CHAPTER

System of Linear Equations THREE

In this chapter, we have a concentration to solve the system of linear equations in
various methods. Methods are as follows:
 Crammer Rule
 Gauss Elimination Method
System of linear Equations:
A System of linear Equations is a collection of linear equations involving the
same set of variables. That is the equation of the following form –
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
⋯ ∙∙∙∙∙ ⋯ ⋯ ∙∙∙∙∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ⋯
⋯⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯
⋯⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚
We can write the above system as of the following matrix form
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑏2
⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ . ⋯ = ⋯
⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ] [𝑥𝑛 ] [𝑏𝑚 ]
We also write it in abridged form as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵,where A is Coefficient Matrix and X
is a solution vector and also B is a Constant Vector.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑏2
Here we Say 𝐴 = ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑋 = ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = ⋯
⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ] [𝑥𝑛 ] [𝑏𝑚 ]

Augmented matrix:
An Augmented matrix is a Coefficient matrix adjoining with Constant vector and
it is denoted by the symbol (𝐴|𝐵) and is defined as mathematically by as follows
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑏2
(𝐴|𝐵) = ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ |
| ⋯
⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯∙ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
𝑎
( 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑚3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑚 )
Homogeneous System:
A System of linear equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 is called Homogeneous system if 𝐵 = 𝑶. That is
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑶 is called a Homogeneous system where O is a zero vector. Generally, zero
vector is the confirm solution of the Homogeneous system.
For example: The following system is a homogeneous system
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 0

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Non-Homogeneous System:
A System of linear equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 is called Non-homogeneous system if 𝐵 ≠ 𝑶.
For example: The following system is a Non-homogeneous system
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 2
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 1
Solution of system of linear equations:
A solution of a system of linear equations is an n-tuple that satisfies all equations
in the system.
For example: The 3-tuple (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,1,1) is the solution of the following system
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 4
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 1
Fundamental (Basic) and Free Variables:
A variable which is associated with pivot or leading entry in a matrix echelon
form of coefficient matrix or Augmented matrix is called fundamental (Basic)
variable otherwise Free variable.
For example: Consider a system of linear equations
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 5
Its Augmented matrix is
1 2 −1 4 1 2 −1 4
(𝐴|𝐵) = ( | ) ≈ ( | ) ← 𝐸𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
2 −4 0 5 0 −8 2 −3

In echelon form marked number indicates the pivots where 1 associated with x
and -8 associated with y, so x, y are fundamental variables and z is only free
variable.
Note:
 If a system consists at least one free variable then it possesses infinitely
many solutions and the system is called Redundant.
 If a homogeneous linear system has n unknows and reduced row echelon
form of its augmented matrix has r non-zero rows then the system has (𝑛 − 𝑟)
free variables.
Various types of solution of a system of linear equations:

 For 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑶
Trivial / Zero Solution:
A homogeneous system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 has exactly a one solution 𝑋 = 𝑂 and if this system
also belongs another non-zero solution then the existing zero solution is called
Trivial / Zero solution.

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 CHAPTER

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2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 0
For example: A homogeneous system } has two solutions (0 , 0 , 0)
3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0
and (1 , 2, 1).Therefore this zero solution (0 , 0 , 0) is called Trivial solution.
Non-zero / Non-trivial solution:
A homogeneous system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 has exactly a one solution 𝑋 = 𝑂 but a solution other
than 𝑋 = 𝑂 is called Non-trivial solution.
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 0
For example: A homogeneous system } has two solutions (0 , 0 , 0)
3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0
and (1 , 2, 1).Therefore the solution (1 , 2 , 3) is called Non-trivial solution.
 For 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
General Solution:
Set of all possible solution of the system is called General solution or Solution Set.
𝑥+𝑦−𝑍 =2
For example: A Non-homogeneous system 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8 has a general solution of the
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 10
form {(−4 + 5𝑎 , 6 − 𝑎 , 𝑎 ) ∶ 𝑎 𝜖 𝑅 }.
Note: A non-homogeneous system has never a trivia solution.
Particular Solution:
A particular solution of a system of linear equations is an n-tuple that satisfies all
equations in the system and it is obtained by assigning the value to the arbitrary
constants.
𝑥+𝑦−𝑍 =2
For example: A Non-homogeneous system 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8 has a particular solution
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 10
(−4 , 6 , 0 ) by letting 𝑎 = 0 and another particular solution is (1 , 5 , 1 ) for 𝑎 = 1 .
Classification of System of linear equations:
The system of linear equations can be classified into the following ways

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Existence of the solution of system of linear equations:
Rouche’s Theorem:
The necessary and sufficient condition for linear system AX=B stated above is consistent
or having solution if and only if the coefficient matrix A and augmented matrix (A|B)
have the same Rank that is r (A) =r (A|B), otherwise the system is inconsistent.
According to Rouche’s theorem, if
 Rank of A Rank of (A|B), then system is inconsistent.
 Rank of A Rank of (A|B )= n, then system is consistent and has a unique solution.
 Rank of A Rank of (A|B) n, then system is consistent and have infinite number
of solutions.
Cramer’s rule :

This technique was first published by the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752)
in 1750 to solve systems of linear equations.

Consider the system of n linear equations with n unknowns as

 a11 a12 a13 ... ... ... a1n   x1   b1 

a a 23 a 23 ... ... ... a 2 n   x  b 
 21  2  2
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...    
   = 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...    
 a n1 an2 a n3 ... ... ... a nn   x n  bn 

Let  be the coefficient determinant such that

a11 a12   a1n

a 21 a 22   a 2 n
      0
    
a n1 a n 2   a nn

b1 a12   a1n
b2 a 22   a 2 n
x1      
    
bn a n 2   a nn

a11 b1   a1n
a 21 b2   a 2 n
x 2      
    
a n1 bn   a nn

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Preceding in this way we can write,

a11 a12   b1
a 21 a 22   b2
x n      
    
a n1 a n 2   bn

Then we get,
x x x
x1  1 , x2  2 Similarly, we can find xn  n
  
This method of solving a system of non-homogeneous linear equations is called Cramer’s
Rule.
Advantage and disadvantage:
This method is obviously unsuitable for solving large systems, since the computation of A
become exceedingly difficult. This method work will up-to three variables as to matrix
inversion method.
Problem: Solve the system of linear equations with the help of Cramer rules
method.
x yz 6
x yz 2
2x  y  z  1
Solution:
x yz 6
Given system is x  y  z  2
2x  y  z  1
This system can be written in matrix form as
1 1 1   x   6
    
 1  1 1 . y    2 
 2 1  1  z   1 
    
Or AX=B ………………………….… (1)
where
1 1 1   x 6
     
A   1  1 1  , X   y  and B   2  .
 2 1  1 z 1
     
Now A  1(1  1)  1(2  1)  1(1  2)  6  0 i.e., A is nonsingular and   A  3 .Hence the
given system has a unique solution.

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Calculation

A  1(1  1)  1(2  1)  1(1  2)  6

6 1 1
x  2  1 1  6(1  1)  1(1  2)  1(2  1)  6
1 1 1
1 6 1
y  1 2 1  1(2  1)  6(2  1)  1(1  4)  12
2 1 1

1 1 6
z  1  1 2  1(1  2)  1(4  1)  6(1  2)  18
2 1 1
x 6 y 12 z 18
 x
  1, y    2 and z   3
 6  6  6
Hence the solution of the given system ( x, y, z )  (1,2,3) .
Gauss elimination method:
Consider a non-homogeneous system of m linear equations in n unknowns is,
a11 x1  a12 x2  ... ...  a1n xn  b1 
a21 x1  a22 x2  ... ...  a2 n xn  b2 
 ... ... ... (1) where, aij , bi  R, m  2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
am1 x1  am 2 x2  ... ...  amn xn  bm 
we can write it as AX  B .
 a11 a12 ... a1n   x1   b1 
     
a21 a22 ... a2 n  x2 b2
Where, A   , X    and B   
 ... ... ... ...   ...   ... 
     
 am1 am 2 ... amn   xn   bm 
The augmented matrix is,
 a11 a12 ... a1n b1 
 
 a21 a22 ... a2 n b2 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 am1 am 2 ... amn bm 
reduce this matrix into the following form,
 a11' a '12 ... a '1n l1 
 
 0 a22' ... a '2 n l2 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 0 0 ... amn ' lm 

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then the reduced system is,
1.x1  a '1n .x2  ... ...  a '1n .xn  l1
0.x1  1.x2  ... ...  a '2 n .xn  l2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0.x1  0.x2  ... ...  1.xn  lm
Now, by back substitution, we solve for, xn , xn 1 , … …, x1 .
This process which eliminates unknowns from succeeding equations is known as Gauss
elimination.
Note: The system has no solution if there exist an inconsistent equation like 0 = 1
in the Gaussian elimination method.
Mathematical Problems
Problem-01: Show that the following system of linear equations is not consistent
x  y  z  3
3x  y  2 z  2
2x  4 y  7 z  7
Solution: The given system of linear equations is,
x  y  z  3 

3x  y  2 z  2  ... … … (1)
2 x  4 y  7 z  7 
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
1 1 1   x  3 
     
where, A   3 1 2  , X   y  and B   2  .
2 4 7  z 7
     
The augmented matrix is,
1 1 1 3 
 A , B    3 1 2 
2 
2 4 7 7 

1 1 1 3  '
  R  R2  3R1
  0 2 5 7  2'
0 2 5 R  R3  2 R1
 13  3
1 1 1 3 
 
  0 2 5 7  R3'  R3  R2
0 0 0 20 

which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,

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x  y  z  3

 2 y  5z  7 
0  20 
Since, 0  20 occurs, which is not possible so the given system of linear equations is
inconsistent. (Showed)
Problem-02: Show that the following system of linear equations is consistent
2 x  y  3z  8
x  2 y  z  4
3x  y  4 z  0
and find the solution.
Solution : The given system of linear equations is,
2 x  y  3z  8 

 x  2 y  z  4 ... … … (1)
3x  y  4 z  0 
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
 2 1 3   x 8
     
where, A   1 2 1  , X   y  and B   4  .
 3 1 4  z 0
     
The augmented matrix is,
 2 1 3 8
 A , B    1 2 1 4

 3 1 4 0 

 2 1 3 8  '
  R  2 R2  R1
 0 3 5 16  2'
 0 5 17 R  2 R3  3R1
 24  3
 2 1 3 8 
 
 0 3 5 16  R3'  3R3  5R2
 0 0 76 152 

which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
2 x  y  3z  8 

3 y  5 z  16 
 76 z  152 
By back substitution we get, z  2 , y  2 , x  2 .
Hence the given system is consistent and the solution is,
x 2, y  2, z  2 .

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Problem-03:Show that the following system of linear equations is not consistent
x  y  2z  w  5
2 x  3 y  z  2w  2
4 x  5 y  3z 7
Solution: The given system of linear equations is,
x  y  2 z  w  5

2 x  3 y  z  2w  2  … … … (1)
4 x  5 y  3z  7 
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
 x
1 1 2 1    5
   y  
where, A   2 3 1 2  , X  and B   2  .
4 5 3 0   z  7
     
 
w
The augmented matrix is,
1 1 2 1 5
 A , B    2 3 1 2 2

4 7 
 5 3 0
1 1 2 1 5  '
  R  R2  2 R1
 0 1 5 4 8  2'
0 R  R3  4 R1
 1 5 4 13  3
1 1 2 1 5
 
  0 1 5 4 8  R3'  R3  R2
0 0 0 0 5 

which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
x  y  2z  w  5 

y  5 z  4w  8
0  5 
Since, 0  5 occurs, which is not possible so the given system of linear equations is
inconsistent. (Showed)
Problem-04: Find for what values of  ,  the system of linear equations
x yz6
x  2 y  3z  10
x  2y  z  
has i). a unique solution, ii). no solution, iii). infinite solutions.

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Solution: The given system of linear equations is,
x yz6 

x  2 y  3z  10 … … … (1)
x  2 y   z   
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
1 1 1   x 6
     
where, A  1 2 3  , X   y  and B  10  .
1 2   z 
     
The augmented matrix is,
1 1 1 6
 A , B   1 2 3

10 
1 2   

1 1 1 6  '
  R  R2  R1
 0 1 2 4  2'
0 R  R3  R1
 1  1   6  3
1 1 1 6 
 
 0 1 2 4  R3'  R3  R2
0 0  3   10 

which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
x y  z 6

y  2z  4 
   3 z    10
If   3 , then the given system of equations possesses a unique solution for any value
of  .
If   3 and   10 , then the given system of equations possesses no solution.
If   3 and   10 , then the given system of equations possesses infinite solutions.
Problem-05:Solve the following system of linear equations
5 x  6 y  4 z  15
7 x  4 y  3z  19
2 x  y  6 z  46
Solution:The given system of linear equations is,
5 x  6 y  4 z  15 

7 x  4 y  3z  19  … … … (1)
2 x  y  6 z  46  
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
Page 10 of 15 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Lecturer in Mathematics, GED, DIU
 CHAPTER

System of Linear Equations THREE

 5 6 4   x  15 
     
where, A   7 4 3  , X   y  and B   19  .
2 1 6  z  46 
     
The augmented matrix is,
5 6 4 15 
 A , B    7 4 3 19 

2 46 
 1 6
5 6 4 15  '
  R  5R2  7 R1
 0 62 43 10  2'
0 R  5R3  2 R1
 17 22 200  3
 5 6 4 15 
 
  0 62 43 10  R3'  62 R3  17 R2
 0 0 2095 12570 

which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
5 x  6 y  4 z  15 

62 y  43z  10 
2095 z  12570
By back substitution, we get z  6 , y  4 , x  3 .
Hence the required result is, x  3 , y  4 , z  6 . (As desired)
Problem-06: Solve the following system of linear equations
x  y  2 z  s  3t  1
2 x  y  2 z  2s  6t  2
3x  2 y  4 z  3s  9t  3
Solution:The given system of linear equations is,
x  y  2 z  s  3t  1 

2 x  y  2 z  2s  6t  2  … … … (1)
3x  2 y  4 z  3s  9t  3 

the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
 x
 
 1 1 2 1 3   y 1
  X    
where, A   2 1 2 2 6 , z and B   2  .
 3 2 4 3 9     3
  s  
t
 

Page 11 of 15 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Lecturer in Mathematics, GED, DIU

 CHAPTER

System of Linear Equations THREE

The augmented matrix is,
1 1 2 1 3 1
 A , B    2 1 2 2 6 2

3 2 4 3 9 3 

1 1 2 1 3 1 '
  R  R2  2 R1
 0 3 6 0 0 0  2'
0 R  R3  3R1
 1 2 6 18 0  3
1 1 2 1 3 1
 
 0 3 6 0 0 0  R3'  3R3  R2
0 0 0 18 54 0 

 1 1 2 1 3 1  R2'   1 R2
  3
  0 1 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 3 1
0  R3   R3
'
 18
which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
x  y  2 z  s  3t  1 

y  2z  0
s  3t  0 
There are 3 equations in 5 unknowns, so there are (5-3)=2free variables which are z and t.
Thus the system is consistent with an infinite number of solutions.
We put z  a and t  b . So by back substitution we have, s  3b , y  2a , x  1 .
Hence the required result is, x  1 , y  2a , z  a , s  3b , t  b . (As desired)
Problem-07: Solve the following system of linear equations
2 x  3 y  5z  t  3
3x  4 y  2 z  3t  2
x  2 y  8z  t  8
7 x  9 y  z  8t  0
Solution: The given system of linear equations is,
2 x  3 y  5z  t  3 
3 x  4 y  2 z  3t  2 
 … … … (1)
x  2 y  8z  t  8 
7 x  9 y  z  8t  0 
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)

Page 12 of 15 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Lecturer in Mathematics, GED, DIU

 CHAPTER

System of Linear Equations THREE

2 3 5 1  x  3
     
3 4 2 3 y 2
where, A   , X    and B    .
1 2 8 1 z 8
     
7 9 1 8 t  0
The augmented matrix is,
2 3 5 1 3
 
3 4 2 3 2 
 A , B   
1 2 8 1 8
 
7 9 1 8 0
1 2 8 1 8
 
3 4 2 3 2 
 R1  R3
2 3 5 1 3
 
7 9 1 8 0
1 2 8 1 8  '
  R2  R2  3R1
0 2 22 6 26  '
 R3  R3  2 R1
 0 1 11 3 13  '
  R4  R4  7 R1
 0 5 55 15 56 
1 2 8 1 8 
 
0 2 22 6 26  R3'  2 R3  R2

0 0 0 0 0  R4 '  2 R4  5 R2
 
0 0 0 0 18 
1 2 8 1 8
 
0 1 11 3 13  ' 1
 R2   R2
0 0 0 0 0 2
 
0 0 0 0 18 
which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
x  2 y  8z  t  8 
y  11z  3t  13

0  0
0  18
x  2 y  8z  t  8 

or, y  11z  3t  13
0  18
Since, 0  18 occurs, which is not possible so the given system of linear equations is
inconsistent and it has no solution. (As desired)

Page 13 of 15 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Lecturer in Mathematics, GED, DIU

 CHAPTER

System of Linear Equations THREE

Problem-08:Solve the following system of linear equations
x  2 y  2z  t  0
2 x  5 y  3z  t  1
3x  8 y  4 z  t  2
x  5 y  z  2t  3
Solution:The given system of linear equations is,
x  2 y  2z  t  0 
2 x  5 y  3 z  t  1 
 … … … (1)
3x  8 y  4 z  t  2 
x  5 y  z  2t  3
the system (1) can be written as,
AX  B … … … (2)
1 2 2 1  x 0
     
2 5 3 1 y 1
where, A   , X   and B    .
3 8 4 1 z  2
     
1 5 1 2 t  3
The augmented matrix is,
1 2 2 1 0
 
2 5 3 1 1
 A , B   
3 8 4 1 2
 
1 5 1 2 3
1 2 2 1 0 '
  R2  R2  2 R1
0 1 1 1 1 '
 R3  R3  3R1
0 2 2 2 2 '
  R4  R4  R1
0 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 1 0
 
0 1 1 1 1  R3'  R3  2 R1

0 0 0 0 0  R4 '  R4  3R2
 
0 0 0 0 0
which is the echelon form of the augmented matrix.
The reduced system is,
x  2 y  2z  t  0 
y  z  t  1 

0 0
0  0 
x  2 y  2 z  t  0
or, 
y  z  t  1

Page 14 of 15 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Lecturer in Mathematics, GED, DIU

 CHAPTER

System of Linear Equations THREE

There are 2 equations in 4 unknowns, so there are (4-2) = 2 free variables which are z and
t. Thus the system is consistent with an infinite number of solutions.
We put z  a and t  b . So by back substitution we have, y  1  a  b , x  4a  3b  2 .
Hence the required result is, x  4a  3b  2 , y  1  a  b , z  a , t  b . (As desired)
Try Yourself:
1. Solve the following system of linear equations
3x  5 y  7 z  13
4 x  y  12 z  6
2 x  9 y  3z  20
2. Solve the following system of linear equations
x y z  3
x  2 y  3z  4
x  4 y  9z  6
3. Solve the following system of linear equations
2x  3 y  4z  1
3x  4 y  5 z  1
5x  7 y  2 z  3
4. Determine for what value of a the following system of linear equations
x y  z 1
2 x  3 y  az  3
x  ay  3z  2
has i). no solution, ii). more than one solution, iii). a unique solution.
5. Determine for what values of  and  the following system of linear equations
2x  3 y  z  5
3x  y   z  2
x  7 y  6z  
has i). no solution, ii). more than one solution, iii). a unique solution.
6. Solve the following system of linear equations
x y z t  4
x  2 y  2z  t  4
x  4 y  9 z  2t  16

Page 15 of 15 Mohammad Abdul Halim, Lecturer in Mathematics, GED, DIU