PYAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical Power
Engineering
LIGHTING ARRESTER ARRANGEMENT
FOR
SUBSTATION PLANNING
(First Seminar)
12.3.2019
Supervised by Presented by
Daw Theint Theint Mg Thet Oo Maung ([Link]-
Tun 58)
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AGENDA
01
Aim and Objectives
02 Introduction to Lightning
Arrester Arrangement
03
Scope of Thesis
04
Outlines of Thesis
05
Case Study
06
Conclusion
07
Future Plan
Aim and Objectives
01
Design, construction and documentation of major substation
lightning protection systems.
02
Surge arresters form a critical component in the safe and reliable
operation of electrical equipment in electrical substations.
03
To know what is lighting arrester , how it works and describe
the types of lightning arrester
To determine what impacts the surge arrester location and connection
04 methods have in maintaining overvoltage levels below equipment
ratings when subjected lightning surges.
Introduction to Lightning Arrester Arrangement
Lightning arrester (alternatively called “Surge Arrester”) is a device used on electric power systems and
telecommunication system to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging
effects of ‘lightning’ and in electric system, the protection of important electrical substation equipment
damaging from over-voltage transients caused by external or internal events. The typical lightning arrester
has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal.
Various Transient Overvoltages
Classified as the level (3) in transient overvoltage.
Sr. Overvoltages Cause Effects Risk Level Duration
peak value
over 100 times
Greatest
Lightning Caused by lighting the nominal
1. risk of
Overvoltages strike line voltage
damage within
microseconds
Level
Line closing
1 1 Lightning Overvoltage Line charging
Fault initation Second Up to double
Level Switching Switching of HV greatest the nominal
2.
2 2 Switching Overvoltage Overvoltages capacitor bank risk of voltage within
Circuit breaker damage milli seconds.
operation to clear
Level
Level
3
3 3 Temporary Overvoltage network faults
Earth connection Lasting for
faults The lowest short duration
Energization of risk of on the order of
Temporary unloaded line damage over tenth of
3. lightning and seconds,
Overvoltages Resonance or switching through to a
during load overvoltages number of
rejection hours.
Lightning Overvoltages
Lightning Process
Direct Lightning Strike Indirect Lightning Strike
Traveling wave reaches to the Direct lightning strike
substation, the insulation of Transient overvoltages
onto electrical equipment induced onto adjacent or
equipment is also stressed. or will conduct to earth nearby conductors may
through the lightning result from resistive,
protection system, often inductive and capacitive
Representative values of a resulting in unpredictable coupling.
lightning stroke: back flashovers.
Voltage - 2 x 108 V
Current - 2 x 104 A The maximum overvoltages may be The maximum overvoltages may be
Duration- 10-5 sec calculated by expressed as
Power - 8 x 105 kW
VCG = 0.5(Ip Z) V
Um= Z * Kp * Ip * (h+0.15)/d V
And,
VCC = 0.5(Ip Z)(1-CF) V
Switchinging Overvoltages
Switching overvoltages are represented by a standard 250/2500μs impulse voltage for
testing of equipment insulation. They are caused by:
Switching of capacitive and inductive currents
Line energisation and re-energisation
Faults and fault clearing
Load rejection
Temporary Overvoltages
Temporary overvoltages (TOV) are power frequency overvoltages of short duration and may cause
overheating of gapless surge arresters. They are caused by:
Earth faults with the overvoltage magnitude dependent on the earth fault
factor and the earth fault duration based on the backup protection
clearing time.
Load rejection
Resonance and ferroresonance
Maximum TOV is typically based on the earth fault factor (EFF).
The system is considered effectively earthed if the healthy phases rise to ≤ 80% of the normal line to line
voltage during an earth fault.
The coefficient of earthing (COE) is less than 80%.
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What is Surge Arrester?
In this section, the following outlines will be included;
01 Surge Arrester Design
02 Surge Arrester Operation
03 Surge Arrester Classification
04 Surge Arrester Protective Zone
Surge Arrester Design
There are a number of basic parameters that influence the design and operation which split
into two categories.
Electrical Characteristic
Key characteristics include:
a. Power Frequency Voltage (u)
b. Continuous Operating Voltage (Uc)
1 Electrical Characteristic c. Rated Voltage (Ut)
d. Rated Frequency
e. Lightning Impulse Protective Level
f. Lightning Impulse Withstand Level
g. Single Impulse Energy Handling
Capability
h. Thermal Energy Handling Capability
Surge Arrester Design
2 Construction Characteristic
Modern surge arresters tend to be
of either porcelain or polymer
construction.
Active components of both
porcelain and polymer arresters
operate in a similar fashion.
Porcelain housed surge arresters
are prone to explosive damage.
Polymer surge arresters reduce
the risk of damage to nearby
equipment and injury to persons
in close proximity.
Figure : Porcelain MO arrester Figure : Polymer MO arrester
cross section cross section
Surge Arrester Operation
During normal, continuous operation, arresters should have virtually no effect on the power system.
When potentially dangerous lightning strikes, the arrester activates and diverts the lightning to the
ground, where it will disperse harmlessly.
It does not absorb and stop the lightning.
It does limit and mitigate the electrical charge, but divert as it sort of gives the lightning a safe route
to travel through important electrical devices
Surge Arrester Classification
Types of Lightning Arrester Classification of Lightning Arrester
1 . Rod Gap Arrester
A. Station Class
2 . Horn Gap Arrester B. Intermediate Class
C. Distribution Class
3 . Multi Gap Arrester
D. Secondary Class
4 . Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
5 . Valve Type Lightning Arrester
6 . Silicon Carbide Arrester
7 . Metal Oxide Arrester
Surge Arrester Protective Zone
The protective zone of the surge arrester defines the maximum distance the arrester may be
located whilst limiting the residual voltage of the transient event below the BIL or BSL rating
of the equipment.
The arrester is from the equipment terminals, increases the time that the equipment is
subjected to the transient.
An example to estimate the protective zone of a surge arrester located near a transformer at the
end of a single feeder:
Where,
Xs = Protective zone in meters.
Uref = Standard Lightning Impulse Withstand Level (BIL) of the equipment in kV.
Upl = Lightning Impulse Protective Level in kV.
Xs= * v m
s = Front steepness of the overvoltage in kV/μs.
(Typical lightning values = 1000kV/μs for overhead line & 300kV/μs for
underground Cable)
v = Propagation speed of the travelling wave in m/μs.
(Typical overhead line = 300m/μs & Underground cable = 150-210 m/μs )
Flow Chart
Initial Stage
Analysis of selection surge attester
Choose the protective location of surge
arrester in substation Draw the layout diagram of LA
arrangement location for each location
Recheck and Calculate again
To determine MCOV, TOV of arrester and to Simulation of the system from lightning
select arrester for each location and overvoltages by using MatLab
Yes
No
System is OK!
Determination of
surge arrester
location
Finish
Procedure of Selection and Location of
LA
Lightning arrester is located near the equipment to be protected.
Separation distances should be considered.
Determine the insulation withstand strength of the protected apparatus.
Determine the limit voltage level to be protected by the lighting arrester.
Surge arresters shall be fitted at the following locations :
All HV incoming and outgoing overhead lines on or near the structure
where the overhead line terminates to the substations outdoor busbar.
Power transformers outdoor air insulated bushings where connected to
an overhead line must be mounted as close as practical to the
transformer bushings.
Calculation of Rated Voltage and MCOV in Surge Arrester
For 66kV feeder, Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage(MCOV)
Rated System Voltage = Us = 66kV Uc= 0.8Ur = 0.860kV = 48kV
(line to Line Voltage)
Maximum System Voltage = Um = 1.1 Us
= 1.166kV =72.6kV
Maximum System Voltage = Um = =41.92kV
(Line to Ground)
Peak Value of Line to Ground Voltage = Um
=41.92kV
= 59.28 kV
Therefore, Take Rated Voltage of Arrester =Ur= 60 kV
Case Study
Conclusion
analyse the system by using
lightning overvoltage occur in the system
Future Plan
Location of the arrester, determined by the terminal
point of the protected equipment and lead length to
01 ground and the distance between the arrester and
the protection device on Substation.
Determine a suitable computer program to perform
the simulation of the network during a transient
02 overvoltage and draw the layout diagram of
lightning arrester arrangement for substation
planning with suitable computer software.
Describe Simulation result using MatLab or some of
03 software.
References
[1] ‘Significance of the Substation’ by Power-Technology @ [Link]
[Link]/features/feature1915/
[2] ‘Substation Automation: Achieving Benefits Enterprise-wide’ by Gene Grace,
Enspiria Solutions Inc., and Jim Bougie, We Energies
[3] Operational Characteristics of Surge Arresters within High Voltage Substations, Mr.
Andrew James Close
[4] Electroquasistatic-Thermal Modeling and Simulation of Station Class Surge
Arresters, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 52, NO. 3, MARCH 2016
Thanks for your attention!
