
Avd1=Avd2.
*If not repeat the same procedure with different group of transistors
To Find Common Mode Gain(Ac)
Connect both the transistor bases to a common input(same 100mVpk,1KHz) .
Connect the CRO at collector of Q2(as shown in figure) and measure Voltage and
find gain(Avc)
To find CMRR
(CMRR)dB = 20 log(Ad/Ac)
[Link] Shunt Feedback Amplifier
Problem Definition:
Design a Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier with a feedback factor of 0.5 and examine
the performance with respect to input impedance, output impedance, gain and bandwidth
of the amplifier with and without feedback..
Learning outcome:
The student will be able to:
Design and analyze a negative feedback amplifier by using different feedback topologies.
Components Required:
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
NPN Transistor - BC547BP
Prelab Questions:
1. What is Voltage shunt feedback amplifier?
2. What are the advantages of negative feedback?
3. Which parameter is applied as feedback to the input in a voltage shunt feedback
amplifier?
4. What is the basic amplifier used in voltage shunt feedback?
Theory:
A feedback amplifier is one in which the output signal is sampled and fed back to the
input to form an error signal that drives the amplifier. Here, voltage refers to connecting
the output voltage as input to the feedback network; and shunt refers to connecting the
feedback signal in shunt (parallel) with an input current source. Shunt feedback
connections tend to decrease the input resistance. Voltage feedback tends to decrease the
output impedance
Circuit Diagram:
a) Voltage Shunt with feedback
VCC
R1 Rc
R3 C2
Rs C1
BC107BP
Vo
R2 Re
Vi Ce
Fig 1: Voltage Shunt with feedback
b) Voltage Shunt without feedback
VCC
R1 Rc
C2
Rs C1
BC107BP
Vo
R2 Re
Vi Ce
Fig 2: Voltage Shunt without feedback
Model Graph:
Design :
Given,
Vcc = 12V IC = 4mA hfe =100 f =50Hz
a) To determine voltages
VRc = 40% Vcc
VRe = 10% Vcc
VCe= 50% Vcc
b) To design Rc, Re
VRc I C Rc
VRe I E Re
c) To design R1, R2
IC
IB
h fe
IR1=10 IB
IR2=9 IB
VR2=VBE+ VRe
VR 2
R2
9I B
VR1= Vcc- VR2
VR1
R1
10 I B
RB R1 || R2
1
C
2fR B
RE
X CE
10
10
CE
2fR E
Procedure:
1. Set the amplitude of the input signal to a required voltage value
2. Vary the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the gain using the formula.
Av (dB) =20log (Vo/Vi)
4. Plot the frequency response characteristics in the semi-log sheet and find the
bandwidth and gain.
Tabular Column:
a) With feedback
Input voltage (Vi) =
Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB
b) Without feedback
Input voltage (Vi) =
Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB
Post lab Questions:
1. Compute the voltage gain of the Voltage shunt feedback amplifier for the given
design specifications.
2. Explain the operation of feedback in voltage shunt amplifier.
3. What happens to the gain and bandwidth of the voltage shunt amplifier after
introducing feedback?
4. Calculate the feedback factor of the given amplifier.
Result:
Midband gain =____________________
Bandwidth =_______________________
6. RC Phase Shift Oscillator
Problem Definition:
Design of a low frequency RC phase shift oscillator.
Learning outcome:
The student will be able to:
Design and analyze an oscillator for given operating frequency
Components Required:
Resistors
Capacitors
NPN Transistor - BC547BP
Prelab Questions:
1. State the Barkhausen criteria for sustained oscillation.
2. What type of feedback is used for oscillator?
3. How oscillation is produced?
4. Differentiate between an amplifier and an oscillator?
Theory:
An oscillator is a circuit, which generates ac output signal without giving any input ac
signal. This circuit is usually applied for audio frequencies only. The basic requirement
for an oscillator is positive feedback. The operation of the RC Phase Shift Oscillator can
be explained as follows: The starting voltage is provided by noise, which is produced due
to random motion of electrons in resistors used in the circuit. The noise voltage contains
almost all the sinusoidal frequencies. This low amplitude noise voltage gets amplified
and appears at the output terminals. The amplified noise drives the feedback network
which is the phase shift network. Because of this the feedback voltage is maximum at a
particular frequency, which in turn represents the frequency of oscillation. Furthermore,
the phase shift required for positive feedback is correct at this frequency only. Therefore,
the expression for frequency of oscillation for RC Phase Shift Oscillator is
1
f
2RC 6 4 C
R
R
Hence, RC Phase Shift Oscillator produces an output which is 1800 out of phase to the
input and also the desired frequency selection can be obtained.
Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Design:
Sinewave with amplitude=10Vpp, Frequency of Oscillation = 5 kHz
Vcc =12V IC = 4mA hfe = 200
a) To determine voltages
VRc = 40% Vcc
VRe = 10% Vcc
VCe= 50% Vcc
b) To design Rc, Re
VRc I C Rc
VRe I E Re
c) To design R1, R2
IC
IB
h fe
IR1=10 IB
IR2=9 IB
VR2=VBE+ VRe
VR 2
R2
9I B
VR1= Vcc- VR2
VR1
R1
10 I B
d) To design bypass capacitor:
RE
X CE
10
10
CE
2fR E
e) To design feedback circuit:
Let frequency, f= 5 kHz, R = 1kΩ
Using the formula, compute the value of capacitance.
1
f
2RC 6 4 C
R
R
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO at the collector terminal and observe the waveform after providing
DC supply.
3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the practical frequency of oscillation
Tabulation:
Signal Amplitude(volts) Time period (ms)
Output signal
Postlab Questions:
1. Explain the operation of RC phase shift oscillator.
2. What are the practical apllicatiobs of RC phase shift oscillator?
3. The feedback components used in RC phase oscillator are_________________.
4. RC phase shift oscillator belongs to the category of ______________________.
5. What happens when CE is removed? Why?
Result:
Amplitude of the sinewave = _______________
Frequency of the Sinewave =________________
