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TI-GCM-13
CM Issue 3
Heating formulas
Equation
Use to calculate
Formula
Steam load from kW heat rating
An air heater kW rating from the air flow and temperature rise
An air heater steam load from the air flow and temperature rise and the
steam pressure in the heater
The amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a substance
The mean heating load to change the temperature of a weight of
substance over a stipulated time
kW
The heating load for a flow-type application like a heat exchanger
kW
The mean steam load to heat steam pipework over a stipulated time
(warm-up load)
kg/h
The steam load for radiation losses from steam pipework (running load)
kg/h
The heating capacity of a heat exchanger or coil at start-up
kW
10
The heating capacity of a heat exchanger or steam coil when operating
kW
11
The steam valve Kv, given upstream pressure, mass flowrate ...
and a pressure drop less than CPD
12
The pressure drop ratio x
13
The steam valve Kv, given the upstream pressure mass flowrate ...
and a pressure drop greater than CPD
14
The steam mass flowrate given upstream pressure Kv ...
and a pressure drop less than CPD
kg/h
15
The steam mass flowrate given upstream pressure, Kv ...
and a pressure drop greater than CPD
kg/h
16
A water control valve Kv given volume flowrate and pressure drop
kg/h
kW
kg/h
kJ
m3/[Link]
m3/[Link]
m3/[Link]
Terms
Units
Definitions
m2
Cp
kJ/kgC
T1
Initial (or inlet) temperature of substance
T2
Final (or outlet) temperature of substance
Ta
Ambient temperature
Tm
Mean temperature of heated substance
Ts
Steam temperature
DT
Temperature rise of heated substance
DTs
Temperature difference between steam and substance at start-up
Area of heating surface
Specific heat capacity of substance
T2 - T1
Ts - T1
Mean temperature difference between steam and substance at any heat load
C
DTm
AMTD = Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference
LMTD = Logrithmic Mean Temperature Difference
dimensionless
Insulation factor
hours
Time in hours
hfg
kJ/kg
Enthalpy of evaporation
Kvr
m3/h bar
The required capacity index
Kvs
m3/h bar
The valve capacity index (full open valve)
kW
kJ/s
Length of pipe run
kg
Mass
Rate of heat transfer
kg/h
Mass flowrate
P1
bar a
Upstream pressure
P2
bar a
Downstream pressure
kJ
Amount of heat added to raise temperature
kW
Rate of heat transfer
kW
Mean rate of heat transfer
W/m
(watts per metre of pipe)
W/m2C
Radiation loss from pipework
Overall heat transfer coefficient
m3/s
Volumetric flowrate of air
m3/h
Volumetric flowrate of water
kg
Weight of pipe being heated
TI-GCM-13 CM Issue 3
Heating formulas
