Communication system:-

The communication system is a system which describes the information

exchange between two [Link] process of transmission and reception of
information is called communication. The major elements of communication are
the transmitter of information, channel or medium of communication and the
receiver of information.

Elements of communication system-

 Information
 Signal
 Transducer
 Amplifier
 Modulator
 Transmitter
 Antenna
 Receiver
 Channel
 Noise

Or we can say that communication system is mainly composition of signal,

modulation, antenna, demodulation and receiver.
Modulation:-
Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding
information to an electronic or optical carrier signal.

In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one

or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a
separate signal called the modulation signal that typically contains information to
be transmitted.
For example, the modulation signal might be an audio signal representing sound
from a microphone, a video signal representing moving images from a video
camera, or a digital signal representing a sequence of binary digits, a bitstream
from a computer. The carrier is higher in frequency than
The modulation signal. In radio communication the modulated carrier is
transmitted through space as a radio wave to a radio receiver. Another purpose is
to transmit multiple channels of information through a single communication
medium, using frequency-division multiplexing (FDM).
For example in cable television which uses FDM, many carrier signals, each
modulated with a different television channel, are transported through a single
cable to customers. Since each carrier occupies a different frequency, the
channels do not interfere with each other. At the destination end, the carrier
signal is demodulated to extract the information bearing modulation
signal.
Categorization for signal modulation based on data and carrier types
A modulator is a device or circuit that performs modulation. A demodulator
(sometimes detector) is a circuit that performs demodulation, the inverse of
modulation. A modem (from modulator–demodulator), used in bidirectional
communication, can perform both operations.
The frequency band occupied by the modulation signal is called the baseband,
while the higher frequency band occupied by the modulated carrier is called the
passband.

Now one question comes in our mind that why we need modulation?

Why use modulation at all? To answer this question, let's consider a channel that
essentially acts like a bandpass filter: both the lowest frequency components and
the highest frequency components are attenuated or unusable in some way, with
transmission only being practical over some intermediate frequency range. If we
can't send low-frequency signals, then we need to shift our signal up the
frequency ladder. Modulation allows us to send a signal over a bandpass
frequency range. If every signal gets its own frequency range, then we can
transmit multiple signals simultaneously over a single channel, all using different
frequency ranges. Another reason to modulate a signal is to allow the use of a
smaller antenna. A baseband (low frequency) signal would need a huge antenna
because in order to be efficient, the antenna needs Types of Modulation Why Use
Modulation? to be about 1/10th the length of the wavelength. Modulation shifts
the baseband signal up to a much higher frequency, which has much smaller
wavelengths and allows the use of a much smaller antenna.

Example:-Think about your car radio. There are more than a dozen (or so)
channels on the radio at any time, each with a given frequency: 100.1 MHz,
102.5 MHz etc... Each channel gets a certain range (usually about 0.22 MHz),
and the entire bayot gets transmitted over that range. Modulation makes it all
possible, because it allows us to send voice and music (which are essential
baseband signals) over a bandpass (or "Broadband") channel.

# Modulation used for the reduction in the height of antenna. Avoids mixing of
signal.

Advantages of modulation: -

The antenna used for transmission, had to be very large, if modulation was not
introduced. The range of communication gets limited as the wave cannot travel to
a distance without getting distorted.

Following are some of the advantages for implementing modulation in the

communication systems.

 Antenna size gets reduced.

  No signal mixing occurs.

 Communication range increases.

 Multiplexing of signals occur.

 Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed.

 Reception quality improves.

Uses of modulation:-

Most of the times, Modulation is used for interconversion of signals from one form
to another and you will be surprised to know how often this takes place in daily life
let alone the scope and huge numbers that it encompasses.

 Analog Modulation looks to transfer a low baseband or bandwidth

signals like a radio or TV signal over either a higher baseband
/bandwidth or over a limited frequency bandwidth channel like cable TV
or DTH.

 Digital Modulation, on the other hand, looks to transfer digital signals

over analog baseband.

Another important use of modern modulation techniques is to carry out Frequency

Division Multiplexing also known as FDM for simultaneous transfer of several
signals over different frequencies in ether directions using modulation with
different frequencies across the same channel.
Another use of modulation in current times is its applications in Music. Modern
musical instruments often use synthesizers to generate and modify signals over
different frequencies, superimpose them or demodulate i.e. differentiate these
frequencies to create surreal effects that many people enjoy.

Modern modulator devices or modems (short for modulator and demodulators)

perform a variety of functions some of which include:

 Grouping various signals with similar frequencies to transmit them over

similar bandwidths.

 Amplification of base frequencies to improve the quality of transmission.

 Convert digital signals to analog and vice versa.

Types of modulation:-

 Amplitude modulation
 Frequency modulation
 Phase modulation

Amplitude modulation-
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic
communication, most commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In
amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the wave is varied in
proportion to that of the message signal, such as an audio signal. This technique
contrasts with angle modulation, in which either the frequency of the carrier
wave is varied, as in frequency modulation, or its phase, as in phase modulation.
Figure 1: An audio signal (top) may be carried by a carrier signal using AM or
FM methods. AM was the earliest modulation method used for transmitting audio
in radio broadcasting. It was developed during the first quarter of the 20th
century beginning with Roberto Landell de Moura and Reginald Fessenden's
radiotelephone experiments in 1900.[1] This original form of AM is sometimes
called double-sideband amplitude modulation (DSBAM), because the standard
method produces sidebands on either side of the carrier frequency. Single-
sideband modulation uses bandpass filters to eliminate one of the sidebands and
possibly the carrier signal, which improves the ratio of message power to total
transmission power, reduces power handling requirements of line repeaters, and
permits better bandwidth utilization of the transmission medium. AM remains in
use in many forms of communication in addition to AM broadcasting: shortwave
radio, amateur radio, two-way radios, VHF aircraft radio, citizens band radio, and
in computer modems in the form of QAM. In electronics, telecommunications
and mechanics, modulation means varying some aspect of a continuous wave
carrier signal with an information-bearing modulation waveform, such as an
audio signal which represents sound, or a video signal which represents images.
In this sense, the carrier wave, which has a much higher frequency than the
message signal, carries the information. At the receiving station, the message
signal is extracted from the modulated carrier by demodulation. In amplitude
modulation, the amplitude or strength of the radio frequency oscillations is
varied. For example, in AM radio communication, a continuous wave radio-
frequency signal has its amplitude modulated by an audio waveform before
transmission. The audio waveform modifies the amplitude of the radio wave and
determines the envelope of the waveform. In the frequency domain, amplitude
modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency
and two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the
modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other. Standard AM is thus
sometimes called "double-sideband amplitude modulation" (DSBAM). A
disadvantage of all amplitude modulation techniques, not only standard AM, is
that the receiver amplifies and detects noise and electromagnetic interference in
equal proportion to the signal. Increasing the received signal-to-noise ratio, say,
by a factor of 10 (a 10 decibel improvement), thus would require increasing the
transmitter power by a factor of 10. This is in contrast to frequency modulation
(FM) and digital radio where the effect of such noise following Forms
demodulation is strongly reduced so long as the received signal is well above the
threshold for reception. For this reason AM broadcast is not favored for music
and high fidelity broadcasting, but rather for voice communications and
broadcasts (sports, news, talk radio etc.). AM is also inefficient in power usage;
at least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal. The carrier
signal contains none of the original information being transmitted (voice, video,
data, etc.). However its presence provides a simple means of demodulation using
envelope detection, providing a frequency and phase reference to extract the
modulation from the sidebands. In some modulation systems based on AM, a
lower transmitter power is required through partial or total elimination of the
carrier component, however receivers for these signals are more complex because
they must provide a precise carrier frequency reference signal (usually as shifted
to the intermediate frequency) from a greatly reduced "pilot" carrier (in reduced-
carrier transmission or DSB-RC) to use in the demodulation process. Even with
the carrier totally eliminated in double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission,
carrier regeneration is possible using a Costas phase-locked loop. This does not
work for singlesideband suppressed-carrier transmission (SSB-SC), leading to the
characteristic "Donald Duck" sound from such receivers when slightly detuned.
Single-sideband AM is nevertheless used widely in amateur radio and other voice
communications because it has power and bandwidth efficiency (cutting the RF
bandwidth in half compared to standard AM). On the other hand, in medium
wave and short wave broadcasting, standard AM with the full carrier allows for
reception using inexpensive receivers. The broadcaster absorbs the extra power
cost to greatly increase potential audience. An additional function provided by
the carrier in standard AM, but which is lost in either single or double-sideband
suppressed-carrier transmission, is that it provides an amplitude reference. In the
receiver, the automatic gain control (AGC) responds to the carrier so that the
reproduced audio level stays in a fixed proportion to the original modulation. On
the other hand, with suppressed-carrier transmissions there is no transmitted
power during pauses in the modulation, so the AGC must respond to peaks of the
transmitted power during peaks in the modulation. This typically involves a so-
called fast attack, slow decay circuit which holds the AGC level for a second or
more following such peaks, in between syllables or short pauses in the program.
This is very acceptable for communications radios, where compression of the
audio aids intelligibility. However it is absolutely undesired for music or normal
broadcast programming, where a faithful reproduction of the original program,
including its varying modulation levels, is expected. A simple form of amplitude
modulation is the transmission of speech signals from the traditional analog
telephone set using a common battery local loop.[2] The direct current provided
by the central office battery is a carrier with a frequency of 0 Hz, that is
modulated by a microphone (transmitter) in the telephone set according to the
acoustic signal from the mouth of the speaker. The result is a varying amplitude
direct current, whose AC-component is the speech signal extracted at the central
office for transmission to another subscriber. A simple form of digital amplitude
modulation which can be used for transmitting binary data is on-off keying, the
simplest form of amplitude-shift keying, in which ones and zeros are represented
by the presence or absence of a carrier. On-off keying is likewise used by radio
amateurs to transmit Morse code where it is known as continuous wave (CW)
operation, even though the transmission is not strictly "continuous." A more
complex form of AM, quadrature amplitude modulation is now more commonly
used with digital data, while making more efficient use of the available
bandwidth. ITU designations In 1982, the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) designated the types of amplitude modulation: Designation
Description A3E double-sideband a full-carrier - the basic amplitude modulation
scheme R3E single-sideband reduced-carrier H3E single-sideband full-carrier
J3E single-sideband suppressed-carrier B8E independent-sideband emission C3F
vestigial-sideband Lincompex linked compressor and expander (a submode of
any of the above ITU Emission Modes) History.
Types of amplitude modulation: -

There are two main types of amplitude modulation-

 Double sideband-suppressed carrier modulation (DSBSC)

 Single sideband-suppressed carrier modulation (SSBSC)

Double sideband suppressed carrier modulation: -

Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) is transmission

in which frequencies produced by amplitude

modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier
frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical level,
ideally being completely suppressed.[1] In the DSB-SC modulation, unlike
in AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, much of the power is
distributed between the side bands, which implies an increase of the cover
in DSB-SC, compared to AM, for the same power use. DSB-SC
transmission is a special case of double-sideband reduced carrier
transmission. It is used for radio data systems. This mode is frequently used
in Amateur radio voice communications, especially on High-Frequency
bands.
Single sideband-suppressed carrier modulation: -
In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-
sideband suppressedcarrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of modulation
used to transmit information, such as an audio signal, by radio waves. A
refinement of amplitude modulation, it uses transmitter power and
bandwidth more efficiently. Amplitude modulation produces an output
signal the bandwidth of which is twice the maximum frequency of the
original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth
increase, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device
complexity and more difficult tuning at the receiver.
Advantages of Amplitude Modulation-
 The cost of amplitude modulation is low
 Amplitude modulated signals are reflected by the earth from the ionosphere
layer
 Thus, they travel a long distance and cover a wider area
 Required carrier frequency is low
 It requires a simple transmitter and receiver
 Thus, transmission and reception of an audio signal are less cumbersome
  Demodulation of amplitude-modulated signals is less complex due to the
use of a circuit having few components

Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation

 Amplitude modulated signals are highly susceptible to peripheral noises
 Receivers of these signals find it difficult to distinguish between signals and
noises
 Thus, the quality of the audio signal is of poor standard
 If the amplitude modulated signal is weak, the receiver requires a complex
arrangement
 Amplitude modulation is less efficient in terms of bandwidth usage
 The bandwidth of the modulated signal is twice the frequency of the signal
wave
 Amplitude modulation is also less efficient in terms of power usage
 Only the power in the sidebands is used

Applications of Amplitude Modulation

 Amplitude modulation is used to transmit the signal over a long distance
 It is also used for radio transmission
 It is also applied in two-way communication for air traffic control.
Frequency modulation: -

Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier

wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal
processing, and computing.
A signal may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. In analog frequency
modulation, such as radio broadcasting, of an audio signal representing
voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, i.e. the difference
between the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, has a
functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude. Digital data can be
encoded and transmitted with a type of frequency modulation known as
frequency-shift keying (FSK), in which the instantaneous frequency of the
carrier is shifted among a set of frequencies. The frequencies may represent
digits, such as '0' and '1'. FSK is widely used in computer modems, such as
fax modems, telephone caller ID systems, garage door openers, and other
low-frequency [Link] also uses FSK. Frequency
modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is also used in
telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures
via EEG, two-way radio systems, sound synthesis, magnetic tape-recording
systems and some video-transmission systems.
In radio transmission, an advantage of frequency modulation is that it has a
larger FM has better noise (RFI) rejection than AM, as shown in this
dramatic New York publicity demonstration by General Electric in 1940.
The radio has both AM and FM receivers. With a million-volt electric arc
as a source of interference behind it, the AM receiver produced only a roar
of static, while the FM receiver clearly reproduced a music program from
Armstrong's experimental FM transmitter W2XMN in New Jersey. Signal-
to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency interference better than
an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal.
For this reason, most music is broadcast over FM radio. However, under
severe enough multipath conditions it performs much more poorly than
AM, with distinct high frequency noise artifacts that are audible with lower
volumes and less complex tones. With high enough volume and carrier
deviation audio distortion starts to occur that otherwise wouldn't be present
without multipath or with an AM signal. Frequency modulation and phase
modulation are the two complementary principal methods of angle
modulation; phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to
achieve frequency modulation.
These methods contrast with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude
of the carrier wave varies, while the frequency and phase remain constant.
There are two methods of F.M. generation-

 Direct method
 Indirect method
Advantages of Frequency Modulation

1. The amplitude of the frequency-modulated wave does not get affected.

2. Frequency Modulation decreases the noise; hence, there is a significant
increase in the signal to noise ratio.
3. We can also reduce the noise by increasing the frequency deviation.
4. It also reduces the interference by the adjacent channels through guard
bands.
5. It operates in a very high frequency called VHF.
6. It is resistant to single strength variations.
7. It does not require a linear amplifier in the transmitter.

Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation-

1. FM cannot cover large areas.

2. Transmitting and receiving equipment of frequency modulation is complex
and expensive.
3. Generally, wider channels, 200kHz, are required for FM.
4. The antennas for FM need to be closely placed for better signals.

Applications of Frequency Modulation-

1. It is used in video cassette recorders.

2. It is used to store luminous parts in VHS.
 3. It works as a limiter and also helps to remove pre-echo.
4. It is used in radio broadcasts and satellite TV.
5. It is used for audio frequency synthesis.
6. It is used to broadcast analogous TV sound.

Phase modulation: -

Phase modulation (PM) is a modulation pattern for conditioning

communication signals for transmission. It encodes a message signal as
variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. Phase modulation is
one of the two principal forms of angle modulation, together with frequency
modulation. In phase modulation, the instantaneous amplitude of the
baseband signal modifies the phase of the carrier signal keeping its
amplitude and frequency constant. The phase of a carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing signal level (amplitude) of the message
signal. The peak amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal are
maintained constant, but as the amplitude of the message signal changes,
the phase of the carrier changes correspondingly. Phase modulation is
widely used for transmitting radio waves and is an integral part of many
digital transmission coding schemes that underlie a wide range of
technologies like Wi-Fi, GSM and satellite television. It is also used for
signal and waveform generation in digital synthesizers, such as the Yamaha
DX7, to implement FM synthesis. A related type of sound synthesis called
phase distortion is used in the Casio CZ synthesizers.
References: -

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([Link] modulation-methods) .
[Link]. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
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Chicago: Springer. p. 326. ISBN 978-3030645434.

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([Link]
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Psychologist. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Archived
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5. Justesen, Don (March 1, 1975). "Microwaves and Behavior"

([Link] 1/) . American Psychologist. Vol. 30,
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UNICAMP – University of Campinas, State of São Paulo"
([Link] (PDF).
[Link]. Retrieved 15 July 2018.

7. AT&T, Engineering and Operations in the Bell System (1984) p.211

8. Bray, John (2002). Innovation and the Communications Revolution: From the
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ISBN 0852962185.

9. [Link] and [Link] (2009). Communication Engineering

([Link] 6ac-fh6QC&pg=PA36) . Technical
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10. Silver, Ward, ed. (2011). "Ch. 15 DSP and Software Radio Design". The
ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications (Eighty-eighth ed.). American
Radio Relay League. ISBN 978-0-87259-096-0.

11. Silver, Ward, ed. (2011). "Ch. 14 Transceivers". The ARRL Handbook for
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([Link]
Technologies-Part 2) . High Frequency Design: 22ff.
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Engineering Handbook, 11th Ed. Routledge. pp. 1099ff.

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([Link] fele00gibi) . McGraw-Hill Professional.
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([Link] e%20-%20Radio%20Frequency
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ISBN 0-07-059091-5 page 136 6. Der, Lawrence. "Frequency Modulation (FM)
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p://[Link]/Marcom%20Documents/Resources/[Link]) (PDF).
Silicon Laboratories. S2CID 48672999
([Link] . Archived from the
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[Link], A. Bruce (2001). Communication Systems.

Science/Engineering/Math (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-011127-8, ISBN
978-0-07-011127-1. Frost, Gary L. (2010). Early FM Radio: Incremental
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[Link], Ken (1996). "Frequency Modulation". The Electronics Handbook

(1st ed.). CRC Press. pp. 1188–1200. ISBN 0-8493-8345-5. (2nd ed., 2005)
Analog Modulation online interactive demonstration
([Link] e/14Ws9gX1hPzBkE7P1sBepVuoz-uo2f-
Be?usp=sharing) using Python in Google Colab Platform
([Link] , by C Foh.

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24. Alan Bloom (2010). "Chapter 8. Modulation". In H. Ward Silver; Mark J.
Wilson (eds.). The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications. American
Radio Relay League. p. 8.7. ISBN 978-0-87259-146-2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense pleasure, I would like to give my yearly thanks to my
esteemed and renowned guide DR. DEEPALI RATURI for her effective
supervision valuable direction motivation, guidance, discussion,
encouragement and support during the course of my project without
which my project could not be completed.

I own to her for giving me such an interesting topic and the way to see
through the things it works in nature.
Also, my genuine thanks to MR. ANUJ KUMAR for his support during
the course of this project.

I am indeed grateful to my parents for their tireless support and repeated

encouragement during the whole study period. My entire work bears
stamp of their forbearance understanding affection and sacrifice.

I am heartily thankful to my colleague who give me the spirit to

accomplish what had assigned to me.

Last but not least I Am also thankful to Almighty God for giving me
strength and power.

Alok Rawat

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT ENTITLED

“MODULATION”

ISA BONAFIDE RECORD OF WORK DONE BY ALOK RAWAT STUDENT OF

[Link] SEMESTER (PHYSICS), SESSION 2020-2022,ENTIRLY UNDER MY
SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE TOWARDS THE FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN PHYSICS FROM
A.P.B. GOVT. [Link] AGASTYAMUNI, AFFILIATED TO SRI DEV
SUMAN UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY,BADSHAHITHAUL ,TEHRI GARHWAL
THISPROJECT IS A GENUINE WORK DONE BY THE STUDENT AND HAS NOT
 BEEN SUBMITTED TO ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY/INSTITUTION FOR THE
FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF ANY OTHER COURSE OF STUDY.

DATE: DR. DEEPALI RATURI

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

A.P.B. GOVT. PG COLLEGE AGASTYAMUNI

*MODULATION*

DISSERTATION
 SUMBITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN

(PHYSICS)

BY

ALOK RAWAT

SESSION (2020-2022)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

DR. DEEPALI RATURI

SUMBITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

DR. DEEPALI RATURI ALOK RAWAT

Department of physics [Link]. IV SEMESTER

ROLL NO-151209340004

ENROLLMENT NO-SV20005012

ANUSUYA PRASAD BAHUGUNA GOVERNMENT POST GRADUATE COLLEGE

AGASTYAMUNI, RUDRAPRAYAG UTTARAKHAND,

Contents

Contents details Page No.

1. Communication system 1
2. Modulation 3
2.1.1. Advantages of modulation 5
 2.1.2. Uses of modulation 8
3. Types of Modulation 12
4. Amplitude Modulation 14
4.1.1. Types of amplitude modulation 17
4.1.2. DSBSC 18
4.1.3. SSBSC 20
4.1.4. Advantages/disadvantages of A.M. 21
[Link]. Application of A.M. 22
5. Frequency modulation 24
[Link]. Methods of F.M 26
5.1.2. Advantages/disadvantages of F.M. 27
5.1.3. Application of F.M. 29
6. Phase modulation 30
6.1. Advantages/disadvantages 31
6.2. application of phase modulation 31

7. Conclusion 32
8. Refrences 33

 Advantages of phase modulation-

 Phase modulation is increased immunity to noise.

 Phase modulator is used in determining velocity of moving target by extracting

Doppler information.
Disadvantages of phase modulation-

 Phase ambiguity comes if we exceed its modulation index pi radian (180 degree)

 We need frequency multiplier to increase phase modulation index.

Applications of phase modulation-

 Phase modulation is used in digital synthesizers for generating waveform and

signal.

 this modulation is very useful in radio waves transmission.

 Conclusion- Communication system is a system which describes the information
exchange between two points. The process of transmission and reception of information is
called communication. Modulation is
the main process in communication
system. Modulation is the process of
converting data into radio waves by
adding information to an electronic or
optical carrier signal. to modulate a
signal is to allow the use of a smaller
antenna. A baseband (low frequency)
signal would need a huge antenna
because in order to be efficient, the
antenna needs Types of Modulation
Why Use Modulation? to be about
1/10th the length of the wavelength.
Modulation shifts the baseband signal
up to a much higher frequency, which
has much smaller wavelengths and
allows the use of a much smaller antenna. Types of modulation techniques in
analogue communication are amplitude modulation and angle modulation
(phase and frequency modulation). The main goal of the experiment of
the third laboratory is getting familiar with AM modulation
technique. Although AM modulation technique is an old modulation
technique, it’s still used in many areas like TV broadcasting , amateur
radios, radio etc. Thus this laboratory has special importance to
understand how the AM modulation process works .First task was to
obtain three different carrier and double sideband amplitude modulated
signal and the corresponding magnitude responses of these signals. The
second task was to obtain low pass filter and filter the DSB amplitude
modulated signal. The third task was to obtain DSB suppressed carrier
modulated signal and demodulate this signal was the fourth task of
the experiment. After implementing all these steps we conclude that
we can successfully obtain the original message signal by using two type
modulation.