1.

Temperature Increases
2. Change in entropy
1.4
𝑝2 1.4 𝑇2 1.4−1
3. P2 = P1(𝑝1) or P2 = P1(𝑇1)
4. Quality
5. Certain
6. Non isentropic Process
7. Isentropic Process
8. Friction
𝑇2 𝑇2
9. T1 = 𝑃2 or T1 = 𝑣2
𝛥𝑆+𝑅𝑙𝑛(𝑃1) 𝛥𝑆+𝑅𝑙𝑛( )
𝑣1
𝑒 𝐶𝑝 𝑒 𝐶𝑣

𝑘𝑔
10. Air flows through a supersonic wind tunnel test section. At the inlet of the test section, the air has a density of 0.85 𝑚3 and a temperature of 290 K. The air then undergoes an isentropic
𝑘𝑔
compression through a converging nozzle, increasing the density to 1.2 𝑚3 at the outlet.
Assuming air behaves as an ideal gas, calculate the ff:
a) The temperature of the air at the outlet of the nozzle.
b) The pressure at the outlet, given that the pressure at the inlet is 90 kPa.
Given:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
ρ1 = 0.85𝑚3 ρ2 = 1.2𝑚3
T1 = 290K
Solution:
a) Solve for the value of final temperature (T2) Using isentropic relation (Using the given density and temperature)
1.4 1.4−1 1.4−1
ρ2 1.4 𝑇2 1.4−1 𝑝2 1.4𝑥 1.4 1.2 1.4𝑥 1.4
(ρ1) = (𝑇1) → Derive then it will become → T2 = T1(𝑝1) → T2 = 290(0.85) → T2 = 332.8917k

b) Solve for the value of P2 Using isentropic Relation (Using the given Density and Pressure)
𝑃2 ρ2 1.4 𝑝2 1.4 1.2 1.4
(𝑃1) = (ρ1) → Derive then it will become → P2 = P1(𝑝1) → P2 = 90,000(0.85) → P2 = 145,851.1165Pa

11. Air passes over the upper surface of a supersonic wing section, where the flow slows down and compresses non-isentropically due to shock wave formation on the wing. At a point just
before the shock, the air has a temperature of 320 K. After the shock on the wing surface, the air pressure rises to 200 kPa, and the temperature increases to 380 K due to irreversible
𝑘𝑗
effects. The entropy change during the process is 0.0261𝑘𝑔.𝑘.
A) Calculate the value of pressure before the shockwave.
B) Calculate the value of pressure before the shockwave if ΔS = 0
 Given:
T1 = 320K
P2 = 200kPa (200,000Pa)
T2 = 380K
𝑘𝑗 𝑗
𝛥𝑆 = 0.0261 𝑘𝑔 (26.1𝑘𝑔)
a) Solve for the value of P1 using non-isentropic formula (Use Temperature and pressure relation)
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑃2 200,000
𝛥𝑆 = 𝐶𝑝𝑙𝑛 (𝑇1) − 𝑅𝑙𝑛(𝑃1) → Derive then it will become → P1 = 𝑇2 → P1 = 380 → P1 = 120,034.864Pa
𝛥𝑆−𝐶𝑝𝑙𝑛(𝑇1) 26.1−1004.5 ln(320)
( )
𝑒 −𝑅 𝑒 −287

b) Solve for the value of P1 using isentropic relation (Use temperature and pressure relation)
1.4
𝑃2 𝑇2 1.4−1 𝑃2 200,000
= (𝑇1) → Derive then it will become P1 = 1.4 → P1 = 1.4 → P1 = 109,600.4486Pa
𝑃1 𝑇2 380
(𝑇1)1.4−1 (320)1.4−1

12. A piston moves up from the bottom dead center. At Bottom Dead Center, the cylinder volume is 57.5𝑖𝑛3 . At top dead center during the exhaust stroke the volume is 8.2𝑖𝑛3 . If the
temperature at the end of power stroke reaches 480K,
Find the temperature at exhaust stroke if:
a) Assuming that ΔS = 0 and the mass at power stroke is 0.12kg and exhaust stroke is 0.0085kg
𝑗
b) Assuming there is change in entropy of -550𝑘𝑔.𝑘
Given:
2.54𝑐𝑚 3 1𝑚 3
v1 = 57.5𝑖𝑛3 → 57.5𝑖𝑛3 ( 1𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ ) 𝑥 (100𝑐𝑚) = 9.4225618𝑥10−4 𝑚3
2.54𝑐𝑚 3 1𝑚 3
v2 = 8.2𝑖𝑛3 → 8.2 𝑖𝑛3 ( 1𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ ) 𝑥 (100𝑐𝑚) = 1.343739248𝑥10−4 𝑚3
T1 = 480K
a) Find the value of Density using the mass and volume formula (Density is needed for isentropic relation)

𝑚1 0.12 𝑘𝑔
𝜌1 = → 𝜌1 = 9.4225618𝑥10−4 → 𝜌1 = 127.3539007𝑚3
V1

𝑚2 0.0085 𝑘𝑔
𝜌2 = → 𝜌2 = 1.343739248𝑥10−4 → 𝜌2 = 63.2563210𝑚3
V2
a)* Use isentropic formula to find T2 (Use density and temperature relation)
1.4 1.4−1 1.4−1
ρ2 1.4 𝑇2 1.4−1 𝑝2 1.4𝑥 1.4 63.2563210 1.4𝑥 1.4
(ρ1) = (𝑇1) → Derive then it will become → T2 = T1(𝑝1) → T2 = 480(127.3539007) → T2 = 362.8089K

b) Find the value of Temperature at exhaust (T2) using non-isentropic formula

1.343739248𝑥10−4
𝑇2 −550−287𝑙𝑛( )
𝛥𝑆−𝑅𝑙𝑛( ) 9.4225618𝑥10−4
𝑇1
𝑇2 𝑣2
𝛥𝑆 = 𝐶𝑣𝑙𝑛 (𝑇1) + 𝑅𝑙𝑛(𝑣1) → Derive then it will become → T2 =T1𝑒 𝐶𝑣 → T2 = 480𝑒 717.5 → T2 = 486.0424K