YASHAS K.
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Raised areas constructed within the roadway to establish
physical channels through which the vehicular traffic may be
guided.
Within an intersection area, a median or an outer separation is
considered to be an island.
Traffic islands include all areas created for separating and
directing vehicular traffic.
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Based on function ,islands are classified as
Channelizing Islands
Divisional Islands
Pedestrian Loading Islands
Rotary Islands 3
For guiding traffic into proper channel at intersection.
Designed to control and direct traffic movement, usually
turning.
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Installed in areas to bring about an orderly flow of traffic.
Serve as location for other traffic control devices, refuge islands
for pedestrians.
Channelization is particularly helpful at streets intersecting at
oblique angles, at 3-leg junctions, and at multileg intersections.
Traffic channelizing islands may be provided for separation
(and special control) of turning movements.
Size & shape of island depends upon layout and dimensions of
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intersection.
Designed to separate opposing flow of traffic streams on
a highway with four or more lanes.
Eliminate head-on collision.
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Divisional islands are used to guide traffic around an
obstruction within the roadway in advance of an intersection to
separate opposing traffic .
Located to prevent overtaking and passing at hazardous points,
such as sharp curves or narrow underpasses.
Width of islands should be large to prevent headlight glare.
It should be high to prevent vehicles from entering into
islands. 7
Pedestrian islands are provided to serve as safety zones for the
aid and protection of persons on foot.
If a divisional island is located in an urban area where
pedestrians are present, portions of each island can be
considered a refuge island.
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Refuge islands are particularly useful at intersections in urban
areas where
There is a considerable amount of pedestrian traffic
Where heavy volumes of vehicular traffic make it difficult
and dangerous for pedestrians to cross
When there is multi lane highways.
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Large central island of a rotary intersection
Much larger than the central island of channelized intersection
Crossing manoeuvre is converted to weaving by providing
sufficient weaving length
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Traffic characteristics at the intersection
Cost considerations, and
Maintenance needs
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An intersection is where two or more roads join
or cross .
It as through , turning and crossing traffics and
these are handled by type of intersection and
its design.
In major highways , problems can be avoided
by providing ‘grade separated’ and controlled
access’ intersection.
Effeiciency,safety ,speed , cost of operation ,
capacity.
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T intersection
Cross
Staggered
Skewed
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Skewed cross
Skewed staggered
Wye
Multiple
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There are two types of intersections :
Intersection at grade
Grade separated intersection
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An intersection where all roadways join or cross at the
same level.
Allowing traffic manoeuvres like merging, crossing, and
weaving
Classified as:
UNCHANNELIZED INTERSECTION
CHANNELIZED INTERSECTION
ROTARY INTERSECTION
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The entire intersection area is paved .
No restrictions to vehicles to use any part of the
area.
These are also known as ‘all- paved’
intersection.
Large conflict area .
Easy to construct.
Adopted for very low traffic .
Lowest class of intersection.
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Channelized intersection is achieved by introducing
islands into intersection area in order to channelize the
traffic flow.
Direction of traffic flow at intersections to definite paths
by means of traffic markings, islands or other means
Islands helps to channelize turning traffic, control
relative speed and angle of approach and to decrease
conflict area at intersection. 19
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Regulate and guided to definite paths.
Refuge islands are provided for pedestrians
within intersection area.
Points of conflicts can be separated .
Control of speed is established.
It provides proper place for installation of signs
and control devices.
Conflict area is reduced .
Angle of merging streams can be forced to keep
flat angles so as to decrease relative speed.
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Specialized form of at-grade intersection laid out for
movement of traffic in one direction round a central
island
Main object is to eliminate the necessity of stopping
even for crossing streams and to reduce area of
conflict.
Vehicles from converging area are forced to move
around central island in clockwise direction in an
orderly manner and weave out of the rotary into their
desired directions. 22
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Traffic flow is regulated to only one direction of
movement, thus eliminating severe conflicts between
crossing movements.
All the vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced
to reduce the speed and continue to move at slower
speed.
None of the vehicles need to be stopped, unlike in a
signalized intersection.
Rotaries are self governing and do not need
practically any control by police or traffic signals.
Ideally suited for moderate traffic, especially with
irregular geometry, or intersections with four to seven
intersecting roads. 24
Crossing manoeuvre is converted into weaving
or merging and diverging operation.
Vehicle operation cost is lower .
Number of accidents are less due to low
relative speed.
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It requires large area of land ,in urban areas cost may be very
high.
When provided at close intervals, they make travel
troublesome
Traffic turning right has to travel a little extra distance
As the flow increases and reaches the capacity, weaving
generally gives way to a stop and go motion as vehicles force
their way into the rotary, being followed by vehicle waiting
in the queue behind them.
Mixed traffic and pedestrians makes rotary operation
complex.
When pedestrian traffic is large, a rotary by itself is not
sufficient to control traffic and has to be supplemented by
traffic police or by providing grade separated pedestrians 26
crosssing.
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DESIGN SPEED
SHAPE OF CENTRAL
ISLAND.
ENTRY RADIUS
EXIT RADIUS
RADIUS OF CENTRAL
ISLAND
WEAVING LENGTH
CHANNELIZING ISLANDS
SIGHT DISTANCE AND
GRADE
WIDTH OF THE CARRIAGE
WAY
ENTRANCE AND EXIT
CURVES
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Highest form of intersection treatment
Causes least delay and hazard to the crossing
traffic
Grade separation may be either by an overpass or
under pass
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When major highway is taken above by raising its profile
above general ground by embankment and an over bridge
across another highway.
ADVANTAGES
Reduce drainage problems
Aesthetic preference to main traffic
Less feeling of restriction compared to underpass
Future construction or expansion of separate bridge
structure for divided highway is possible. 31
OVERPASS
DISADVANTAGES
In rolling terrain if major road is taken above the
vertical profile also undulating grade line.
By providing increased grade resistance may cause
speed reduction on heavy vehicles
Restrictions to sight distance may occur.
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UNDERPASS
Highway is taken by depressing it below ground level .
Choice of an overpass or underpass depends on
topography, vertical alignment, drainage, economy,
aesthetics etc.
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UNDERPASS
ADVANTAGES
Provide warning to traffic in advance due to presence of
underpass which can be seen from distance.
When major highway is taken below ,advantage to turning
traffic because traffic from cross road can accelerate while
descending the ramp to major highway.
Traffic from major highway can decelerate while ascending the
ramp to cross roads.
Main advantage , when main highway is along existing grade
without alteration of vertical alignment and cross road is
depressed.
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UNDERPASS
DISADVANTAGES
Drainage problems during rainy season when underpass is
depressed upto 5-7m below ground level.
Necessary to pump water continuously.
Overhead structure may restrict sight distance
No possibility of stage construction .
Feeling of restrictions to the traffic.
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S.K. Khanna ,C.E.G Justo “Highway engineering " .
Dr. Tom V. Mathew ,'Channelization', IIT Bombay.
[Link]/[Link]-Frempong 'traffic islands'
Gurcharan Singh & Jagdish Singh. Highway engineering ".
[Link]
volume5/[Link]
[Link]/courses/105101008/565_Channel/point6/[Link]
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