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FSK Modulation and Demodulation Study

This document summarizes an experiment on frequency shift keying (FSK). The objective is to study FSK modulation and demodulation. Equipment needed includes textbooks, cables, and an oscilloscope. FSK encodes data by shifting the carrier frequency between two values, with a higher frequency representing a 1 and lower representing a 0. FSK modulation can be achieved by summing two ASK modulated signals with inverted data on one. FSK demodulation uses a phase locked loop to track the frequency changes and extract the data signal. Advantages of FSK include reliability in noisy channels, but the bandwidth requirement is increased compared to ASK.

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Mrigya Jain
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408 views10 pages

FSK Modulation and Demodulation Study

This document summarizes an experiment on frequency shift keying (FSK). The objective is to study FSK modulation and demodulation. Equipment needed includes textbooks, cables, and an oscilloscope. FSK encodes data by shifting the carrier frequency between two values, with a higher frequency representing a 1 and lower representing a 0. FSK modulation can be achieved by summing two ASK modulated signals with inverted data on one. FSK demodulation uses a phase locked loop to track the frequency changes and extract the data signal. Advantages of FSK include reliability in noisy channels, but the bandwidth requirement is increased compared to ASK.

Uploaded by

Mrigya Jain
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Frequency Shift Keying Theory
  • Experiment Overview
  • FSK Modulator
  • FSK Demodulator and Modulation Advantages
  • Experiment Procedure
  • Observations and Data Analysis
  • Conclusion

Experiment 5

Objective: Study of Frequency Shift Keying.


Equipments Needed:
1. ST2156 and ST2157 Techbooks.
2. 2 mm Banana cable
3. Oscilloscope Caddo 802 or equivalent

Theory:
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Technique:
In frequency shift keying, the carrier frequency is shifted in steps (i.e. from
one frequency to another) corresponding to the digital modulation signal.
If the higher frequency is used to represent data '1' & lower frequency for
data '0', the resulting Frequency shift keying waveform appears as shown
in figure 15.
Thus,

Data = 1 high frequency


Data = 0 low frequency

Frequency Shift Keying Waveform


Frequency Shift Keying Modulator:

On a closer look at the FSK waveform, it is apparent that it can be


represented as the sum of two ASK waveforms. This is illustrated in figure
below.

Generation of FSK Waveform from the sum of two ASK Waveforms

The functional blocks required in order to generate the FSK signal is as


shown in figure. There are two ASK modulator, each has different carrier
frequencies but the digital data is inverted in one of the modulator. These

two different ASK modulated signal are applied to the summing amplifier
to get FSK modulated signal.

Frequency Shift Keying Modulator


The demodulation of FSK waveform can be carried out by a phase locked
loop. As known, the phase locked loop tries to 'lock' to the input
frequency. It achieves this by generating corresponding output voltage to
be fed to the voltage controlled oscillator, if any frequency deviation at its
input is encountered. Thus the PLL detector follows the frequency changes
& generates proportional output voltage. The output voltage from PLL
contains the carrier components. Therefore the signal is passed through the
low pass filter to remove them. The resulting wave is rounded to be used
for digital data processing. Also, the amplitude level may be very low due
to channel attenuation. The signal is 'Shaped Up' by feeding it to the

voltage comparator. The functional block diagram of FSK demodulator is


shown in figure.

Frequency Shift Keying Demodulator


Advantages and limitations of Frequency Shift Keying Modulation
Since the amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, this
modulation technique is very reliable even in noisy & fading channels. But
there is always a price to be paid to gain that advantage.
The price in this case is widening of the required bandwidth. The
bandwidth increase depends upon the two carrier frequencies used & the
digital data rate. Also, for a given data, the higher the frequencies & the
more they differ from each other, the wider the required bandwidth. The
bandwidth required is at least doubled than that in the ASK modulation.
This means that lesser number of communication channels for given band
of frequencies.

Circuit diagram:

Refer the figure 3.1 for the connection diagram for Experiment 3.

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supplies of ST2156 and ST2157 but do not turn
on the power supplies until connections are made for this experiment.
2. Make the connections as shown in the figure 3.1.
3. Switch 'ON' the power.
4. On ST2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to Clock In and CH2 to
Data In and observe the waveforms.
5. On ST2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to NRZ (L) and CH2 to
Output of Summing Amplifier on ST2156 and observe the
waveforms.
6. Adjust the potentiometers of both the Modulator Circuit (l) &(ll)
onST2156 to adjust the amplitude of FSK waveform at Summing
Amplifiers output on ST2156.
7. On ST2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to NRZ (L) and CH2 to
Output of comparator on ST2157 and observe the waveforms.

Observations:

1. The output at Summer Amplifier is the FSK waveform, Observe that


for data bit '0' the FSK signal is at lower frequency (960KHz) & for
data bit '1 the FSK signal is at higher frequency (1.6 MHz)The output
at comparator on ST2157 is the same as Data In on ST2156.

Data Input and Modulated Wave

Carrier Signal 1
Carrier Signal 2

ASK Signal 1

ASK Signal 2
Data Input and Inverted Data

Modulated Wave and Demodulated Wave

Modulated Wave and Low Pass Filter Output

Modulated Wave and Data Output

Conclusions:
1. The amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, therefore FSK
modulation technique is very reliable even in noisy & fading channels.

Common questions

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The amplitude of the FSK waveform is adjusted to ensure that the output signal is clear and strong enough for detection and processing. This adjustment affects the signal's robustness against channel attenuation, enabling successful demodulation and recovery of the data at the output without errors caused by insufficient signal level.

The key steps include: connecting the power supplies for ST2156 and ST2157 without turning them on initially, making the required connections as shown in the given diagram (figure 3.1), switching on the power, connecting the oscilloscope to various test points to observe waveforms, and adjusting the potentiometers on the modulator circuit to set the amplitude of the FSK waveform.

Using higher frequencies in FSK modulation results in a wider bandwidth requirement, which narrows the channel capacity within a given frequency band. While higher frequencies may improve performance in terms of data rate and error resilience due to lower susceptibility to certain types of noise, they reduce the total number of available communication channels because of increased bandwidth consumption.

FSK is more reliable than ASK in noisy and fading channels because the amplitude change in FSK does not impact data integrity, unlike in ASK where amplitude changes are used to represent data bits. This makes FSK less susceptible to noise interference that can affect amplitude.

FSK modulation can be generated using two amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulators, each with a different carrier frequency. The digital data signal is inverted in one of the modulators. The outputs of these two modulators are then summed using a summing amplifier to generate the FSK-modulated waveform. This method effectively combines the high frequency for data '1' and low frequency for data '0' to create the FSK signal.

The components necessary for FSK demodulation include the phase locked loop (PLL), a low pass filter, and a voltage comparator. The PLL locks to the input frequency and adjusts its oscillator based on any detected frequency deviations, providing an output voltage indicative of the frequency shifts. The low pass filter removes the high-frequency carrier components, leaving the baseband signal. The voltage comparator shapes the filtered output, restoring it to the appropriate digital logic levels for data processing.

The FSK modulator can be used at the transmitter side to convert digital data into an FSK-modulated signal suitable for transmission over a physical medium, such as wireless or wired channels. The demodulator is used at the receiver side to recover the original digital data from the received FSK-modulated signal. This modulation-demodulation process is critical in systems like mobile communications, telemetry, and remote control applications, where reliable data transmission despite channel noise is essential.

The trade-off for FSK's reliability in noisy channels is the need for a larger bandwidth, as FSK requires a bandwidth at least double that of ASK. This is because FSK uses two different frequencies to represent binary data, and as these frequencies increase and diverge, the required bandwidth widens, reducing the number of channels available within a given frequency band.

Increasing the difference between the two carrier frequencies in FSK modulation leads to a wider required bandwidth. This is because the larger the frequency difference, the greater the spectrum occupied by the signal, thus necessitating more channel space for proper transmission.

In FSK demodulation, the phase locked loop (PLL) plays a crucial role by attempting to lock to the input frequency of the FSK signal. Whenever the input frequency deviates, the PLL produces a corresponding output voltage, adjusting the voltage controlled oscillator accordingly. This process allows the PLL to track frequency changes, and the resulting output voltage is then filtered to remove carrier components, producing a signal suitable for digital data processing.

Experiment 5 Objective: Study of Frequency Shift Keying. Equipments Needed: 1. ST2156 and ST2157 Techbooks. 2. 2 m
On a closer look at the FSK waveform, it is apparent that it can be represented as the sum of two ASK waveforms. This is
two different ASK modulated signal are applied to the summing amplifier to get FSK modulated signal. Fre
voltage comparator. The functional block diagram of FSK demodulator is shown in figure. Frequency Shift Keying Demodula
Refer the figure 3.1 for the connection diagram for Experiment 3. Procedure: 1. Connect the power supplies of ST21
1. The output at Summer Amplifier is the FSK waveform, Observe that for data bit '0' the FSK signal is at lower frequenc
Carrier Signal 1 Carrier Signal 2 ASK Signal 1
ASK Signal 2 Data Input and Inverted Data Modulated Wave and Demodulated Wave
Modulated Wave and Low Pass Filter Output Modulated Wave and Data Output
Conclusions: 1. The amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, therefore FSK modulation technique is very reli

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