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Experiment No 2 Dcom

The document describes an experiment on frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation and demodulation. FSK encodes digital data into different carrier frequencies, using a higher frequency to represent 1 and a lower frequency to represent 0. The experiment shows how to generate an FSK signal using two ASK modulators with different carrier frequencies and how to demodulate the signal using a phase locked loop to extract the original data.

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muskan
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262 views8 pages

Experiment No 2 Dcom

The document describes an experiment on frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation and demodulation. FSK encodes digital data into different carrier frequencies, using a higher frequency to represent 1 and a lower frequency to represent 0. The experiment shows how to generate an FSK signal using two ASK modulators with different carrier frequencies and how to demodulate the signal using a phase locked loop to extract the original data.

Uploaded by

muskan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

02

Experiment Name- FSK Modulation

Aim: To study of Frequency Shift Keying modulation technique.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED :

Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157, 2 mm Banana cable, Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831,
30 MHz or equivalent

Theory:
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Technique :
In frequency shift keying, the carrier frequency is shifted in steps (i.e. from one frequency to
another) corresponding to the digital modulation signal. If the higher frequency is used to represent
data '1' & lower frequency for data '0', the resulting Frequency shift keying waveform appears as
shown in figure.
Thus Data = 1 high frequency
Data = 0 low frequency

Frequency Shift Keying Waveform


Frequency Shift Keying Modulator :
On a closer look at the FSK waveform, it is apparent that it can be represented as the sum of
two ASK waveforms. This is illustrated in figure.

Generation of FSK Waveform from the sum of two ASK Waveforms

The functional blocks required in order to generate the FSK signal is as shown in figure 17.
There are two ASK modulator, each has different carrier frequencies but the digital data is
inverted in one of the modulator. These two different ASK modulated signal are applied to
the summing amplifier to get FSK modulated signal as shown in

Frequency Shif Keying Modulator


The demodulation of FSK waveform can be carried out by a phase locked loop. As known,
the phase locked loop tries to 'lock' to the input frequency. It achieves this by generating
corresponding output voltage to be fed to the voltage controlled oscillator, if any frequency
deviation at its input is encountered. Thus the PLL detector follows the frequency changes &
generates proportional output voltage. The output voltage from PLL contains the carrier
components. Therefore the signal is passed through the low pass filter to remove them. The
resulting wave is rounded to be used for digital data processing. Also, the amplitude level
may be very low due to channel attenuation. The signal is 'Shaped Up' by feeding it to the
voltage comparator. The functional block diagram of FSK demodulator is shown in figure.

Frequency Shift Keying Demodulator

Advantages and limitations of Frequency Shift Keying Modulation


Since the amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, this modulation technique is
very reliable even in noisy & fading channels. But there is always a price to be paid to gain
that advantage.
The price in this case is widening of the required bandwidth. The bandwidth increase depends
upon the two carrier frequencies used & the digital data rate. Also, for a given data, the
higher the frequencies & the more they differ from each other, the wider the required
bandwidth. The bandwidth required is at least doubled than that in the ASK modulation.
Observation Diagram:
Waveforms of FSK Modulation & Demodulation
Connection diagram
Procedure :

Frequency Shift Keying Modulation:

1. Connect the power supplies of Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157 but do not
turn on the power supplies until connections are made for this experiment.

2. Make the connections as shown in the figure 3.1.

3. Switch 'ON' the power.

4. On Scientech 2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Clock In’ and CH2 to ‘Data
In’ and observe the waveforms.

5. On Scientech 2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘NRZ (L)’ and CH2 to


‘Output’ of Summing Amplifier on Scientech 2156 and observe the waveforms.

6. Adjust the potentiometers of both the Modulator Circuit (l) &(ll) onScientech
2156 to adjust the amplitude of FSK waveform at Summing Amplifier’s output
on Scientech 2156.

7. On Scientech 2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘NRZ (L)’ and CH2 to


‘Output’ of comparator on Scientech 2157 and observe the waveforms.

Observations :

The output at Summer Amplifier is the FSK waveform, Observe that for data
bit '0' the FSK signal is at lower frequency (960KHz) & for data bit '1’ the FSK
signal is at higher frequency (1.6 MHz)The output at comparator on Scientech
2157 is the same as ‘Data In’ on Scientech 2156.

Conclusion :
1. The amplitude change in FSK waveform does not matter, therefore FSK
modulation technique is very reliable even in noisy & fading channels.
Viva Questions

1) What is FSK ?

2) Sketch the waveform of FSK for binary sequence 1100101010 ?

3) Draw block diagram of FSK Modulation and Demodulation and explain ?

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