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FIGURE 1: The ASK Signal (Below) and The Message (Above)

1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK) is a modulation technique that uses discrete amplitude levels to represent digital data. For binary ASK, there are two amplitude levels, typically one being zero. 2) ASK signals have a well-defined envelope but not a constant envelope, making power amplification more difficult. Demodulation can be done with an envelope detector due to the well-defined envelope. 3) Demodulation of an ASK signal is a two-stage process involving recovering the bandlimited bit stream and then regenerating the original binary bit stream.

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40 views

FIGURE 1: The ASK Signal (Below) and The Message (Above)

1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK) is a modulation technique that uses discrete amplitude levels to represent digital data. For binary ASK, there are two amplitude levels, typically one being zero. 2) ASK signals have a well-defined envelope but not a constant envelope, making power amplification more difficult. Demodulation can be done with an envelope detector due to the well-defined envelope. 3) Demodulation of an ASK signal is a two-stage process involving recovering the bandlimited bit stream and then regenerating the original binary bit stream.

Uploaded by

Ruth DV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications is a modulation process, which
imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by
the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the
modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid.
Figure 1 illustrates a binary ASK signal (lower), together with the binary sequence which initiated it (upper).
Neither signal has been bandlimited.

FIGURE 1: The ASK signal (below) and the message (above)

There are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition points. These result in the signal having an
unnecessarily wide bandwidth. Bandlimiting is generally introduced before transmission, in which case these
discontinuities would be ‘rounded off’. The bandlimiting may be applied to the digital message, or the modulated
signal itself. The data rate is often made a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency.
This has been done in the waveform of Figure 1. One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK
and PSK, for example, is that it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power
amplification) more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of
demodulation with an envelope detector.

FIGURE 2: The two stages of the demodulation process

It is apparent from Figures 1 and 2 that the ASK signal has a well-defined envelope. Thus it is amenable
to demodulation by an envelope detector. With bandlimiting of the transmitted ASK neither of these
demodulation methods (envelope detection or synchronous demodulation) would recover the original binary
sequence; instead, their outputs would be a bandlimited version. Thus further processing - by some sort of
decision-making circuitry for example - would be necessary. Thus, demodulation is a two-stage process: recovery
of the bandlimited bit stream and regeneration of the binary bit stream.

Theoretical Discussion
In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) is encoding of information on a
carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. Digital data can be encoded and transmitted via
carrier wave by shifting the carrier's frequency among a predefined set of frequencies—a technique known as
frequency-shift keying (FSK). FSK is widely used in modems, radio-teletype and fax modems, and can also be
used to send Morse code.

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is


transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. This application report discusses logic level
implementation of binary FSK (BFSK) modulator and demodulator using a phase-locked loop PLL device,
wherein the BFSK is the simplest FSK, using a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary information .

In the OOK modulator, the incoming modulated signal should be filtered to remove energy outside
frequency of the carrier. The same concerns regarding filter complexity and component tolerance will apply as for
the output filter requirements. If a passive filter implementation is used, a single bi-directional bandpass can
implement both input and output filter functions.

In conducting the experiment, the input digital signal that is used from the function generator is set with a
frequency of 500 kHz. During the testing of the circuit, the demodulator is expected to be the recovery of the
bandlimited bit stream and regeneration of the binary bit stream. The incoming modulated signal should be
filtered to remove energy outside frequency of the carrier. The same concerns regarding filter complexity and
component tolerance will apply as for the output filter requirements. If a passive filter implementation is used, a
single bi-directional bandpass can implement both input and output filter functions.

The resistors in the designed circuit was replaced with different values for the reason that the resistor
values is not available. We also had discontinuities in the signal that causes the distortion in the output signal
when due to its attenuation. In the frequency in phase corresponds to the binary 1 of the square wave, it is shown
in the output that is a high frequency. While the frequency in phase corresponds to the binary 0 has the low
frequency.

Also, since LF353 is the Integrated Circuit that has been used, which is a JFET input operational
amplifier with an internally compensated input offset voltage, it provides the appropriate bandwidth, low input
bias currents and offset currents that are needed in the circuit.

In summary, the input signal, which is the modulated signal from the OOK modulator controls the
frequency of the output signal. Since modulation and demodulation processes are fundamental in all wireless
communications now and in the future, we should be critical in analyzing the signals that have been processing.
Also, the use of the PLL circuit have been very useful in carrier synchronization, bit synchronization, and digital
demodulation.

PCB Layout
PCB Layout of BPSK Demodulator

Schematic Diagram
BPSK Demodulator Schematic Diagram

List of Materials

DEMODULATOR
LABEL DESCRIPTION
R1 220 Ω
R2 2 kΩ
R3 500 kΩ
R4 100 kΩ
R5 750 kΩ
R6 10 kΩ
C4 10 nF
C5 10 µF
D1 1N4148
D2 1N4148
IC1 LF353

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