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6.Intersections and its types

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13 views

6.Intersections and its types

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17bnciv0960
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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 36

LECTURE NO 6

INTERSECTIONS
Transportation Engineering by C. Jotin
Khisty and B. Kent Lall (Pages 287 - 301)
INTERSECTIONS
Intersections are an inevitable part of any
street system. Driving around any city, one
notices that a large majority of urban streets
share an intersection, where drivers can
decide whether to go straight or turn on to
another street. A road or street intersection
can be defined as the general area where two
or more roads join or cross, including the
roadway and roadside facilities for traffic
movement within it (AASHTO, 2001).
Because an intersection has to be shared
by everybody wanting to use it, it needs to
be designed with great care, taking into
consideration efficiency, safety, speed, cost
of operation, and capacity. The actual traffic
movement and its sequence can be
handled by various means, depending on
the type of intersection needed (AASHTO,
2001).
Geometric design of transportation facilities
must provide for the resolution of traffic
conflicts. In general, these may be classified
merging, diverging, weaving, and
as crossing
Merging
conflicts, illustrated in next slide.
onflicts occur when vehicles enter a traffic
diverging conflicts
stream; occur when
weaving
vehicles leave the traffic stream;
nflicts occur when vehicles cross paths by
first merging and then diverging; and
sing conflicts occur when they cross
paths directly.
Types of Traffic Conflicts
There are three basic ways of resolving
crossing conflicts.
•Time-sharing solutions involve
assignment of desire way to particular
movements for particular times. An
example of this type of solution is the
signalized intersection.
•Space-sharing solutions convert crossing
conflicts into weaving conflicts. An
example of this is the traffic circle or rotary.
•Grade separation solutions
Eliminate the crossing conflict by placing
the conflicting traffic streams at different
elevations at their point of intersection.
Examples of this solution are freeway
interchanges and highway-railway grade
separations.
TYPES OF INTERSECTIONS
In general, there are three types of
intersections:
(1) Intersection at grade,
(2) Grade separated intersections
(3) Interchanges.
The commonintersection at grade is one
where two or more highways join, with each
highway radiating from an intersection and
forming part of it. These approaches are
referred to intersection
as legs. Such
intersections have their own limitations and
use. Examples of at-grade intersections are
shown in slides.
Example of at Grade Intersection
Example of at Grade Intersection
Example of at Grade Intersection
When it is necessary to accommodate high
volumes of traffic safely and efficiently
through intersections, one resorts through
traffic lanes separated in grade, and this is
generally referred to as interchange.
an The
basic types of interchanges are shown in
slides to follow. When two highways or
streets cross each other at a different
grade, with no connections, the
arrangement is referred to grade
as a
paration.
Types of Interchanges
Types of Interchanges
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND
OBJECTIVES
The objective of intersection design is to
reduce the severity of potential conflicts
between vehicles (including pedestrians)
while providing maximum convenience
and ease of movement to vehicles. Four
basic elements are generally considered
in the design of at-grade intersections:
1)Human factors, such as driving habits and
decision and reaction times
2)Traffic considerations, such as capacities
and turning movements, vehicle speeds,
and size and distribution of vehicles
3)Physical elements, such as
characteristics and use of abutting
property, sight distance, and geometric
features
4)Economics factors, such as costs and
benefits and energy consumption
Intersection Channelization
Channelization is the separation or regulation
of conflicting traffic movements into definite
paths of travel by traffic islands or pavement
markings to facilitate the safe and orderly
movements of both vehicles and pedestrians.
Proper channelization increases capacity,
improves safety, provides maximum
convenience, and instills driver confidence.
Channelization is frequently used along with
stop or yield signs or at signalized
intersections.
Some basic principles to help design of
channelized intersections are as follows:
1)Motorists should be provided with
channel lines that are easy to follow.
2)Sudden and sharp reverse curves
should be avoided.
3)Areas of vehicle conflict should be
reduced as much as possible.
4)Traffic streams that cross without
merging and weaving should intersect
at or near right angles.
4)Islands should be carefully selected
and be as few as possible.
5)Overchannelization should be avoided,
as it has proved to be counterproductive.

Figure gives typical examples of


channelized intersections. The
Intersection Channelization Design Guide
(TRB, 1985) and AASHTO (2001) provide
further details on channelization.
Typical examples of Channelized
Intersections
Typical examples of Channelized
Intersections
Rotaries and Roundabouts
Rotaries and roundabouts are channelized
intersections comprising a central circle
surrounded by a one-way roadway. The
basic difference between rotaries and
roundabouts is that rotaries are generally
signalized, whereas roundabouts are not.
Roundabouts generally have good safety
records and traffic does not have to stop
when traffic volumes are low. A well-
designed roundabout should deflect the
path of vehicles passing through an
intersection by the use of a sufficiently large
central island, properly designed approach
islands, and staggering the alignment of
entries and exits (see Figure).
Uncontrolled Intersections
Where an intersection has no control
device what so ever, the operator of a
vehicle approaching an intersection must
be able to perceive a hazard in sufficient
time to alter the vehicle's speed, as
necessary, before reaching the intersection.
The time needed to start decelerating is
the driver's perception and reaction time
and may be assumed to be 2.5 seconds. In
addition, the driver needs to begin braking
some distance from the intersection.

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