BRIDGE STRUCTURE: CROSS BEAM, PIER AND PILES

Exercise: Calculate the design of the steel for the cross beam, pile, and piles of
reinforced concrete for a highway bridge, with the following
specifications:
15263.90 kg
Equivalent Variable Load WCv = 952 kg/m
Equivalent Concentrated Load: Pcv=11793 kg
Wind Load on Beams = 250 kg/m2
Calculation length (Lc): 12 m
Wind Load on Vehicles= 300 kg/m
Separation of longitudinal beams in the slab (Sv) = 2.90 m
Dimensions of the preliminary cross beam = 30 cm x 75 cm
Concrete Resistance Fc= 250 Kg/cm2
o
Yield strength of steel Fy= 4200 Kg/cm2
Rail length = 24 m
Equivalent Load for Concentrated Moments = 8164 kg
oNúmero de Carriles=2
The number of piles perpendicular to the slab = 4
Height of the stack = 4.20 m
The diameter of the cross-section of the pile = 90 m
The piles will be prefabricated with lost casing and uniform section.
circular of 80 cm at a depth of 25 m
The unit weight of the foundation soil (γ) = 1050 kg/m3

Mathematical Model for the transverse beam

11793 kg

w kg/m

0.85 m 3,467 m 3,467 m 3,467 m 0.85 m

1 2 3 4
 Solution:

Structural Analysis of Loads on a Transverse Beam:

Longitudinal beam reaction (Rv) = 2 x 15263.90 kg = 30527.80 kg
W(Cv) = 952 kg/m (Equivalent Variable Load)
Equivalent Concentrated Load: Pcv=11793 kg
Wind Load on Beams = 250 kg/m2 x 12 m = 3000 kg/m
Wind Load on Vehicles = 300 kg/m
W = 1.20 fixed charge + 1.60 variable charge
30,527.80 kg
W = 1.20 x ( + 3000 + 300
+ 1.60952 /)
2.90 m
W≈ 19436 kg/

11793 kg

19436 kg/m

0.85 m 3,467 m 3,467 m 3,467 m 0.85 m

1 2 3 4

Moments in the Flying: (Mfly)

2
=−
2

19436 x 0.852
=− ( ) -7021.26 kg.m
2

Three Moments Method:

( L1
M1 times L1 plus 2 M2 times + L2)+ M3 x L2
-W x (L13+ L23) ( P x a) ( P x b)
= −Σ x ( L12 - 2)
−Σ x ( L22 - 2)
4 L1 L2
3 Moments between Supports 1 and 3

( + 3,467 + M3) x 3,467

-7021.26 x 3.467 + 2 M2 x3,467
-19436 x (3.4673+ 3,4673 ) ( 20420582 )
= − x ( 3,467 21,734
- 2
)
4 3,467

13,868 M2 + 3,467 M3 =-433804.26 (Equation 1)

3 Moments between Supports 2 and 4

(
M2 x 3.467 + 2 M3 x6,934 )
-24393.26082
-19436 x (3.4673+ 3,4673 ) ( 20499882 )
= − x ( 3,467 2 1,734
- 2
)
4 3,467

3,467 M2 + 13,868 M3 =-433804.26 (Equation 2)

Solving the system of equations

M2 = -25024.76 kg.m
-25024.76 kg.m

Segment 1-2
Point load = 19436 kg/m x (3.467 + 0.85)m = 83905.21 kg
Point load = 83905.21 kg → applied at 1.3085 m from support 1

ΣM1=0

-83905.21 x 1.3085 + R2 x 3.467 - 25024.76 = 0

R2=38885.12 Kg is cleared.

Sum of vertical forces equals zero

R1-83905,21+38885,13=0
45020.09 Kg

Segment 2-3

Point load = 19436 kg/m x 3.467 m = 67384.61 kg → applied at 1.7335 m

of the support 2

Concentrated load = 11793 kg → applied at 1.7335m from support 2

∑M2=0

-67384.61 x 1.7335 - 11793 x 1.7335 + R3 x 3.467 + 25024.76 - 25024.76 = 0

R3=39588.81 Kg is cleared
 ∑fy=0
R2 + 39588.81 - 67384.61 - 11793 = 0

R2=39588.80 Kg is cleared

Section 3-4

Point load = 19436 kg/m x (3.467 + 0.85)m = 83905.21 kg

Point load = 83905.21 kg → applied at 2.1585 m from support 3

∑M3=0

-83905.21 x 2.1585 + R4 x 3.467 + 25024.76 = 0

R4=45020.09 Kg is cleared

∑fy=0
R3-83905.21 + 45020.09 = 0
R3=38885.12 Kg is cleared

Reactions in the Supports:

45020.08 kg
R2 = 38885.12 + 39588.80 = 78473.92 kg
R3= 39588.80 + 38885.12= 78473.92 kg
45020.08 kg

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

The dimensions of the crossbeam were taken from the pre-dimensioning, with
a cross section of 30 cm x 75 cm

Usable height (d)

d = height - covering
To determine the value of d, it was necessary to choose a coating. For this purpose
we choose a coating d=10cm
d = 75cm - 10cm = 65cm
 14 b d
=

14 x 30 x 65
= 6.50 cm2
4200

Steel area (As)

It is worked by trial and error, assuming a value of Z that would be 90% of the height.

useful.
Summed=0.90 d
Sum = 0.90 x 65 cm = 58.50 cm

25024.76 kg.m 100 cm

= = 11.32 cm2
0.90 x 4200 x 58.50 1m

Checking Z:

= − >
2

=
0.85 fc′

11.32 x 4200
= 7.46 cm
0.85 x 250 x 30

7.46 cm
Zcalculated = 65 cm - = 61.27 cm > 58.50 cm
2

Steel area calculated = 61.27 cm

 25024.76 kg. m 100 cm
= 10.81 cm2
0.90 x 4200 x 61.27 1m

Use 3 bars No. 7 (7/8 inches) with As=11.63 cm2

3 7/8"

10 cm

30 cm

Design of the Stack

Fr = Braking Force
(
5%Equivalent overload for distributed moments per lane x span +
equivalent overload for concentrated momentsx number)of lanes

Truck Design Loads

Fr = 0.05 x (952 Kg/m x 24 m + 8164 kg) x 2≈ 3101.20 kg

 3101.20 kg
= ≈ 775.30 kg
4

Load Analysis:

Braking force = 775.30 kg

Permanent Load Transverse Beam (Reaction) = 78473.92 kg
Total axial load = braking force by pile + permanent load beam
transversal
Total axial load = 775.30 kg + 78473.92 kg
Total axial load = 79249.22 kg
A circular stack is designed with the following dimensions:
4.20m
Diameter of the cross-section (D) = 90cm

Cross-sectional area of the stack (Ag)

π x D2
Ag =
4
pi times 902 (1 m)2
Ag = = 6361.73 cm2 0.636 m2
4 ( 100 cm ) 2

Weight of the Stack (Pp)

=ℎ

Pp = 4.20 m x 0.636 m2x 2500 3

= 6678 kg

The vertical load of the pile is due to the total axial load and its own weight.
how much.

Vertical load of the pillar = 79249.22 kg + 6678 kg = 85927.22 kg

The pile is the intermediate support of the bridge, therefore, the vertical load is
you must multiply by 2.

Total weight of the stack (Wp)

Wp = 85927.22 kg x 2
Wp=171854.44 kg

Area of Longitudinal Reinforcing Steel of the Pile (As)

As = 1% of the cross-sectional area of the pile

As =0.01 x Ag
As = 0.01 x 6361.73 cm2
As = 63.62 cm2

63.62 cm2
= = 12.55
5.07 cm2

Use 13 Ø 1"

Design of the Transversal Steel of the Pile

For the transverse steel, at least helical stirrups must be provided.

from 3/8 inches to a distance less than 45 times the diameter of the steel
stirrup or the smallest dimension of the member (30 cm).
The transverse reinforcement steel will be placed along the length.
(The) of the battery:

45 db = 45 x 0.953 cm = 42.89≈ 45 cm
30 cm

A length of 30 cm is taken for the length of the helical stirrups for the
transversal reinforcement

Use 13 Ø 1” with helical stirrups every 30 cm with Ast=65.91 cm2

 13 Ø1''
Helicoidal Stirrups
Ø3/8'' with 30 cm

Design Resistance of the Pile (ØPn)

[ x f´c x A( - Ast+ fy) x Ast
∅Pn = 0.85 x Ø0.85 ]
Ø=0.75 (Reduction coefficient)
A=Cross-sectional area of the stack
A= 6361.73 2

∅ Pn = 0.85 x 0.75 [0.85 x 250 x6295.82

( 276822 ) ]
1,029,360.89 kgf
ØPn≥Total load on the battery (wp)
1,029,360.89 kgf ≥ 171,854.44 kg → Complies

Slimness of the element:

≤ 100
Effective length
r = Radius of curvature of the cross-section with respect to the axis of bending

For a circular stack, the radius of rotation: r=0.25D

r=0.25 x 90=22.50 cm

Factors of Effective Length

K= 1.20 is selected for movable members

1.20 x 420 cm
Less than or equal to 100
22.5

22.4 ≤100Meets

Design of the Pile

Limit Load due to Lateral Friction (Puf)

πxd 2 2(
Puf γ f Htan 45° + ∅/2 )
2
Design diameter for the pile group (d) = 80 cm
Unit weight of foundation soil (γ) = 1050 kg/m3
f = tan(δ)
δ= 25° ► Friction between soil and pile
f = tan(25°)
f=0.47
H = Depth of the pile
Ø= 26°► Angle of internal friction

Lateral Friction Limit Load (Puf)

πD 2 2(
Puf = g f Htan 45° + ∅/2 ) ó
2
 π x 0.80m
Puf = x 1050 x 0.47 x (25m)x2 tan 45°2 (+ 13° )
2 3

Puf =620280.05 kg

The Vierendeel criterion is based on the assumption that the resistance of the
pilot is fundamentally due to lateral friction, disregarding the
collaboration of resistance by tip. The safety factor, in this case
is from 3

Allowable Load of the Pile (Padm):

=
3

620280.05 kg
=
3

206760.02 kg

Two piles will be placed with a diameter of 0.80 m and a depth of 25 m.

due to the fact that the heads group from 2 to 15 piles, taking into account
that every head connects a minimum of 2 piles so that its efficiency does not
decrease. (Taken from Soils, Foundations, and Walls by María G. Fratelli,
1993
Number of piles x Padm = 2 x 206760.02 kg
Number of piles x Padm=413520.40 Kg
Number of pilots x Padm≥Wp
413520.40 Kg ≥ 162099 kg ► if it meets
Two driven piles of lost casing will be used, cast in place with
80cm
Steel Area of the Pile: (As)
As= 1% of the cross-sectional area

2
pi times diameter π x 802
As =0.01 x = 0.01 x
4 4

50.27 cm2
Bars of Ø 1 inch are selected.

50.27 cm2
= = 9.92≈ 10 barrels of Ø 1
5.07 cm2

Use 10 bars Ø 1” (Ast= 50.70) 2)