CHAPTER THREE

TECHNICAL SPEC. AND METHOD

OF MEASUREMENTS FOR THE
DIFF. TRADE OF WORKS
 A-SUB STRUCTURE

1 Excavation and earth work

2 Concrete Works

3 Masonry work

B. SUPER STRUCTURE

1 Concrete Works

2 Masonry Works

3 Roofing

4 Carpentry and Joinery

5 Metal Works

6 Finishing

7 Glazing

8 Painting

9 Sanitary installation

10 Electrical installation

11 Fence Work
 3. TECHNICAL SPEC. AND METHOD OF
MEASUREMENTS FOR THE DIFF. TRADE OF WORKS
A. SUBSTRUCTURE
 Any structure below the ground floor slab level
including the basement, retaining walls, ground slab,
grade beam, and foundation is called a substructure.
 substructure work can be categorized as follows
1. Excavation and earthworks
2. Concrete works
3. Masonry works
Steel is not used in substructure unless in composite
form.
3.1 EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORKS

works included in excavation and earthworks:

3.1.1 Site clearance
 Carbonatious elements are not good in concrete, steel and
timber works. In soils under structures even 5% of these
elements will damage the structure.
 these materials (including trees, bushes and the top 20 to 30
cm soil), termite hills, any other obstruction, too, have to be
cleared.
 A working space of 1m is required on each side.

 sometimes separate specification for obstructions

(demolition works) are prepared b/c reusable items like
doors and windows are there
3.1.2 EXCAVATION (BULK EXCAVATION)
 Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element
below the ground level is called bulk excavation.
 subdivided as follows depending on the subsurface condition.

 Ordinary soil: with boulders and without boulder - can

easily be removed by shovel without problem
 Weathered rock: it can be divided easily without
blasting
 Rock- bedded rocks: that cannot be dug without
blasting (requires using explosives)
 Working space for bulk excavation is 25 cm ( not used for
shallow masonry)
 Depth of excavation less than 30 cm – measured per m 2 ,depth
> 30 cm per m 3
3.1.3. FILL /EMBANKMENT
 We need fill b/c the reduced level of every structural element above
the structure has to be covered.
 N.B. Excavation and embankment should not be added at a time in
computing their volume.
The subdivision under fill are:
 Backfill - filling of the excavated soil on to its excavated place

- excavated material taken from below top soil

- selected excavated material (selecting coarse particles)

 Borrow fill: - filling of soil by bringing the fill from another place
when there is shortage of fill or when better quality material is
required.
 The major consideration under embankment is compaction.
Compaction is done usually at 20 cm lift thickness.
 measured in m3 of net volume to be filled
EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTION OF EARTH WORKS

1.1 Clear off the site to remove top soil to an average depth of
20cm.
1.2 Bulk Excavation in ordinary soil to a depth of 150cm
starting from stripped ground level.
1.3 Excavate in ordinary soil for isolated footing to a
depth not exceeding 150cm from reduced level.
1.4 Ditto as item 1.3 exceeding 150cm but not
exceeding 300cm.
1.5 Ditto as item 1.4 but for soft rock excavation.
1.6 Ditto as item 1.5 but for rock excavation.
EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTION OF EARTH WORKS
1.7 Fill around footings and foundation column to maintain
the desired level with selected borrowed non expansive
material and compact in layers not exceeding 20cm thick
by sprinkling water to insure 95% modified AASHTO
dry density.
1.8 Backfill under hard core with non-expansive selected
material from site and compact in layers not exceeding
20cm thick by sprinkling water to insure 95% modified
AASHTO dry density.
1.9 Cart away surplus excavated material to a distance not
exceeding 5kms.
1.10 25cm thick sound basaltic or equivalent stone hard-core
finished and blinded with crushed stone.
DISPOSAL AND SUNDRY ITEMS
 3.1.4 Disposal:
 cleaning the building area including cart away.

 Measured in m3

 3.1.5 Sundry items:

 application of termite proof solution

 providing hard coring

 dust blinding

 expansion joints, etc are itemized as sundry items

 measured in m2
 3.2.1 CONCRETE
 Cast in situ concrete – formed on site
-Requires formwork and reinforcement
 Prefabricated concrete –fabricated (manufactured) in a
factory and brought to the site
 joined to make a building

 does not require formwork

 needs a special care when connecting the d/t elements

 fast to construct a building, though the d/t elements

may lack homogeneity.

 Pre-tensioned (Post tensioned) Concrete
 Bending up the concrete itself to make it ready for the

downward bending due to load.

 In bending due to load the beam or the slab comes to

its neutral axis.

CONCRETE ANCILLARIES
 Concrete ancillaries are like:
 windowsills
 lintels
 expansion joints
 permanent and temporary embedded material
 measured in ml or enumerated
GRADES OF CONCRETE

 C5 - lean concrete, to protect the structural concrete from

damage, which is usually caused by dust. Thus dust blinding
is required.
 C15- for totally supported structural elements
 C20- used for slabs; the mix proportion is [Link]
 C25 – Commonly used grade of Concrete ([Link])
 C30 –Used for chemical stores and nuclear plants
 Cast in situ concrete shall be measured by volume except in
ribbed slabs and grouting.(m2)
CONT’D:
2.1) 5cm thick lean concrete in C-5 with minimum cement
content of 150kg/m3 of concrete under:
 a) footing b) stone masonry c) grade beam
2.2) Reinforced concrete in class C-25 (with a 28-day 15cm
cube crushing strength of 25MPa), cast into formworks
and vibrated around rod reinforcement bars.(formwork &
reinforcement bars are measured separately.) in: "Type of
cement to be ordinary Portland cement (OPC)"
 a) footing b) foundation column c) Rc wall d)
grade beam
e) 10cm thick ground floor slab
2.3) 10x1cm styrofoam filler for expansion joint b/n grade beam
& ground floor slab.
 3.2.2 FORMWORK
 A temporary structural element, which supports slabs, beams in
casting concrete.
 It shall be designed and erected to safely support, vertical and lateral
loads that might be applied until such load can be supported by the
concrete structure.
 measured in m2

Period of removal (minimum)

 Vertical formwork to columns, walls and beams: 16 hrs

 Soffits formwork to slab 21 days

 props to cantilever slabs 14days
 Soffits formwork to beams 21days
 Props to cantilever beams 14 days
EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTION OF RE-BAR
 Reinforcement steel bars according to structural drawing. Price
includes cutting, bending, placing in position and tying wires.  
a) dia. 6mm plain bar kg
b) dia. 8mm deformed bar kg
c) dia. 10mm deformed bar kg
d) dia. 12mm deformed bar kg
e) dia. 14mm deformed bar kg
f) dia. 16 mm deformed bar kg
g) dia. 20 mm deformed bar kg
etc
3.3 MASONRY WORKS

 Masonry works are executed by laying building material units of

specified dimension by providing a binding material such as mortar.
 Stone obtained from quarries shall be hard and sound, free from
vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other defects that will
adversely affect strength or appearance.
 Stone chips to be produced shall not be less than 450 mm average
and 380 mm in individual length.
 Stone for various masonry works shall be selected and shaped as
follows:
◦ stone for facing works shall generally be selected for consistency
in grain, color and texture ,throughout the work
◦ stone for below ground work shall be chiseled from natural stone
 Stone wall is measured by volume, whereas stone pavement is
measured by area specifying thickness.
B. SUPERSTRUCTURE

3.4 Concrete works - mostly as discussed in substructure

3.4.1 Concrete: mixing, transporting, casting, and vibration in elevation
columns, beams, staircases, slabs, shear walls, landings.
Curing of the cast concrete, strength and workability requirements are
crucial issues to be checked.
3.4.2 Formwork: Specify the type of material used (zigba or steel) and
where to use
3.4.3 Reinforcement: Differentiation is made as to the diameters and
where used (sub and super structure)
 Weight per unit length for Ф6 is 0.222 kg/m; for any other diameter d ,
2
with weight per unit length w2:

 w2 = (d22/62) * 0.222
 3.5 MASONRY WORKS

 Classification of stone masonry works, measured by volume

1. Rough (undressed) Stone wall concealed from view or to be
left for further finish (cheaper)
 shall be built in stone sizes of not less than 300 mm per
course (one lay ) and 400 mm wide per stone
 faces of stone walls to receive further finish shall have
horizontal and vertical joints raked out to form adequate key
for further finish. 15mm
CONT’D
2. Roughly dressed stone wall (expensive)
 shall be built in stone sizes of not less than 300 mm per
course and 400 mm wide.
 The joints of the fair chiseled natural stones shall be
finished slightly proud (aesthetical) and cleaned off flush at
completion
 The joints shall be raked out to a depth of 15 mm as the
work proceeds and prepared for jointing
3. Dressed stone wall facing (more expensive)
 the pattern type and size of the stone units shall be as
detailed on drawings
 the joints of dressed stone wall shall be finished good and
raked out to an approximate depth of 15 mm.
HOLLOW AND SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS
 measured by area specifying the thickness
 The ingredients are cement, either pumice or red ash, water and aggregates (0.1)

 Blocks shall be manufactured from cement, aggregates, red ash, or pumice with
no fine volcanic dust.
 Trial mixes shall be prepared to attain the average minimum compressive
strength after casting and curing for 28 days.
The compressive strength of HCB on 28th day
Class Average of 6 Blocks Individual Block
Class A 42kg/cm2 38kg/cm2
Class B 35kg/cm2 32kg/cm2
Class C 20kg/cm2 18kg/cm2
* Class AA 70kg/cm2 65kg/cm2
* Class AAA 50kg/cm2 46kg/cm2
Class AA is for load bearing wall below grade
Class AAA is for load bearing wall above grade ( is obtained from aggregate
not from red ash)
BRICKS

 Bricks are fire resistant, watertight and can also resist

compressive action of upto 200 kPa
 Bricks can be used for external, internal, retaining and load
bearing walls.
 Bricks shall be well made and adequately burnt, free from
cracks and particles of lime.
 Bricks exposed to weathering shall be selected for least in
absorption, high durability, uniform in color and texture.
 The thicknesses of bricks are 25 cm (for double layer) and 12
cm (for single layer)
BUILDING MORTAR (BINDING MATERIAL)

 Ingredients of mortar are:-

 Cement: - usually Portland cement

 Sand: - crushed or river sand with diameter less than 4.75 mm

 Lime: -hydrated lime

 The mix proportions are

 Stone masonry: -1:3 mix

 Brick and block masonry: -1:4 mix
 c) Compo mortar (lime): -[Link] mix
3.6 ROOFING AND WALL CLADDING
3.6.1 Galvanized corrugated iron sheet (CIS)

 Galvanized CIS for roof and wall cladding shall be of the

required size and thickness
 CIS less than G32 cannot be used for roofing and wall cladding
of permanent structures but for temporary works eg fence
works, for provisional works
 G26 G28 G30 G32 and G35
 G26 is the thickest

 E.g. G28 = 0.376mm thick

G30 = 0.315mm thick

3.6.2 GALVANIZED PLAIN STEEL SHEET (GPSS)

GPSS is used for wall cladding, ridge cup, gutter, down pipes,
flashing, copping, edge trimmers etc; shall be to the size,
thickness and galvanization required; shall not be less than
G28; G24 is usually used for gutter, down pipes; Overlaps at
edges shall be minimum 15 cm

3.6.3 Galvanized ribbed sheets ( EGA sheets )

 Usually used for factory, hall etc.

 Shall comply with the requirements of the manual ‘KASI’ or

other standards acceptable to the Engineer to the sizes,
thickness and distance to ribs
3.6.4 ALUMINUM CORRUGATED SHEET FOR ROOFING AND CLADDING

 The minimum thickness shall be 24 SWG (SWG = standard

wire gauge)
 Corrugated sheets shall have uniform corrugation parallel with
the sides of the sheets.

 3.6.5 Aluminum plain sheet accessories

 Used for ridge cap, gutter, down pipes, flashing, copping etc.

 The same as that of GPSS but aluminum made

3.6.6 ROOF CLAY TILES

 Tiles shall be manufactured in wet weather and prepared from

clay.
 Clay tiles shall show clean fracture when broken and shall not
be less than 10 mm thick
 Clay tiles shall be fixed to timber using roof, nails, the holes in
clays shall be pierced (using embedded in clay tiles)

Fixing accessories of roofing

 Fixed to timber using chiseled or diamond edge galvanized nail
drawn from mild steel
 Washers shall be diamond or flat pattern produced from rubber
or bitumen coated fiber homogenous and free from porosity (to
prevent from leakage)
HOOKS, BOLTS, NUTS AND SCREWS
 Shall be fixed to steel structures; the sizes of fixing accessories
shall be as recommended by the manufacturers and match with
structural drawing.

Hangers and brackets

 Used to fix gutters and down pipes; Formed from mild steel
not less than 2 mm thick and 10 mm wide; Hangers and
brackets shall always be primed (coated) with anti-rust paint.
GUTTER AND DOWN PIPE

 Gutters shall be laid to slopes as indicated on drawings not less than

0.05 percent

Method of measurement for roofing

 Roof cover, side cladding, and the like shall be measured by area
(m2), flat over the projection area without addition for slopes and laps.
 Ridges, flashing, down pipes etc shall be measured by length stating
girth (development length) and without addition for laps, passing
angles etc.
 The ff shall be understood as included: perforating, sealing, nailing,
bolting, screwing, battens, joists, wedges, spillers, covering lists ,
back supports, brackets , cutting ,bracing , trimming, jointing,
boring ,etc.
3.7 CARPENTRY AND JOINERY WORKS

 Carpentry: -work on timber intended for structural purposes eg columns,

beams, slab, truss etc
 Joinery: - work on timber intended for finishing purposes eg floor finishes,

wall claddings, doors and windows, ceilings etc

Carpentry
Truss, rafter, beams and columns:
 Shall be made from eucalyptus, kerero, zigba, tid, or other equivalent posts

 Shall be fabricated as per the detailed drawings

 Posts shall be uniform in diameter and free from cracks

 Posts shall be pealed off and allowed to season until the acceptable moisture

content is achieved, i.e. 20 % (seasoning = drying upto a certain moisture

content)
 Eucalyptus and kerero posts to be exposed to weather or buried below ground

shall be pressure impregnated

 Trusses and rafter shall be tied with 6 to 8 mm diameter mild round steel
PURLINS

 shall be in the sizes shown on drawings (standard

dimension 5*7cm)
 The splices of purlins at joints shall be minimum 60 cm
 Shall be securely nailed to trusses and rafter
JOINERY

I) Ceiling
 Ceiling shall be built to types, size and thickness on drawings

 Soffits are nailed to supporting ceiling buttons

 Soffits are made of chip wood, plywood, hard board, soft board

nailed to timber buttons

 Minimum size of buttons is 4*5 cm and maximum spacing is

60 cm in both directions
 Button shall be fixed to the truss or rafters in 4*5 cm sawn

timber suspenders
 The joints of ceilings to wall shall be covered with moulded

corner lists not less than 50mm and joints of panels be covered
with mild timber and moulded lists not less than 30 mm wide.
SUSPENDED CEILING SOFFITS

 Cheap wood, plywood and other ceilings suspended from

supports by wire, chains and steel profiles and materials resting
on the metal profile.
IV) DOORS WINDOWS AND WALL PANELS

 Wall panels partition wall in buildings

 Fully solid wall panels

 Partly glazed wall panels, Fully glazed

Flush wooden door

 Finished thickness of flush doors not less than 40mm

 Face panels on either face shall not be less than 8 mm

 Cover panels if tongued, boards shall not be less than 15mm

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR CARPENTRY
AND JOINERY
 Structural members other than truss shall be measured by
length stating size (eg columns, beams)
 Roof trusses shall be enumerated stating type and referring
drawings (sometimes measured in meter length)
 Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits (ceiling),curtain walls are
measured by area and shall be understood as including frames ,
corner lists and hard wares(hinge ,handle , lock )
 Fascia boards, eaves, skirting shall be measured by length
stating girth
 Built in furniture and boards shall be enumerated stating sizes
 3.8 STEEL STRUCTURAL WORK

 Steel can resist compressive, tensile, bending and Torsion stresses

 The material shall be mild steel

Profiles (shapes)
 The shape of the steel structure is determined by the Structural
Engineer .The sizes and shape shown on drawing shall be specified
in description column
Steel is used for constructing:-
 Beams, columns, suspended slab, truss, rafter

 Composite structure (steel +concrete)

 Up to 15m span we can use timber trusses, but for span greater than
15m,we have to use a steel structure
BOLTS AND NUTS

 used to connect (fix )structural steel with concrete or other

material
 welding is usually not recommended for steel structures
because it does not allow movement
 Function of slotting (widening ) truss connection holes is
 to correct mistakes in fixing
 for ease of access of mounting
 for expansion joint (to allow movements )
 Steel plates (steel to steel connection)
 used for splices of joints
 used for bearing plates
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT FOR STEEL WORKS

 Beams, trusses, columns and purlins, bracings, rails, etc shall

be measured by weight (Kg), identified by profiles and type of
structures
 Connection plates, base plates, angle iron ties, brackets shall be
measured by weight or enumerated stating profiles and
dimensions respectively
 Anchor bolts enumerated stating size and development length
4.9 METAL WORKS

 Metal door window frames

 Black steel to be primed during fabrication and surface
treated after installation
 Aluminum profiles: - wrought aluminum and alloys are
used. Nuts, bolts, screws and fasteners are coated or
produced from nonoxidizing metal.
CLASSIFICATION

1. Casement doors and windows

 side , bottom, and top hinged

 LTZ frame (iron made)

 SECCO profile (steel)

 RHS frames (refer KASI manual)

 SECCO profile is more expensive than LTZ

2. Heavy duty sliding door

 Guide and roller trucks shall be in mild steel in the sizes specified

 Rollers shall be heavy duty and produced from stainless steel and be provided at top

3. Louver window
4. Security grills
 Produced from mild steel galvanized or precoated solid plates or hollow profiles of patterns as shown on

drawings
5. Guard rails
 - fastened to support securely embedded in concrete or welded
6. Wire netting and fly screen
 netted wire produced from steel

 mesh for flag screen shall not be more than 10 mm

7. Corner protection
 -not less than 30 mm
 - shall be securely screwed and embedded to angle of materials for protection
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

 Doors and windows enumerated stating sizes (the glazing work

shall be measured separately)
 Curtain walls by area

 Balustrade rails, corner protection by length stating

development length
 Security grills fixed to windows and doors by area

 Louvers enumerated in size stating number of blades (louver

jamb sets)
 The ff shall be understood as included: chiseling, cutting,
welding, riveting, shaping, grinding, drilling, assembling,
fixing, protective treatment , decorative paint , frames,
beads ,lining , anchors , hard wares etc(hard wares include
hinge, lock, handle
3.10 FINISHING WORK

3.1. Plastering and pointing works

 The ingredients are:
 Cement (ordinary Portland cement), Lime
 Gypsum (such as plaster of Paris )
 Aggregate (fine or crushed aggregates), water
 Surfaces to receive plaster, pointing or screed shall be thoroughly
cleaned and wetted
 The surface should be raked out to a minimum depth 10 mm to
form proper key
 (If the thickness of plastering is greater than 2.5cm, it may crack)
 The surface should be rubbed with cement slurry (cement
+water)
PLASTER

First coat: - mix proportion 1:2.5(cement: aggregate by volume)

 min thickness of 5 mm

 spread by trowel , stretched off level and allowed to cure for 24

hours before applying the second coat
Second coat: - mix proportion [Link] (cement: lime: aggregate by
volume)
1: 4 (cement: aggregate by volume)
 max thickness of 12 mm

 dried for 21 days

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

 plaster and pointing works shall be measured by area . Internal

and external works shall be measured separately
 The following shall be understood as included:
 preparing background
 hacking out joints
 grouting
 jointing
 recessing etc
FLOOR AND WALL FINISH

Terrazzo tiles: -used for floor finish and skirting

 shall be precast or cast in situ elements

 min. topping of two parts of marble or granite chipping with one

part cement
 the minimum grading of the chip shall be 5mm

 usually have a thickness of 2 cm

 shall be applied onto 3 cm thick cement screed bedding

(specified thickness )
Precast cement tiles
 produced from crushed aggregates (0.1 mm gravel) and sand mix

 minimum thickness shall be 20mm

 shall be applied on 3 cm cement screed bedding

 cheaper than terrazzo tile

CONTINUED
Marble tiles
 shall be in accordance with quality, color and texture as shown
(specified )
 shall be straight edged and smooth surfaced

 cement mortar backing for walls and cement screed bedding for floors

 recently techniques of binding the marble with wall leaving space b/n
them (for expansion) is practiced.
Marble chips
 flooring thickness shall not be less than 20 mm and does not exceed
50 mm
 chips shall be irregular shape and the smallest dimension shall not be
less than 100mm
 the exposed surface of mortar finish to marble chip shall not exceed
1:3 proportion
CONTINUED

Ceramic and mosaic tiles

 ceramic tiles shall be glazed type of approved color , texture and size

 ceramic tiles shall be 6mm thick for walls and not less than 15mm for
floors
 mosaic tiles shall be in regular square or hexagonal sizes not
exceeding 25mm in dimension of each size
PVC tiles
 usually thermoplastic

 the tiles and skirting shall be resistant to household oil and acids

 the glue (adhesive ) for fixing PVC tiles and skirting shall be in
accordance with manufacturer’s instruction
 usually 2mm thick PVC tiles and 48 mm cement screed is used
CONTINUED
COPPING, CILLS, STEPS, RISERS
 can be from marble , terrazzo , concrete , stone etc and shall be
laid as per the drawing
Stone and concrete pavements
 dressed or roughly dressed sand stone or precast concrete shall
be laid on compacted fill of 10 cm sand or red ash bedding and
joints pointed with cement
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

The ff are measured by area specifying material, size and thickness

 all finishes to floors and walls except skirting , copping and cills

 all finishes to risers , treads, and landings to stairs

The ff are measured in length specifying material, size and

thickness
 skirting, cills and copings, dividing strips in floors

The ff shall be understood as included:

 preparing background
 hacking
 raking
 grouting
 Bedding
 Jointing
 rubbing and priming
3.11 GLAZING

Transparent glass:
 Sheet glass (clear glass)

 Transparent glass shall be clear or tinted, transmitting light and

capable of showing objects
Figured glass:
 have sufficient imprinting of texture or pattern totally or substantially
obscure vision
Opal glass:
 vision from inside but not from outside

Wired glass:
 -shall be in wire mesh , transparent , translucent or figured
Putty:
◦ used for fixing the glass to the frame
◦ shall be quick , hard setting, tropical putty specially manufactured for glazing
works
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

 glazing shall be measured by area

 glazing to louvers and special fixing may be enumerated by
stating size and thickness
The following shall be understood as included: -
 Bedding
 mastic
 fixing
 beading
 cleaning etc
3.12 PAINTING WORKS

Oil based priming paints:

◦ (priming coat – initial or preparatory coats )
- applied to surfaces readily mixed or base paints
Aluminum priming paints
◦ for wood work
◦ shall be for brush application
Metallic zinc rich priming paints
◦ shall be applied to iron and steel surfaces

OIL PAINTS:
◦ water proof
◦ shall be applied in accordance with manufacturers instruction
◦ can be applied for walls, wood work , metals
CONTINUED

PLASTER EMULSION PAINTS:

 normal and usual type of painting

 shall be selected for interior and exterior works

SYNTHETIC ENAMEL PAINTS:

 used for metals with manufacturers instruction
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

 painting shall be measured by area

 special application to edges shall be measured in length stating
the girth
 internal and external surfaces shall be measured separately

 The ff shall be understood as included:

 Trimming,

 cutting,

 matching patterns,

 cleaning, priming
3.13 SANITARY WORKS

 Itincludes all works on building in connection with supply of potable

water and removal of solid and liquid wastes
CLASSIFICATION OF SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
Pipes:
 Galvanized steel pipes –used for distribution of water (pipes for cold and

hot potable water internally and externally installed having plain or

threaded ends.
 Pipes are measured by length stating diameter taken along the centerline

over all fittings

 How are distribution pipes indicated in drawings?
 (Fig - Riser diagrams)

 E.g. Supply and install Galvanized steel pipes to internal hot water
distribution system made threaded insulation as shown on the drawing.
Complete with all the necessary fittings and accessories.
CONTINUED:
Valves:
 Flanges used to connect pipes and for controlling

 E.g. Check valves, gate valve, service valves

 shall be in specified material and size at positions indicated in

drawings
 Enumerated stating diameter

UPVC (unplasticised pvc ) – rigid thermoplastic conduit

 can be used for cold water distribution

 usually used for solid waste

 shall be measured in length stating diameter and understood to

include accessory joint fitting like Y,T, joints

Precast concrete pipes – for solid waste and surface drainage
 Solid pipes –surface drainage and sewage

 Perforated pipes – subsurface drainage

CONTINUED
Manholes: - made of precast concrete C 20 quality or class A hollow brick as
indicated and detailed in the drawings
 enumerated stating size and depth including all related earthwork

 Manholes are used for inspection, reduction of number of pipes, change of

directions at angles
Trench excavation and cutting
 minimum width for pipes of 200 mm is 600 mm and not less than 600.

 greater than the diameter of the pipe for pipe sizes over 1000mm

 Pipe laying checked for true straight, and gradient shall be given concrete

bed or granular bed

◦ concrete bed
◦ granular bed - max grain size 20mm
 no mechanical compactor is used up to 1000mm above the fill for granular
 and 600 mm for concrete bed
 Concrete pipes shall be measured in length, stating the diameter and
understood as including: setting out, trench excavation, pipe laying,
jointing, bedding and backfills
SEPTIC TANKS, SOAKAWY PITS AND PERCOLATION DITCH

 Solid and liquid waste _(concrete) pipe _(manhole) _septic tank

 Measurement shall be done in accordance with the method of measurement for
each item of works
 May be specified on lump sum for costing

SANITARY FIXTURES
 Appliances shall be supplied with mounting and plugging devices, valves,
chains, waste plug, traps, handles, flexible pipes, bolts, nuts screws, hinges etc
 WC units – they are of different types

 White Vitreous China WC

 Low flush cistern, plastic seat and cover, inlet and drain connecting and
complete with fixing devices
 Ditto as above but high flush cistern

 Enameled White Cast Iron Pedestal Pan WC unit

 Concealed flush and cistern, plastic seat and cover, inlet and drain connector,
trap and complete with fixing devices
 ditto as above but high flush cistern
CONTINUED
 Precast terrazzo squatting pan WC unit with high level flush cistern, inlet
and drain connector, trap and complete with fixing devices
 WC units are enumerated items

HWB (hand wash basin)

 white vitreous china, standard white wash hand basin of specified size , with
pair of white painted cast iron screw to wall , flexible pipe connector,
complete with fixing devices , and chromium plated cold water valve only .
 ditto as above but chromium plated cold and hot water valves .

Urinals: white vitreous china urinal bowel supported on concealed wall

hangers, 9 litre capacity level cistern with automatic siphon, flexible pipe
connector, drip tap, stainless steel exposed flush pipes, 38mm waste strainer
and bottle trap
 Ditto as above but with two unit divisions

Shower units, water heaters and sinks are fixtures

Other accessories
 Toilet roll, soap dish, towel rail

 Method of measurement – enumerated stating size

3.14 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

 It includes supply, erection, installation, testing and

commissioning of electrical wares as generally shown on
electrical drawings
 Materials shall be fully in accordance with qualities,
tolerances, tests, recommendations, method of workmanship as
described on specification
CONTINUED
 All accessories shall be fixed at the following heights above
finished floor level unless specified on the BOQ or drawings
 Distribution boards 1700 mm
 Lighting switches and push buttons 1400 mm
 Lighting switches and push buttons above beds 1000mm
 Sockets in general 300 mm
 Sockets on benches 1500 mm above bench top
 Sockets in workshops 1100mm
 Telephone outlets 300mm
 Bells 2100 mm
CONTINUED:

1. Underground cable ducts

 made of precast concrete pipes or galvanized steel pipes

 for protection of power and telephone outlet cable

 precast concrete , galvanized steel upvc are used

(similarly as given for sanitary installation)
Manholes – similar to the requirements for sanitary
installation
CONTINUED

2. Distribution boards (DB)

 Main distribution boards (MDB) and sub distribution
board (SDB)
 Sub distribution board (SDB) shall be surface flush
mounted and DB shall be of the type fully enclosed sheet
steel cabinet and hinged cover
 DBs shall be enumerated stating the power and voltage
supply including all related works
3. PVC cables – underground cables shall be pvc insulated
steel wire and pvc served overall and all cables shall have
copper conductors
 measured in meter linear
CONTINUED
4. Light points, and socket outlets
outlets are either of bell, fan , telephone , TV or antenna, socket
 outlets shall be enumerated and understood as including all

related works
Light points
Fed through specified size pvc insulated conductors of

thermoplastic conduits of 13.5 mm diameter for surface

installation including junction boxes with cover and insulating
caps
Ditto as above but in steel conduits of 15 mm diameter

Socket outlets – same as light points

Bell points - fed through pvc insulated conductor of 2mm by
0.8 mm2 inside thermoplastic conduits including junction
boxes with covers
CONTINUED:

Fan outlets – fed through pvc insulated conductors inside

thermoplastic conduits of 13.5 mm upto 16mm diameter for
surface installation thermoplastic conduit is used for recessed
or internal surface installation
Telephone outlets – ditto as above but wiring done by ETA
 Measurement: - enumerated and understood to include related
works
`E.g. Light point fed through PVC insulated copper conductors of
2x2.5 [Link] in thermoplastic conduit of minimum diameter
13.5 mm in/or under surface including junction box with cover
and screw type insulating connectors and flush mounted
switches.
CONTINUED

TV antenna outlets
 20 mm diameter thermoplastic conduit for recessed installation

 20mm rigid thermoplastic conduit for surface installation

 20 mm steel conduit for surface installation

 outlets are enumerated and understood to include chiseling ,

laying conduits and installing wires providing junction box and

insulating cups
Electrical fixtures
 Light fixtures –shall be enumerated stating type of fixtures

 Air conditioners

 Fans, Bell systems

 Shall be enumerated stating type of fixture

C. EXTERNAL WORKS , SERVICES

 maintenance
 pavements

 parking

 landscaping and gardening

 fencing

 Excavation and earthworks for slope stabilization or drainage

ditches
 
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