Frequency Shift Keying
وليد مهلهل
Introduction
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying
one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a
modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. Most
radio systems in the 20th century used frequency modulation (FM)
or amplitude modulation (AM) for radio broadcast.
A modulator is a device that performs modulation.
A demodulator (sometimes detector or demod) is a device that
performs demodulation, the inverse of modulation.
A modem (from modulator–demodulator) can perform both operations.
The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass)
signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog bandpass
channel at a different frequency, for example over a limited radio frequency
band or a cable TV network channel. The aim of digital modulation is to transfer
a digital bit stream over an analog communication channel, for example over
the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the
frequency range to 300–3400 Hz) or over a limited radio frequency band.
Analog and digital modulation facilitate frequency division multiplexing (FDM),
where several low pass information signals are transferred simultaneously over
the same shared physical medium, using separate passband channels (several
different carrier frequencies).
The aim of digital baseband modulation methods, also known as line coding, is
to transfer a digital bit stream over a baseband channel, typically a non-filtered
copper wire such as a serial bus or a wired local area network.
The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a narrowband analog signal,
for example, a phone call over a wideband baseband channel or, in some of the
schemes, as a bit stream over another digital transmission system.
In music synthesizers, modulation may be used to synthesize waveforms with
an extensive overtone spectrum using a small number of oscillators. In this case,
the carrier frequency is typically in the same order or much lower than the
modulating waveform (see frequency modulation synthesis or ring modulation
synthesis).
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The
two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by
an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency,
and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency.
A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission
over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or wireless media. The modem also
converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the
computer can "understand."
The FSK mode was introduced for use with mechanical teleprinters in the mid-
1900s. The standard speed of those machines was 45 baud, equivalent to about
45 bits per second. When personal computers became common and networks
came into being, this signaling speed was tedious. Transmission of large text
documents and programs took hours; image transfer was unknown. During the
1970s, engineers began to develop modems that ran at faster speeds, and the
quest for ever-greater bandwidth has continued ever since. Today, a standard
telephone modem operates at thousands of bits per second. Cable and wireless
modems work at more than 1,000,000 bps (one megabit per second or 1 Mbps),
and optical fiber modems function at many Mbps. But the basic principle of FSK
has not changed in more than half a century.
FSK Modulator
The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators with a clock and
the input binary sequence. Following is its block diagram.
The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower frequency signals, are
connected to a switch along with an internal clock. To avoid the abrupt phase
discontinuities of the output waveform during the transmission of the message,
a clock is applied to both the oscillators, internally. The binary input sequence is
applied to the transmitter so as to choose the frequencies according to the
binary input.
FSK Demodulator
There are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave. The main methods
of FSK detection are asynchronous detector and synchronous detector. The
synchronous detector is a coherent one, while asynchronous detector is a non-
coherent one.
Asynchronous FSK Detector
The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK detector consists of two band pass
filters, two envelope detectors, and a decision circuit. Following is the
diagrammatic representation.
The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass Filters BPFsBPFs, tuned
to Space and Mark frequencies. The output from these two BPFs look like ASK
signal, which is given to the envelope detector. The signal in each envelope
detector is modulated asynchronously.
The decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any
one of the envelope detectors. It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular
one.
Synchronous FSK Detector
The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists of two mixers with
local oscillator circuits, two band pass filters and a decision circuit. Following is
the diagrammatic representation.
The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with local oscillator circuits.
These two are connected to two band pass filters. These combinations act as
demodulators and the decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and
selects it from any one of the detectors. The two signals have a minimum
frequency separation.
For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each of them depends on their
bit rate. This synchronous demodulator is a bit complex than asynchronous type
demodulators.
Advantages
● Simple process to construct the circuit
● Zero amplitude variations
● Supports a high data rate.
● Low probability of error.
● High SNR (signal to noise ratio).
● More noise immunity than the ASK
● Error-free reception can be possible with FSK
● Useful in high-frequency radio transmissions
● Preferable in high-frequency communications
● Low-speed digital applications
Disadvantages
● It requires more bandwidth than the ASK and PSK(phase shift keying)
● Due to the requirement of large bandwidth, this FSK has limitations to use
only in low-speed modems which the bit rate is 1200bits/sec.
● The bit error rate is less in AEGN channel than phase shift keying.
What is the concept of FSK?
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital
information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier
signal. ... The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete
frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.
What is the bandwidth of FSK?
The bandwidth of the periodic FSK signal is then 2f + 2B, with B the bandwidth
of the baseband signal. The bit error probability can be shown to be pϵ = 1 2
e−E/2η , which under normal operating conditions corresponds to less than a 1dB
penalty over coherent detection.
How does FSK modulation work?
Frequency Shift Keying. Frequency Shift Keying FSK is the digital modulation
technique in which the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the
digital signal changes. ... The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in
frequency for a binary High input and is low in frequency for a binary Low
input.
What are the advantages of FSK?
The answer above.
What is meant by frequency shift keying?
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital
information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier
signal. ... The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK).
Reference
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