ECE 331 – Digital System Design
Basic Logic Functions,
Truth Tables,
and
Standard Logic Gates
Basic Logic Functions
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Basic Logic Functions
AND
Logical multiplication (product)
A . B = AB = “A and B”
OR Order of Precedence:
1. NOT
Logical addition (sum) 2. AND
3. OR
A + B = “A or B” - can be modified by parenthesis
NOT
Logical complement
A‘ = “not A”
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Truth Table
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Logic Gates
x1
x2
x1 x1 x2 xn
x1 x2
x2
xn
(a) AND gates
x1
x2
x1
x2 x1 + x2 x1 + x2 + + xn
xn
(b) OR gates
x x
(c) NOT gate
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Additional Logic Functions
NAND
F = (A . B)‘ = (AB)’ Not the same as F = A’ . B’
F = not (A and B)
Compound logic function
NOR
F = (A + B)’ Not the same as F = A’ + B’
F = not (A or B)
Compound logic function
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Truth Tables
Exercise:
Derive the Truth Table for the NAND and NOR gates.
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Logic Gates
x1
x2
x1
x1 x2 x1 x2 xn
x2
xn
(a) NAND gates
shorthand for a NOT gate
x1
x2
x1
x1 + x2 x1 + x2 + + xn
x2
xn
(b) NOR gates
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Additional Logic Functions
Exclusive-OR
F = (A.B') + (A'.B)
Output = 1 iff one of the inputs is 1 (but not both).
Inclusive-OR: F = A + B
Exclusive-NOR
F = (A.B) + (A'.B')
Output = 1 iff both input are 0 or both inputs are
1.
Also known as the Equivalence function.
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Truth Tables
Exercise:
Derive the Truth Table for the XOR and XNOR gates.
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Additional Logic Operations
A B
XOR gate
F = A xor B
F = A xnor B
XNOR gate
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Truth Tables
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Truth Tables
Used to describe the functional behavior of a Boolean
expression and/or Logic circuit.
Each row in the truth table represents a unique
combination of the input variables.
For n input variables, there are 2n rows.
The output of the logic function is defined for each
row.
Each row is assigned a numerical value, with the rows
listed in ascending order.
The order of the input variables defined in the logic
function is important.
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3-input Truth Table
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4-input Truth Table
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Standard Logic Gates
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Standard Logic Gates
Discrete components used to build logic circuits.
74xx08 AND gate
74xx32 OR gate
74xx04 NOT gate
74xx00 NAND gate
74xx02 NOR gate
74xx86 XOR gate
Logic Families (TTL, LS-TTL, F, HC)
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Standard Logic Gates: Data sheets
Data sheets provide essential information:
Logic Function
Truth Table
Pin-out
Electrical Characteristics
Timing Characteristics
Package Description(s)
This information is necessary when building logic
circuits from discrete components.
Each Logic Family has a unique set of characteristics.
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Logic Families
TTL
Low-Power TTL (“L”)
High-Speed TTL (“H”)
Schottky (“S”)
Low-Power Schottky (“LS”)
Advanced Schottky (“AS”)
Advanced Low-Power Schottky (“ALS”)
Fast (“F”)
CMOS
High-Speed CMOS (“HC”)
Advanced CMOS (“AC”)
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Table E.4 (p. 916 of textbook)
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Combinational Logic Circuits
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Combinational Logic Circuits
Composed of an interconnected set of logic gates.
Also known as Switching Circuits
Logic circuits can be designed from
Truth tables
Boolean expressions
Logic circuits realized through
Interconnection of discrete components
Synthesis from a Hardware Description Language
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Example:
Derive the Boolean expression and draw the
circuit diagram for the following truth table:
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Example
F = x’1.x’2 + x’1.x2 + x1.x2
x1
x2
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Example:
Derive the Boolean expression and draw the
circuit diagram for the following truth table:
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Wiring Diagrams
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Standard Logic Gate: Pin-out
(a) Dual-inline package
VDD
Gnd
(b) Structure of 7404 chip
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Standard Logic Gate: Pin-out
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Standard Logic Gate: Pin-out
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Example:
Draw the circuit diagram and the wiring diagram
for the following Boolean expression:
F = x’2.x3 + x1.x2
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Example
VDD
7404
7408 7432
x1
x2
x3
f
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