VIT

UNIVERSITY
(Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering

ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Course code: ECE207

Fall 2011- 2012

Laboratory manual

Fall 2011-2012
S.No Week Title of the experiment Mode

1 2 3

20.07.11-26.07.11 27.07.11-02.08.11 03.08.11-09.08.11

Frequency response of CE Amplifier Frequency response of CE Amplifier Frequency response of MOSFET source follower Class B Complementary symmetry power amplifier Pending experiments/Record correction/VIVA Class AB complimentary symmetry power amplifier Design of Differential amplifier Design of Differential amplifier Voltage Shunt feedback amplifier RC phase shift oscillator Single tuned amplifier Pending experiments/Record correction/VIVA

Multisim Hardware Multisim

10.08.11-16.08.11

Multisim

17.08.11-19.08.11

-- --

29.08.11-02.09.11

Hardware

7 8 9 10 11 12

05.09.11-09.09.11 12.09.11-16.09.11 19.09.11-23.09.11 26.09.11-30.09.11 03.10.11-07.10.11 17.10.11-21.10.11

Multisim Hardware Hardware Hardware Multisim ----

ECE 207 ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Fall 2011-2012
EVALUATION PROCEDURE 1. Each experiment is evaluated for 30 marks under the following scheme: i) Design of the circuit - 10marks ii) Simulation/ Hardware execution - 10 marks iii) Graph & Result -10 marks The average of all the experiment marks will be converted to 30. VIVA/Quiz at the end of 1st cycle 10 marks VIVA/Quiz at the end of 2nd cycle 10 marks At the end of the semester, a lab exam will be conducted for 50 marks 2. Term end lab exam - 50 marks i) Trouble shooting the circuit - 40 marks a) Identification of circuit and the fault - 10 marks b) Rectification of fault - 5 marks c) Execution - 15 marks d) Result & Graph - 10 marks ii) Viva voce - 10 marks

Week 1 and 2: Frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier

Week1 Software simulation using MULTISIM

Week2 : Hardware implementation using WORK BENCH

Components Required:
Resistors Capacitors NPN Transistor - BC547BP

Prelab questions:
1. What is Q point? 2. What do you mean by dc load line and ac load line 3. What is voltage divider biasing? 4. The Q-point for the amplifier must be established in the _____________.

Theory:
A common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-

transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. In this circuit the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the emitter is common to both, hence the name. The common emitter amplifier is called inverting amplifier as the output of the common emitter amplifier is inverted because increasing the base-emitter current causes a proportional increase in collector-emitter current. That increase in collector-emitter current pulls the collector towards the emitter, so the voltage on the collector will go down when the biased base voltage goes up, and vice versa.

Circuit Diagram:

VCC

Rc C2 XSC1 C1 Q1
Ext Trig + _

R1

BC547BP
+

A _ +

B _

Vin

R2 Re Ce

Model graph:

Input waveform

Output waveform

Design:
Voltage gain Av = 100 VCC = 12V , I C = 4mA , f = 100 Hz
hfe= 200 To find RE:

VCE = 50% of VCC

VRE = 10% of VCC

VRC = 40% of VCC

RE =

VRE IE

To find R1 & R2:

VR 2 = VBE + VRE
VR1 = VCC V R 2
Assume the current passing through R1 and R2 as 10IB and 9IB

IB =

IC h fe

R2 =

VR 2 9I B V R1 10 I B

R1 =

To find RC:

V RC = VCC VCE V RE

RC =

VRC IC

RB = R1 || R2
C= 1 2 fR B

To find Bypass capacitance:

X CE =

RE 10

CE =

10 2fRE

Tabulation:
Input voltage (Vi) = Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB

Procedure:
1. Set the amplitude of the input signal to a required voltage 2. Vary the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz and note down the corresponding output voltage. 3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the gain using the formula. Av (dB) =20log (Vo/Vi) 4. Plot the frequency response characteristics in the semi-log sheet and find the bandwidth and gain. Impedance Measurement: 5. To measure input impedance, connect a 10k resistor in series with the function generator and note down the potential difference across the resistor. Calculate the current through the resistor. The input impedance is equal to the ration of the voltage at the right side of the 10k resistor to the current through it.

6. To measure the output impedance, connect a pot at the output of the circuit. Adjust the pot until the voltage across it is 50% of the output voltage. Remove the pot from the circuit and measure its resistance using a multimeter.

Post lab questions:

1. What is the significance of bypass capacitor? 2. What will happen to the voltage gain of the amplifier circuit when you remove the bypass capacitor? 3. Why the voltage gain gets reduced at the low frequency and high frequency regions? 4. Why the output signal has a phase shift of 180 with respect to input signal? 5. What are the functions of emitter resistor?

Result:
Midband gain of the amplifier = _____________ Bandwidth of the amplifier = _______________ Gain bandwidth product =__________________ Input impedance =________________________ Output iimpedance=_______________________

Week 3: Frequency response of MOSFET Source Follower:

V1 12 V

C1 V2 0.1 F 10mVpk 1kHz 0 R1 1M

Q1

XSC1
Ext T rig +

BF998 C2
A + _ +

_ B _

R2 4.7k

0.1 F

Design specifications: Vcc = 12V, RG (R1) = 1M , Rs=4.7k , Av=0.9 Procedure: 1. Set the input voltage to be 10mV peak. 2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding output voltage. 3. Compute the gain and plot the graph. Compute the following: Find the midband gain Av 1. Voltage gain: Av= gm Rs / (1+ gmRs) 2. Input impedance: Ri= RG 3. Output impedance: Ro = Rs||(1/gm)

Week 4 and 5:

Class B and Class AB amplifier

Week4 In this lab session, we will analyse power amplifiers.We will first analyse Class B amplifier by simulating it in MULTISIM. Then will design Class AB amplifier and do it in hardware. Class B amplifier Connect the circuit as shown below. Use MJE15032(npn Power BJT) and MJE15033(pnp Power BJT)
5 V2 12 V Q1
A B _ + _

XSC1
Ext T rig + _ +

MJE15032 V1 10 Vpk 1kHz 0 0 3

1 Q3 R3 10 MJE15033 2 V3 12 V

Procedure: Apply a large signal say, 10V peak,1 Khz sine wave as shown in the figure above.Observe the output across the 10 ohm load resistor with respect to the input. Verify if you get unity voltage gain and a signal in phase with the input. Verify if you get a large current gain

Calculate the efficiency

Week5: In this session,we will analyse the functioning of class AB amplifier in hardware. Class AB amplifier

Consider the Class AB circuit shown above. The resistors R and R are necessary to bias the amplifer. Procedure: Apply a large signal say, 4V p-p,1KHz sine wave.Observe the output across the 22 ohm load resistor with respect to the input.

Verify if you get unity voltage gain and a signal in phase with the input. Verify if you get a large current gain Calculate the efficiency

Week6 and 7: Week6- Diffenrential amplifier in Multisim Differential Amplifier

Aim : To determine CMRR of Differential Amplifier Apparatus required: *Transistor 2N2222A 2Nos *Resistors-1K-3 Nos *Function Generator *CRO *Power supplies Procedure To Find Differential Gain (Ad) *Connect FG(100mVpk,1KHz) at base of Q1 and connect the Q2 base to Ground * Connect CRO at collector of Q2 and measure Voltage and find gain(Avd1) * Now Connect FG(100mVpk,1KHz) at base of Q2 and connect the Q1 base to Ground * Connect CRO at collector of Q2 and measure Voltage and find gain(Avd2) * Since both the Transistors are selected with equal hfe it is suppose to have

Avd1=Avd2. *If not repeat the same procedure with different group of transistors To Find Common Mode Gain(Ac) Connect both the transistor bases to a common input(same 100mVpk,1KHz) . Connect the CRO at collector of Q2(as shown in figure) and measure Voltage and find gain(Avc) To find CMRR (CMRR)dB = 20 log(Ad/Ac) Week7- same as week6 in Hardware Typical value of CMRR lies in the range of 100 dB to 120 dB

Week8:

Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Aim:

To design a Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier to determine gain and bandwidth of the amplifier with and without feedback. i) Software simulation using MULTISIM

ii) Hardware implementation using WORK BENCH

Components Required:
Resistors Capacitors Inductors NPN Transistor - BC547BP

Prelab Questions:
1. What is Voltage shunt feedback amplifier? 2. What are the advantages of negative feedback? 3. Which parameter is applied as feedback to the input in a voltage shunt feedback amplifier? 4. What is the basic amplifier used in voltage shunt feedback?

Theory:
A feedback amplifier is one in which the output signal is sampled and fed back to the input to form an error signal that drives the amplifier. Here, voltage refers to connecting the output voltage as input to the feedback network; and shunt refers to connecting the feedback signal in shunt (parallel) with an input current source. Shunt feedback

connections tend to decrease the input resistance. Voltage feedback tends to decrease the output impedance

Circuit Diagram:
a) Voltage Shunt with feedback
VCC

R1 R3

Rc C2

Rs

C1 BC107BP Vo

Vi

R2

Re Ce

Fig 1: Voltage Shunt with feedback

b) Voltage Shunt without feedback

VCC

R1

Rc C2

Rs

C1 BC107BP Vo

Vi

R2

Re Ce

Fig 2: Voltage Shunt without feedback

Model Graph:

Design :
Given, Vcc = 12V IC = 4mA hfe =100 f =50Hz

a) To determine voltages VRc = 40% Vcc VRe = 10% Vcc VCe= 50% Vcc b) To design Rc, Re

VRc = I C Rc VRe = I E Re
c) To design R1, R2

IB =

IC h fe

IR1=10 IB IR2=9 IB VR2=VBE+ VRe

R2 =

VR 2 9I B

VR1= Vcc- VR2

R1 =

VR1 10 I B

RB = R1 || R2
C= 1 2 fR B

X CE =

RE 10

CE =

10 2fRE

Procedure:
1. Set the amplitude of the input signal to a required voltage value 2. Vary the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz and note down the corresponding output voltage. 3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the gain using the formula. Av (dB) =20log (Vo/Vi) 4. Plot the frequency response characteristics in the semi-log sheet and find the bandwidth and gain.

Tabular Column:
a) With feedback Input voltage (Vi) = Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB

b) Without feedback Input voltage (Vi) = Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB

Post lab Questions:

1. Compute the voltage gain of the Voltage shunt feedback amplifier for the given design specifications. 2. Explain the operation of feedback in voltage shunt amplifier. 3. What happens to the gain and bandwidth of the voltage shunt amplifier after introducing feedback? 4. Calculate the feedback factor of the given amplifier.

Result:
Midband gain =____________________ Bandwidth =_______________________

Week 9: RC Phase Shift Oscillator Aim:

To design a RC phase shift oscillator to generate sine wave form of required frequency i) ii) Software simulation using MULTISIM Hardware implementation using WORK BENCH

Components Required:
Resistors Capacitors NPN Transistor - BC547BP

Prelab Questions:
1. State the Barkhausen criteria for sustained oscillation. 2. What type of feedback is used for oscillator? 3. How oscillation is produced? 4. Differentiate between an amplifier and an oscillator?

Theory:
An oscillator is a circuit, which generates ac output signal without giving any input ac signal. This circuit is usually applied for audio frequencies only. The basic requirement for an oscillator is positive feedback. The operation of the RC Phase Shift Oscillator can be explained as follows: The starting voltage is provided by noise, which is produced due to random motion of electrons in resistors used in the circuit. The noise voltage contains almost all the sinusoidal frequencies. This low amplitude noise voltage gets amplified and appears at the output terminals. The amplified noise drives the feedback network which is the phase shift network. Because of this the feedback voltage is maximum at a particular frequency, which in turn represents the frequency of oscillation. Furthermore,

the phase shift required for positive feedback is correct at this frequency only. Therefore, the expression for frequency of oscillation for RC Phase Shift Oscillator is

f =

1 R 2RC 6 + 4 C R

Hence, RC Phase Shift Oscillator produces an output which is 1800 out of phase to the input and also the desired frequency selection can be obtained.

Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:

Design:
Sinewave with amplitude=10Vpp, Frequency of Oscillation = 5kHz Vcc =12V IC = 4mA hfe = 200

a) To determine voltages VRc = 40% Vcc VRe = 10% Vcc VCe= 50% Vcc b) To design Rc, Re

VRc = I C Rc VRe = I E Re
c) To design R1, R2

IB =

IC h fe

IR1=10 IB IR2=9 IB VR2=VBE+ VRe

R2 =

VR 2 9I B

VR1= Vcc- VR2

R1 =

VR1 10 I B

d) To design bypass capacitor:

X CE = CE =

RE 10

10 2fRE

e) To design feedback circuit: Let frequency, f= 5 kHz, R = 1k Using the formula, compute the value of capacitance.

f =

1 R 2RC 6 + 4 C R

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Connect the CRO at the collector terminal and observe the waveform after providing DC supply. 3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the practical frequency of oscillation.

Tabulation:
Signal Output signal Amplitude(volts) Time period (ms)

Postlab Questions:
1. Explain the operation of RC phase shift oscillator. 2. What are the practical apllicatiobs of RC phase shift oscillator? 3. The feedback components used in RC phase oscillator are_________________. 4. RC phase shift oscillator belongs to the category of ______________________. 5. What happens when CE is removed? Why?

Result:
Amplitude of the sinewave = _______________ Frequency of the Sinewave =________________

Week 10

Single Tuned Amplifier Aim:

To design and set up a Single Tuned Amplifier to resonate at a desired frequency and to compute its quality factor. i) ii) Software simulation using MULTISIM Hardware implementation using WORK BENCH

Components Required:
Resistors Capacitors Inductor NPN Transistor - BC547BP

Prelab Questions:
1. What is a tuned amplifier? 2. Define resonant frequency. 3. Why is the Q factor important in the design of tuned amplifier? 4. What are the properties of parallel and series tuned circuits? 5. How dc biasing conditions are chosen in the design of tuned amplifiers?

Theory:
The LC-tuned amplifier is a special kind of frequency-selective network and these tuned amplifiers find application in the radio-frequency (RF) and intermediate-frequency (IF) sections of communications receivers and in a variety of other systems. Normally, the tuned amplifiers are small-signal voltage amplifiers in which the transistors operate in the "class A" mode that is, the transistors conduct at all times. The basic principle underlying the design of tuned amplifiers is the use of a parallel LCR circuit as

the load, or at the input, of a BJT amplifier, since the circuit used in this experiment is a single tuned circuit, it is known as a single-tuned amplifier. The general shape of the frequency response of a tuned amplifier is shown in Fig 1; and its response is characterized by the center frequency o, the 3-dB bandwidth, and the skirt selectivity, which is usually measured as the ratio of the 30-dB bandwidth to the 3dB bandwidth. In many applications, the 3-dB bandwidth is less than 5% of o. This narrow-band property makes possible certain approximations that can simplify the design process.

Circuit Diagram:
VCC

C R1

Rc C2

C1 BC547BP Vo Vi R2 Re Ce

Model Graph:

Frequency Response of a Tuned Amplifier

Design:
Given, Vcc = 15V a) To find Re: VRe = 10% Vcc VCe= 50% Vcc IC = 4mA hfe = 200 fo= 10 kHz

Re =

VRe IE

b) To design Rc: VRc= Vcc- VRe- VCe

RC =

VRc IC

c) To design R1, R2

IB =

IC h fe

IR1=10 IB IR2=9 IB

VR2=VBE+ VRe

R2 =

VR 2 9I B

VR1= Vcc- VR2

R1 =

VR1 10 I B

d) To design coupling and bypass capacitors:

X CE = CE =

RE 10

10 2fRE

RB = R1 || R2
C= 1 2 fR B

e) To find L, C Let C= 1 F, then compute inductance value using the formula

fo =

1 2 LC

Tabular Column:
Input voltage (Vi) = Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo)volts Gain = 20 log(Vo/Vi ) dB

Procedure:
1. Set the input voltage to 100mV, 1 KHz 2. Vary the frequency from 100Hz-1MHz and note down the corresponding output voltage. 3. Tabulate the readings and calculate the gain using the formula. Av (dB) =20log (Vo/Vi) 4. Plot the frequency response characteristics in the semi-log sheet and find the bandwidth and gain.

Postlab Questions:
1. What are the applications of tuned amplifier? 2. Compute the voltage gain of the given tuned amplifier? 3. Explain class C operation. 4. What is an IF amplifier? 5.

Result:
1. Bandwidth of the amplifier=_______________ 2. Quality factor of the circuit = _______________ 3. Resonant frequency = _____________________