Unit-1

1. Derive the expressions for voltage gain and input admittances of a common
drain (CD) amplifier at high frequencies.
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2. Draw and explain the High frequency model of a Transistor
Answer:
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3. Derive the expressions for transconductance (g m) and input conductance
(gb’e) of a hybrid-π model? Also, mention the typical values of hybrid-π
parameters.
Answer:
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4. Draw the equivalent diagram of a single stage CE amplifier at high
frequencies. Derive the expression for gain under short circuited load
conditions
Answer:
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5. Draw the equivalent diagram of a single stage CE amplifier at high
frequencies. Derive the expression for gain with Load resistance RL.
Answer:
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6. Derive the expressions for voltage gain and input admittances of a common
source (CS) amplifier at high frequencies.
Answer:
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7. For the following measurements, Ic = 5 mA , VCE = 10 V at room temperature hfe
=100, hie =600Ω, Aie =10 at 10 MHz, Cc=3pF. Determine fβ, fT, rb’e , rbb’ and Ce
Solution
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8. Derive current gain of amplifier by considering different frequency regions.
Answer:
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 Unit-2
1. Derive the overall current gain, voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance
of Boot strapped amplifier in terms of h-parameters?
Answer:
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2. Draw the equivalent circuit of two stage RC coupled amplifier for Mid-band
frequency, and derive the expressions for current gain, voltage gain
Answer:
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3. Explain about multistage amplifiers and List out the advantages, disadvantages and
applications of multistage amplifiers.
Answer:

Multistage Amplifiers: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications

Disadvantages of Multistage Amplifiers

1. Increased Complexity:
o Requires more components, leading to higher design and implementation
complexity.
2. Power Consumption:
o More stages mean higher power consumption, which is a concern for battery-
operated devices.
3. Signal Distortion:
o At high frequencies, phase shifts and nonlinearities can cause distortion.
4. Heat Dissipation Issues:
o Multiple active components generate more heat, requiring efficient thermal
management.
5. Reduced Efficiency:
o Cascading multiple stages leads to efficiency loss due to cumulative losses in
each stage.
 6. Higher Cost:
o More components lead to increased material and manufacturing costs.

Advantages of Multistage Amplifiers

1. Higher Gain:
o The overall gain is the product of individual stage gains, making it possible to
achieve high amplification.
2. Improved Impedance Matching:
o Different stages can be designed to match input and output impedance,
reducing signal loss.
3. Better Frequency Response:
o Different configurations (RC-coupled, transformer-coupled, etc.) help in
achieving a wider bandwidth.
4. Higher Stability:
o Multistage amplifiers offer better control over gain and stability, reducing
distortions.
5. Low Noise Performance:
o A properly designed multistage amplifier can minimize noise by using low-
noise transistors in initial stages.
6. Greater Output Power:
o Useful for driving power-hungry devices like loudspeakers or transmitting
antennas.
7. Flexibility in Design:
o Different types of amplifier configurations (CE, CB, CC) can be combined to
optimize performance.

Applications of Multistage Amplifiers

1. Audio Amplification:
o Used in speakers, public address systems, and music systems.
2. Radio and TV Receivers:
o Amplifies weak signals received by antennas before processing.
3. Communication Systems:
o Essential in transmitters and receivers for signal boosting.
4. Instrumentation and Measurement Devices:
o Used in oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers to amplify signals for analysis.
5. Medical Equipment:
o Found in ECG, EEG, and biomedical signal amplifiers.
6. Radar and Sonar Systems:
o Enhances detection and signal processing in defense and marine applications.
7. Signal Processing Circuits:
o Used in image processing and digital signal processing applications.
8. Industrial Automation:
o Used in sensors and control systems for precise signal amplification.

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4. A multi stage amplifier employs five stages, each of which has a power gain
of 30. What is total gain of the amplifier in dB?
Solution:

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5. Derive the expression for differential mode gain of BJT based differential amplifier.
Also, mention the features of differential amplifier.
Answer:
 High Input Impedance
• Offers high input impedance to prevent loading effects on the signal source.
• Useful in sensor applications and biomedical signal processing (ECG, EEG, etc.).
Low Output Impedance
• Provides a low output impedance, making it suitable for driving loads efficiently.
Stability and Linearity
• Provides good gain stability and low distortion, making it ideal for precision
applications.
Low Noise Performance
• Since it rejects common-mode noise, it is preferred in low-noise applications like
instrumentation and audio processing.
Can be Implemented Using BJTs or MOSFETs
• Can be designed using Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) or MOSFETs,
depending on the application.
Used in Op-Amps
• Differential amplifiers are the core building blocks of operational amplifiers
(Op-Amps).
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6. Draw the circuit diagram of cascode amplifier circuit and analyze its
performance.
Answer:
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7. Explain different coupling methods in multistage amplifiers?
Answer:
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8. Compute the value of overall current gain and input impedance of a
Darlington pair with 1KΩ emitter resistance connected to the emitter of a
second transistor if h fc , hic, hoc and hrc of both the transistor are given as - 51,
1.1kΩ, 0 and 1 respectively.
Solution:
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 Unit-3
1. Derive an expression for the voltage gain, input and output impedances with
feedback of a voltage series feedback amplifier?
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2. Distinguish between regenerative and degenerative feedback in amplifiers
and give their applications.
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3. Calculate the voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance of a voltage
series feedback amplifier having an open loop gain A=300, Ri=1.5KΩ,
R0=50KΩ and β=1/20.
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4. Discuss the effect of negative feedback with respect to closed loop gain and
distortion.
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5. The mid band gain of an amplifier is 500, the lower cut-off frequency is 70 Hz
and upper cut-off frequency is 150 Hz. The mid band gain is reduces to 20 on
employing negative feedback. Determine the effect of feedback on the upper
and lower cut-off frequency
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6. Give the block diagram of a general feedback amplifier. State the function of
each block.
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7. Enumerate the procedure employed in the analysis of feedback amplifiers and

discuss in detail the effect of feedback on the amplifier gain
Example:
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8. If an input of 0.028V peak to peak given to an open loop amplifier, it gives

fundamental frequency output of 36V peak to peak, but it is associated with
7% distortion. i) If the distortion is to be reduced to 1%, how much feedback
is to be introduced and what will be required input voltage? ii) If 1.2% of
output is feedback and the input is maintained at the same level, what is the
output voltage?
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 Unit-4
1. Derive the expression for frequency of oscillation and conditions of oscillation
of a Colpitt’s oscillator? Also, mention its applications
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2. Draw the circuit diagram of a Crystal Oscillator and derive the expression for
frequency of oscillation
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3. Derive an expression for frequency of oscillations of a Wein bridge oscillator using
transistors. Also, mention its advantages.
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4. What are the differences between an oscillator and an amplifier? Explain the
operating principle of an oscillator.
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5. What is an Oscillator? Explain the Barkhausen criterion for oscillations in

sinusoidal oscillator.
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6. Perform the generalized analysis of LC oscillators with suitable block diagram
and obtain the condition for Hartley and Colpitt’s oscillators
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7. In a FET based RC phase shift oscillator, R = 200 KΩ and C = 200 pF. Find
the frequency of the oscillator

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8. A phase shift oscillator is to be designed with FET having gm =5000μs, rd=4kΩ
while the resistance in the feedback circuit is 9.7kΩ. Select the proper value of
C and RD to have the frequency of oscillations as 5KHz.

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 Unit5
1. A transformer coupled class A power amplifier supplies the power to an 80Ω
load connected across the secondary of a transformer having turns ratio of
5:1, if Ic= 120 mA, determine maximum output power

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2. Derive the expression for efficiency of a direct coupled Class A power amplifier
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3. Write short notes on the stability of tuned amplifiers.

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4. A single transistor operates as an ideal class B amplifier. If d.c current drawn

from the supply is 25mA, calculate the a.c power delivered to load for load of
2KΩ.

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5. What is class C amplifier? How are harmonics avoided in the output of such
an amplifier?
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6. Derive the expression for the gain of a single-tuned capacitance coupled

amplifier, Discuss about its Selectivity.
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7. Draw the equivalent circuit of capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier and
derive the expression for voltage gain.
(samea s 6th question)
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8. What is the effect of cascading single tuned amplifier on bandwidth? Derive

the expression for it.
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Extra problems(to practice):
Unit-1
1. When a Ge PNP transistor is biased at 2mA, 15V, it has a base width of 1
micron. Find Ce and fT if DB=47cm2 /sec.
2. A single stage Common Emitter amplifier is measured to have a voltage-gain
bandwidth fH of 5 MHz with RL = 500 ohm. Assume hfe=100, gm = 100 mA/V,
rbb = 1000, Cc = 1pf, and fT = 400 MHz. Find the value of the source resistance
that will give the required bandwidth.
3. If a Transistor has a value of β=50 and Collector current of 10mA, determine
the value of Emitter Current and Calculate the value of α of the Transistor.
4. The following low frequency (i.e hybrid-π) parameters for a given transistor are
Ic=10mA , Vce =10V and at room temperature hie =500Ω , hoe = 4X10-4 ℧ , hfe = 100 , and
hre = 10-4 . At the same operating point fT = 50 MHz, Cc = 3 pF. Find all the values of
hybrid-π parameters.
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9. Three identical cascaded amplifier stages have overall upper 3 dB frequency of 100 KHz
and overall lower 3 dB frequency of 20 Hz. Find the upper and lower 3 dB frequency of
individual stages.
10. Three amplifiers of gain 20dB, 30dB and 40dB are connected together. Find
the overall gain in dB and normal units.
Unit-3:

9. The distortion in an amplifier is found to be 3%, when the feedback ratio of a negative
feedback amplifier is 0.04, when the feedback is removed, the distortion
becomes 15%. Find the open loop gain and closed loop gain.
10. A voltage-series negative feedback amplifier has a voltage gain without feedback of
A-500, input resistance Ri=3KΩ, output resistance of Ro=20KΩ and feedback
ratio β=0.01, calculate the voltage gain Af, input resistance Rif and output resistance
R of the amplifier with feedback.
11. An amplifier requires an input signal of 60mV to produce a certain output. With a
negative feedback to get the same output the required signal is 0.5V.The voltage
gain with feedback is 90. Find the open loop gain and feedback factor.
12. An amplifier with negative feedback gives an output of 12.5 with an output of 1.5V.
When feedback is removed, it requires 0.25V input for the same output. Find i) values
of voltage gain without feedback
ii) Value of β, if the input and output are in phase and β is real.
 Unit-4:

9. In an Hartley oscillator, if L1=0.2mH,L2=0.3mH and C=0.003 μF, calculate the

frequency of its oscillation.
10. A Colpitts Oscillator is designed with C2=100pF and C1=7500pF.The inductance is
variable, determine the range of inductance values, if the frequency of oscillation
is to vary between 950 and 2050 KHz
11. In the Wein-bridge oscillator, if the RC network consists of resistors of 200KΩ and
the capacitors of 300pF, find its frequency of oscillation.

Answer: f=1/2*pi*root(R*C)= 20.5 Hz

13. Voltage gain of an amplifier without feedback is 60 dB. It decreases to 40 dB with
feedback. Calculate the feedback factor.
 Unit-5:

9. A single transistor operates as an ideal class B amplifier. If d.c current drawn

from the supply is 25mA, calculate the a.c power delivered to load for load of
2KΩ.

10. Push pull amplifier utilizes a transformer whose primary has a total of 160 turns
and whose secondary has 40 turns. It must be capable of delivering 40W to an
8 Ω load under maximum power conditions. What is the minimum possible
value of Vcc?