GROUP 09

FSK Modulation and Demodulation

CEP Report
By

NAME Registration Number

Taha CIIT/FA19 -EPE -115/ATD
Hazrat Bilal CIIT/FA19 -EPE -082/ATD
Zabeeh Ullah CIIT/FA19 -EPE -028/ATD

Semester Fall 2021

For the course

Principles Of Communication System

Supervised by:

Dr.Alam Zaib

Lab Engr. Aniqa Zaman

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

 COMSATS University Islamabad – Abbottabad Campus

DECLARATION

We Taha (CIIT/ FA19-EPE -115 /ATD), Hazrat Bilal (CIIT/FA19 -EPE -082 /ATD),Zabeeh Ullah (CIIT/FA19 -EPE -028
/ATD) hereby declare that we have produced the work presented in this report, during the scheduled period of
study. We also declare that we have not taken any material from any source except referred to wherever due. If a
violation of rules has occurred in this report, we shall be liable to punishable action.

Date: 15/01/2022

GROUP 09

Taha (CIIT/FA19-EPE -115/ATD)

Hazrat Bilal (CIIT/FA19 -EPE -082 /ATD)

Zabeeh Ullah (CIIT/FA19 -EPE -028 /ATD)

 ABSTRACT

This chapter focuses on frequency shift keying (FSK) and several implementations of known or
estimated frequency and phase information regarding the received signal. It discusses the detection
algorithms for each of the knowledge‐based conditions. In each case, expressions for the theoretical
bit‐error probability are developed that provide a baseline for simulated and hardware testing
performance evaluations. The chapter includes several case studies that examine the performance
sensitivities of specific implementations. The detection of FSK‐modulated waveforms is accomplished
in several ways without using complicated frequency acquisition and tracking algorithms. These
techniques involve noncoherent detection methods wherein the implementation simplicity is traded for
degraded performance. In the chapter, the spectral density of FSK is evaluated for arbitrary
modulation indices based on the work of R.R. Anderson and J. Salz. The chapter concludes with the
characterization of the spectrum of FSK for various modulation indices.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………….1

1.1 Objectives……………………………………………………………………….2

2. Literature Background…………………………………………………………2

3. Proposed Methodology………………………………………………………….3

3.1. Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………...3

3.2. MATLAB CODE:………………………………………………………………4

4. Simulation Result……………………………………………………………….7

4.1. Software Simulation Results…………………………………………………….7

4.2. Discussions………………………………………………………………………...8

5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...8

6. References……………………………………………………………………………9
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FSK Frequency Shift Keying

BFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying

LAN Local Area Network

BFID Radio Frequency Identification

 1 Introduction

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which

digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal. The technology is used
for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers, and
low frequency radio transmission in the VLF and ELF bands. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK
uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the 1 is called
the mark frequency and the 0 is called the space frequency.
Frequency shift keying (FSK) is the most common form of digital modulation in the high-frequency radio
spectrum and has important applications in telephone circuits.
The frequency shift keying is one of the fine digital modulation techniques to increase the frequency
characteristics of the input binary signal. By FSK modulation technique we can achieve error-free
communication in a few digital applications.

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 1.1 Objective
 FSK technique is to modulate the data signal to different frequencies to achieve effective transmission. At the
receiver, the data signal will be recovered based on the different frequencies of the received signal.

 The frequency shift keying is one of the fine digital modulation techniques to increase the frequency
characteristics of the input binary signal. By FSK modulation technique we can achieve error-free
communication in a few digital applications

2. Literature Back
A defining parameter for FSK is the modulation index. For binary modulation it is defined as
m= f2 − f1/R
where f2 and f1 are the high (usually mark) and low (usually space) frequencies on both sides of the carrier
frequency, and R is the maximum data rate. When m = 1 or a higher integer, the data can be detected optimally
using two pairs of I and Q channels for energy detection of I/Q demodulation) . Abrupt changes in data levels
cause spectrum widening well beyond f2 − f1. The resulting potential adjacent channel interference can be
reduced by inserting a low pass filter in the data line before the FSK modulator in the transmitter. A Gaussian
filter is especially suitable as it has a sharp cutoff beyond the passband and no overshoot. It is characterized by
the product of its bandwidth B at 3 dB down times the bit period T, that is, BT. While the filter significantly
reduces interfering sidebands, it also has the detrimental effect of causing inter-symbol distortion. FSK with a
Gaussian filter is called GFSK, Gaussian frequency shift keying. The modulation index is not necessarily unity.
For legacy Bluetooth.
Improved spectral efficiency (data rate/occupied bandwidth) is provided by MSK (minimum shift keying).
When coherent detection is employed, which implies phase synchronization between transmitter and receiver
oscillators, the modulation index for optimum detection (orthogonal mark and space signals) is reduced to 0.5,
that is, the difference between mark and space frequencies is one-half the data rate. Here, too, a Gaussian filter
is used in the transmitter to limit the transmitted sidebands, creating GMSK (Gaussian medium shift keying).
In addition to good spectral efficiency, the GSMK waveform envelope has constant amplitude which permits
the use of efficient nonlinear amplification. GMSK is the modulation format of GSM cellular.

2 Proposed Methodology

7
Frequency Shift Keying FSK is the digital modulation technique in
which the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of
frequency modulation. frequency shift keyed transmitter has its frequency shifted by the message.
Although there could be more than two frequencies involved in an FSK signal, in this experiment the message will
be a binary bit stream, and so only two frequencies will be involved.
The word ‘keyed’ suggests that the message is of the ‘on-off’ (mark-space) variety, such as one (historically)
generated by a morse key context, a binary sequence. FSK can also operate using more than two binary discrete
frequencies. These are known as multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK).
MFSK uses the M-ary orthogonal modulation technique that can transmit two or more bits simultaneously.

3.1 Block Diagram

3.2. MATLAB Code:

clc;
clear all;
close all;

8
x=[ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1]; % Binary
Information
bp=.000001; % bit
period
disp(' Binary information at Trans mitter :');
disp(x);

%XX representation of transmitting binary information as digital signal

XXX
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x)
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];

end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'lineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(Asad Noor)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');

%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary-FSK modulation

A=5; % Amplitude of carrier

signal
br=1/bp; % bit
rate
f1=br*8; % carrier frequency for information
as 1
f2=br*2; % carrier frequency for information
as 0
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if (x(i)==1)
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 y=A*cos(2*pi*f1*t2);
else
y=A*cos(2*pi*f2*t2);
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(ubaid ullah)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary FSK modulation corresponding binary
information');

%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary FSK demodulation

mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y1=cos(2*pi*f1*t); % carrier siignal for
information 1
y2=cos(2*pi*f2*t); % carrier siignal for
information 0
mm=y1.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
mmm=y2.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z1=trapz(t4,mm) %
intregation
z2=trapz(t4,mmm) %
intregation
zz1=round(2*z1/bp)
zz2= round(2*z2/bp)
if(zz1>A/2) % logic lavel= (0+A)/2 or (A+0)/2 or 2.5 ( in this
case)
a=1;
else(zz2>A/2)
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp(' Binary information at Reciver :');
disp(mn);

1
%XXXXX Representation of binary information as digital signal which
achived
%after demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if mn(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else mn(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];

end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t4,bit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(Ali Ahmad)');
title('recived information as digital signal after binary FSK
demodulation');

4. Simulation Results:
4.1. Software Simulation results
Binary information at Transmitter:
1 0 0 1 1 0 1

z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 =-4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0
1
 z1 =-4.7142e-08
z2 =2.4499e-06
zz1 =0
zz2 =5
ans =logical

z1 = -4.7142e-08
z2 = 2.4499e-06

zz1 =0
zz2 = 5

ans =logical

1
z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 =-4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0
z1 =2.4555e-06
z2 = -4.7142e-08
zz1 =5
zz2 =0
z1 = -4.7142e-08
z2 =2.4499e-06
zz1 =0
zz2 = 5

ans = logical

1
z1 =
2.4555e-06
z2 =
-4.7142e-08
1
zz1 =
5
zz2 =
0

Binary information at Receiver :

1 0 0 1 1 0 1

1
 transmitting information as digital signal
amplitude(volt)

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(Asad Noor) -6
10
waveform for binary FSK modulation coresponding binary information
amplitude(volt)

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(ubaid ullah) -6
10
recived information as digital signal after binary FSK demodulation
amplitude(volt)

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time(Ali Ahmad) -6
10

Conclusions
In this project we studied about FSK modulation in details we also implement
it on MATLAB and observed the effects and different parameters involved in FSK. FSK signals take many
different forms depending on their intended application. With the increasing sophistication of electronics and
signal detection theory, FSK demodulators, are required to optimally demodulate the many different
signal formats.

1
References

1) William Buchanan,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/frequenc
y-shift-keying. 2000
2) https://www.elprocus.com/fsk-modulation-demodulation-circuit-diagram/.

3) https://www.google.com/search?
q=fsk+modulation+block+diagram&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=h7cwY8cnuXvIiM
%252C_eVJ8_73EpdZdM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQYvmD-pIcVDNvYAKf9kZWKIj-
XDg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgsdb72IH1AhWnMewKHW53AnUQ_h16BAgMEAU&biw=153
6&bih=754&dpr=1.25#imgrc=UB3j-lylAEDuAM.

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying .

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 Teachers should assess CLO2, CLO3 and CLO4

based on given rubrics (overall weightage 20%)

Recommended Percentage
Breakdown
CLO Percentage

CLO2 (Investigation) 10%

CLO3 (Referencing/Citations) 5%

CLO4 (Communication) 5%