Matrix
System of Linear Equations:
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + … … … + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … . (1) is called linear equation,
where, 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ………, 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏 are real numbers and
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ………, 𝑥𝑛 are 𝑛 variables which are to be determined.
If 𝑏 = 0, then (1) is called a homogeneous linear equation. This line passing through the origin.
If 𝑏 ≠ 0, then (1) is called a non-homogenous equation. This line does not pass through the
origin.
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
.
. … … … … … (2)
.
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚 }
𝑖 = 1, 2, … … , 𝑚
Where, 𝑎𝑖𝑗, } are the co-efficient of the variable and
𝑗 = 1, 2, … … , 𝑛
𝑏𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3 … … 𝑚 are called the constant term.
(2) is called the System of Linear Equation.
If, 𝑏𝑖 = 0, 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … … , 𝑚 in (2), then (2) is called homogeneous system of linear equation.
Then (2) can be written in the form
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
.
. … … … … … (3)
.
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0}
(3) is called homogeneous system of linear equation.
If 𝑏𝑖 ≠ 0 or if at least one 𝑏𝑖 ≠ 0, for 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … … , 𝑚 in (2), then (2) is called non-
homogeneous system of linear equation.
1
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
Example:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
1. 𝑦+𝑧 =0 } is a system of homogeneous linear equations.
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0
2. 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 4𝑥4 = 0 } is a system of homogeneous linear equations.
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −8
3. } is a system of non-homogeneous linear equations.
4𝑥 − 𝑧 = −14
𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 5
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 2
4. } is a system of non-homogeneous linear equations.
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 4
𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 1
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0
5. 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 4𝑥4 = 0 } is a system of non-homogeneous linear equations.
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = −1
Solution of a System of Linear equations:
System of linear equations generally 2 types.
1. Consistent: A system of linear equations is called consistent if it has at least one
solution. Solution either can be unique or more than one solution.
2. Inconsistent: If System has no solutions.
2
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
System of
Linear
Equations
Consistent Inconsistent
More than
Unique
One No Solution
Solutions
Solution
Solution of a Non-homogeneous system of linear equations:
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
.
… … … … … (∗∗∗∗∗)
.
.
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚 }
(∗∗∗∗∗) is a Non-homogeneous system of linear equations. In this system we always get Non-
trivial solutions. These solutions may be either consistent or inconsistent. So, in this system
we get 3 types of solutions.
1. Unique Solutions,
2. More than one Solutions,
3. No Solutions.
Solution Method:
1. Method of Determinant (Cremer’s Rule)
2. Matrix inverse method
3. Row reduction method
3
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
1. Method of Determinant (Cremer’s Rule):
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 = 𝑏2 }
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 = 𝑏3
Write the given system in the matrix form 𝐷𝑋 = 𝐵.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑥1 𝑏1
We have, [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] × [𝑥2 ] = [𝑏2 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑥3 𝑏3
Find the determinant of the matrix of co-efficient of variables,
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐷 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Then, find,
𝑏1 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐷𝑥1 = |𝑏2 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑏3 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑏1 𝑎13
𝐷𝑥2 = |𝑎21 𝑏2 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑏3 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑏1
𝐷𝑥3 = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏2 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏3
Then,
𝐷𝑥1
𝑥1 =
𝐷
𝐷𝑥
𝑥2 = 2
𝐷
𝐷𝑥
𝑥3 = 3
𝐷
4
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
Problem: Solve the following systems of linear equations
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 10} … … … … … … … (1)
5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
Solution:
Write the given system in the matrix form 𝐷𝑋 = 𝐵.
2 −3 4 𝑥 1
We have, [3 4 −5] × [𝑦] = [10]
5 −7 2 𝑧 3
Here,
2 −3 4
𝐷 = |3 4 −5| = −125
5 −7 2
Then, find,
1 −3 4
𝐷𝑥 = |10 4 −5| = −250
3 −7 2
2 1 4
𝐷𝑦 = |3 10 −5| = −125
5 3 2
2 −3 1
𝐷𝑧 = |3 4 10| = 0
5 −7 3
Then,
𝐷𝑥 −250
𝑥= = =2
𝐷 −125
𝐷𝑦 −125
𝑦= = =1
𝐷 −125
𝐷𝑧 0
𝑧= = =0
𝐷 −125
5
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
So, the solution of the system is,
𝑥=2
𝑦 = 1}
𝑧=0
2. Matrix inverse method:
If the system can be defined by
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐿,
Then,
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
Problem: Solve the following systems of linear equations
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1} … … … … … … … (1)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 1
Solution:
Write the given system in the matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐿.
We have,
2 −1 −1 𝑥 6
[1 3 2 ] × [𝑦] = [1]
3 −1 −5 𝑧 1
Then,
𝑥 2 −1 −1 −1 6
[𝑦] = [1 3 2 ] × [ 1]
𝑧 3 −1 −5 1
2 −1 −1
Here, 𝐴 = [1 3 2]
3 −1 −5
2 −1 −1
So, |𝐴| = |1 3 2 | = −27
3 −1 −5
Here, |𝐴| ≠ 0, so, 𝐴−1 exists.
6
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
13 4 −1
−1 1
We have, 𝐴 = [−11 7 5 ]
27
10 1 −7
13 4 −1 6 3
−1 1
Now, 𝐴 𝐵 = [−11 7 5 ] × [1] = [−2]
27
10 1 −7 1 2
𝑥 3
So, [𝑦] = [−2]
𝑧 2
𝑥=3
⇒ 𝑦 = −2}
𝑧=2
Problem:
Book reference:
1. Abdur Rahman:
Page no: 149-151, Problem: 35, 36.
3. Row reduction method:
Problem: Reduce the following system of linear equations in echelon form and find the
solutions of the system
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 5
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 2
} … … … … … … (1)
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 4
𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 1
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
1 −1 2 : 5
2 1 −1 : 2
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [ ]
2 −1 −1 : 4
1 3 2 : 1
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
7
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
1 −1 2 : 5 𝑟2′ = 𝑟2 − 2𝑟1
0 3 −5 : −8
~[ ] [𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 2𝑟1 ]
0 1 −5 : −6
𝑟4′ = 𝑟4 − 𝑟1
0 4 0 : −4
1 −1 2 : 5
0 3 −5 : −8 𝑟3′ = 3𝑟3 − 𝑟2
~[ ] [ ′ ]
0 0 −10 : −10 𝑟4 = 3𝑟4 − 4𝑟2
0 0 20 : 20
1 −1 2 : 5
0 3 −5 : −8
~[ ] [𝑟4′ = 𝑟4 + 2𝑟3 ]
0 0 −10 : −10
0 0 0 : 0
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 5
3𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 = −8 } … … … … … (2)
−10𝑥3 = −10
So, from (2) we have,
−10
𝑥3 = = 1,
−10
3𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 = −8
⇒ 3𝑥2 = −8 + 5
⇒ 𝑥2 = −1
And,
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 5
⇒ 𝑥1 + 1 + 2 = 5
⇒ 𝑥1 = 2
So, the solution will be,
𝑥1 = 2
𝑥2 = −1}
𝑥3 = 1
8
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
Problem: Solve the System of linear equations:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −3
2𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = −8
} … … … … … … (1)
4𝑥1 − 𝑥3 = −14
𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = −5
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
1 1 0 : −3
2 −2 −1 : −8
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [ ]
4 0 −1 : −14
1 −3 −1 : −5
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
1 1 0 : −3 𝑟2′ = 𝑟2 − 2𝑟1
0 −4 −1 : −2
[ ] [𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 4𝑟1 ]
0 −4 −1 : −2
𝑟4′ = 𝑟4 − 𝑟1
0 −4 −1 : −2
1 1 0 : −3
0 −4 −1 : −2 𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2
~[ ] [ ′ ]
0 0 0 : 0 𝑟4 = 𝑟4 − 𝑟2
0 0 0 : 0
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −3
} … … … … … (2)
−4𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = −2
The echelon form of the given system contains 2 independent equation(s) with 3 variables i.e. it
contains 3 − 2 = 1 free variable(s).
Therefore, the system has infinite number of solutions.
Let, 𝑥3 be free variables.
Let, 𝑥3 = 𝑎
So, from (2) we have,
9
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
−4𝑥2 − 𝑎 = −2
2−𝑎
⇒ 𝑥2 =
4
And,
2−𝑎
𝑥1 + = −3
4
1
⇒ 𝑥1 = (𝑎 − 14)
4
Taking particular solutions, we have,
1 13
𝑥3 = 𝑎 = 1, 𝑥2 = , 𝑥1 = −
4 4
So, the solution will be,
1
𝑥1 = (𝑎 − 14)
4
2−𝑎
𝑥2 =
4
𝑥3 = 𝑎 }
Or
13
𝑥1 = −
4
1
𝑥2 =
4
𝑥3 = 1 }
Problem: Solve the System of linear equations:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 3
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = −3
} … … … … … … (1)
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 = −2
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 4
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
10
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
1 1 1 : 3
1 −1 2 : −3
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [ ]
3 −1 5 : −2
2 −1 −1 : 4
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
1 1 1 : 3 𝑟2′ = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
0 −2 1 : −6
[ ] [𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 3𝑟1 ]
0 −4 2 : −11
: −2 𝑟4′ = 𝑟4 − 2𝑟1
0 −3 −3
1 1 1 : −3
0 −2 1 : −6 𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 2𝑟2
~[ ] [ ′ ]
0 0 0 : −1 𝑟4 = 2𝑟4 − 3𝑟2
0 0 9 : −14
1 1 1 : −3
0 −2 1 : −6
~[ ] [𝑟3 ⟺ 𝑟4 ]
0 0 9 : −14
0 0 0 : −1
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 3
−2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −6
} … … … … … (2)
9𝑥3 = −14
0 = −1
The echelon form of the given system contains equation(s) of the form '𝟎 = 𝒂, non-zero
number ' which is impossible.
Therefore, the system is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.
11
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
Problem:
Book reference:
1. Abdur Rahman:
Page no: 151, Problem: 37.
Page no: 29-39, Problem: 2-10, 16-27.
2. Schaums series:
Page no: 75 Problem: 3.12.
Page no: 92 Problem: 3.12.
Page no: 96-97 Problem: 3.22, 3.23.
Solution of a Homogeneous system of linear equations:
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
. .
… … … … (∗∗∗)
.. ..
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + … … + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0}
(∗∗∗) is a Homogeneous system of linear equations. Every Homogeneous system of linear
equations is consistent.
Here, 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 0, … … … … , 𝑥𝑛 = 0 is always a solution of the system. This solution is
called the Trivial solution. If the other solution exists, they are called the Non-trivial
solutions.
Problem: Solve the System of linear equations:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0} … … … … … … (1)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
1 1 1 : 0
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [1 −1 1 : 0]
1 1 −1 : 0
12
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
1 1 1 : 0 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
[0 −2 0 : 0] [ 2′ ]
𝑟3 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟1
0 0 −2 : 0
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
−2𝑥2 = 0 } … … … … … (2)
−2𝑥3 = 0
So, from (2) we have,
𝑥3 = 0,
𝑥2 = 0
And,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 = 0
So, the solution will be,
𝑥1 = 0
𝑥2 = 0 }
𝑥3 = 0
Problem: Solve the System of linear equations:
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 4𝑥4 = 0 } … … … … … … (1)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 0
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
2 1 1 −5 : 0
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [1 1 1 −4 : 0]
1 −1 −1 2 : 0
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
13
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
2 1 1 −5 : 0 𝑟2′ = 2𝑟2 − 𝑟1
[0 1 1 −3 : 0] [ ]
𝑟3′ = 2𝑟3 − 𝑟1
0 −3 −3 9 : 0
2 1 1 −5 : 0
~ [0 1 1 −3 : 0] [𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 + 3𝑟2 ]
0 0 0 0 : 0
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0
} … … … … … (2)
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 3𝑥4 = 0
The echelon form of the given system contains 2 independent equation(s) with 4 variables i.e. it
contains 4 − 2 = 2 free variable(s).
Therefore, the system has infinite number of solutions.
Let, 𝑥4 and 𝑥3 be free variables.
Let, 𝑥4 = 𝑎 and 𝑥3 = 𝑏
So, from (2) we have,
𝑥2 + 𝑏 − 3𝑎 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 = 3𝑎 − 𝑏
And,
2𝑥1 + (3𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝑏 − 5𝑎 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑎
Taking particular solutions, we have,
𝑥4 = 1, 𝑥3 = 2, 𝑥2 = 1, 𝑥1 = 1
So, the solution will be,
𝑥1 = 𝑎
𝑥2 = 3𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑥3 = 𝑏
𝑥4 = 𝑎 }
Or
14
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
𝑥1 = 1
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥3 = 2
𝑥4 = 1 }
Problem:
Book reference:
1. Abdur Rahman:
Page no: 32-35 Problem: 11-15.
Problem: for what value of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the following system of linear equations has
1. No solution
2. More than one solution
3. A unique solution
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10} … … … … … … (1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
1 1 1 : 6
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [1 2 3 : 10]
1 2 𝜆 : 𝜇
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
1 1 1 : 6
𝑟2′ = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
[0 1 2 : 4 ] [ ′ ]
𝑟3 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟1
0 1 𝜆−1: 𝜇−6
1 1 1 : 6
~ [0 1 2 : 4 ] [𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 ]
0 0 𝜆 − 3 : 𝜇 − 10
15
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 } … … … … … (2)
(𝜆 − 3)𝑧 = 𝜇 − 10
Now, from (2) we have three cases
Case 1: if 𝜆 = 3 and 𝜇 ≠ 10 then from (2) we get the form
0 = 𝑎, where, 𝑎 = 𝜇 − 10 ≠ 0
So, we get the system has no solution.
Case 2: if 𝜆 = 3 and 𝜇 = 10 then from (2) we see the 3rd equation vanishes and the system will
be in echelon form having two equations and three unknowns. It has 3 − 2 = 1 free variable
which is 𝑧.
So, in this case we get the system has more than one solution.
Case 3: if 𝜆 ≠ 3 and 𝜇 is arbitrary then from (2) we get the unique solution.
So, in this case we get the system has unique solution.
Problem: for what value of 𝜆, the following system of linear equations has
1. No solution
2. More than one solution
3. A unique solution
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝜆 } … … … … … … (1)
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 𝜆2
Solution:
Construct the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] corresponding to the given system
1 1 1 : 1
We have, [𝐴: 𝐵] = [1 2 4 : 𝜆 ]
1 4 10 : 𝜆2
Transform the augmented matrix [𝐴|𝐵] to row echelon form:
16
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
1 1 1: 1 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
[0 1 3 : 𝜆 − 1 ] [ 2′ ]
𝑟3 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟1
0 3 9 : 𝜆2 − 1
1 1 1 : 1
~ [0 1 3 : 𝜆−1 ] [𝑟3′ = 𝑟3 − 3𝑟2 ]
2
0 0 0 : 𝜆 − 3𝜆 + 2
Rewrite the given system of equations into echelon form
We have,
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝜆 − 1 } … … … … … (2)
0 = 𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2
Now, from (2) we have,
If 𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2 ≠ 0, then the given system will be 0 = 𝑎 form. So, the system will be
inconsistent and we get the system has no solution.
If 𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2 = 0, then the given system will be in echelon form having two equations and
three unknowns. 0 = 𝑎 form. It has 3 − 2 = 1 free variable which is 𝑧.
So, the system has more than one solution for
𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = 1 or 𝜆 = 2
Case 1: If 𝜆 = 1 then from (2) we get
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
}
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
Which is in echelon form and 𝑧 is a free variable.
Let, 𝑧 = 𝑎
Then, 𝑦 = −3𝑎
And, 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑎
So, for 𝜆 = 1, the system has infinite solution.
17
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
Matrix
𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑎
𝑦 = −3𝑎 }
𝑧=𝑎
For particular solution, let 𝑎 = 1, then,
𝑥=3
𝑦 = −3 }
𝑧=1
Case 2: If 𝜆 = 2 then from (2) we get
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
}
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
Which is in echelon form and 𝑧 is a free variable.
Let, 𝑧 = 𝑏
Then, 𝑦 = 1 − 3𝑏
And, 𝑥 = 2𝑏
So, for 𝜆 = 1, the system has infinite solution.
𝑥 = 2𝑏
𝑦 = 1 − 3𝑏 }
𝑧=𝑏
For particular solution, let 𝑏 = −1, then,
𝑥=4
𝑦 = −2 }
𝑧 = −1
Problem:
Book reference:
1. Abdur Rahman:
Page no: 39-40 Problem: 29-31.
18
Dipok Deb
Lecturer, Dept. of Math, SUST
