1

Chapter
Zeroth Law and
Basic Concepts
ONE-MARK QUESTIONS hCteases by 20 m and temperature increases by I
emasS of the system is 0 kg C = 100 1 (kg A d
alteipelne of uit (assuniedto be an ràvitational acceleration is l0 ms fthere is Do change
ideal
m' and 300 K, n any otther component of the energy of the system. the
tespectively.
dcated hy a alometer tited to the hagntude of total work done in kJ) on the system is
bar I| lhe gas COUstant of air iN |2015-53]
alospheie piessure is | bar, the Solutionm: Given: C, 10 ms, C 20 ms ;
|2016-S2)
100 Jkg-K, g- 10 m s, Q=0
ANsunming compressible ud with 1
ldeal guN
1C, l00 J kg-N
SFEE:

000 T000 000 l00

Sutding the vales, we pet 000 1000

)(
,0
000

|2016 S2)

neatute only
waleulatiM ot thesvt cnhal}, |201592

hyatenn due to wich itn

to 0 m, elevation
7.4| Thermodynamcs
Solution: (d)
Soletien: For ndeal gas nthalyy is the function of
Net work done
temperature
Hence fo Cakuiation of
to know only the
temerature
Hene, the c t nhon is (a)
enthalpy, it is suficient
-|mg -F)s
=(mg -F,au
5 Temperature of nitngen in a vessel of volume2m' is
-(|00-0S) (41
S K A Utuhe manometet connected to the vessel
hows a reading of 0 cm of menury (level highet in
the end open to atmo_phere ) The universal gas constant
Work interaction or
only by drag force
-50 0-23n
work done at

W-Fsuxrsoundi=5nrgh.
is 8314 Jkmol-K. atmospherc pressure is 101325 bat. This is work done
celeraton due to gravity is 9RI ms and density of is negative. Hence,
by
mercury is 13,600 kg m The mass of nitrogen (in kg) im
the vessel is |2015-821
surrounding air and is posiequaltiveto wor25k 1
Hence. the correct option is (d)
Sotution: 9. An insulated rigid vessel
Given:= 2m'. T 288 K air, The
mixture is ignited bycontaains a
Gauge pressure. P.= 70 cnm of mercury or of the vessel
experience is minute spartk
(a) increase in T
P, - (13.6 x 0.70 x 981)kPa temperature,
temperature, andprpressure
essure nd
P, 93.3912 kPa (b) decrease in
Absolute pressure P=(93.3912 + 101.325) kPa (c) increase in
temperature
P= 194.71 KPa
(d)
in energy
pres ure
R increase in temperature
Characteristic gas constant. R energy and pressure be
Molecular weight Solution: (a)
R314 Heat supplies by spark
R=0.29693 kJ kg-K increases internal hm
28 done as system is insulated and rigd
J= mRT(19471 x 2)= (mx 0.29693 x 288)
m= 4.554 kg Increase in sVstem =AU-0-y
Hence. the correct answer is 44 to 4.6.
internal energy increases tet
pressure.
6. The specific heats of an ideal gas Hence. the correct option is (a).
depend on its |1996|
(2) temperature
(b) pressure
(c) volume
(d) molecular weight and
Two-MARK QUESTIONS
Solution: (d)
structure 1.If one mole of H, has occupies a ngid
conaa
capacity of 1000 litres and the temperaturcNE
M(-1)
27°C to 37°C. the change in pressure of
gas (round ott' to two decimal places), aUM
Hence, the correct option is (d). behavior, is
7. The definition of I K as per Pa. (R = N.314J mi K
the internationally accepted Solution: (83.14)
temperature scale is
(a) 1/100th the diference |1994] initially T,-27°C =300k
between normal
and normal freezing point of water boil1ng point M, =lmole
(b) 1/273.15th the normal R-8.314 kJ mol -k
(c) 100 times the difterencefreezing point of water V,= l000 litre =I m'
between the
water and the normal freczing point oftriple point of
(d) 1273. 16th of the triple point of water water finally T, = 37°C= 310k
Solution: (d) P, =?
It's definition of I K trom ideal Gas relation
Hence, the correct option is (d). PV, =(R)T,
8. A body of weight 100 N falls freely a
50 m. The atmospheric drag force is vertical distance of P =8.314 x 300 pastal
the work interaction is
0.5 N. For the body. PI=300R
(a) +5000 J (b) 5000 J |1993| Now since the volume off containeri
(c) -25J (d) +25J
P P.
 7.5
Concepts
2d Basc
310
E-200R 300 Solution:
100
Aeragec moiar mass. 30
Pascal
(P. - P)= (310 - 300) R= 10R 32

= 10 8314 R 83I4
Charctennstc gas constant. R 30 233
K*4Pasal
Don-insulated R= 27499 Jkg K
5de
a cylindeT
ke and area 4 = 100 crm} using
and a stoppers piston Hence. the correct answer is 274 to 276
i
2re2). as shown in the figure. The initial 4. A certain amount of an deal gas Is Initsally at a pressure P
temperature T of air inside the aa temperature T. Frst it undereoesa constant pressue
cylinder Process 1-2 such that T=T 4 Then. it undergoCs a
kPz and 400°C. respectively. The ambient
and temperature T are 10O kPa and 27°C. Constant volumc process2-3 such that T, = I,2. The ratto
temperature of the air inside the of the final volume to the in1tial volume of I|2014-S3|
the e
piston will begin to move is
cylinder gas is
stachothe
deimal places) (a) 025 tb) 0.75
(2018-52] (c) 10 d) 15
D= 100 KPa
T =27C Solution: (b)
Let us draw process in p-1 diagram

Piston M=25 kg + - , where T, > T.

A= 100 cm
Ar
g = 10 m/s?

P = 200 KPa
T= 400°C Process 1-2: Constant pressure

cin: Pressure of air inside the cylinder when piston I I.

5Into move is equal to
P,= P.- Pressure due to piston weight 4
25x10
P,= 100 +
100×10x10³ =0.75

= 100 +25 = 125 kPa Process 2-3: Constant volume

ieSSume T, to be the corresponding temperature and I=V,= 0.757
Ocess should be constant volume.
P _P V'inal = 0.75
initial

Hence, the correct option is (b).

5. Match items from Groups I, II, III, IV and V |2006]
P
125
Group-I Group-|I
I,= x673 = 420.625 K When added to the system, is
200
E Heat G Positive
T= 147.625°C
se. the F Work H Negative
correct answer is 147.62.
muxture of ideal gases has the follow ing composition Group-III Group-|V Group-V
|2015-S1] Differential Function
Phenonmenon
O, IExact K path M Transient
CO,
60 30°% 10% JInexact L Point N Boundary
LTIversal Constant
gas constant
Las is 8314 Jkmol-K,
of the
the char-
(in J kg-K) is
(a) F-G-J-K-M
E-G-I-K-N
(b) E-G--K-M
F-H-|-K-N
mixture
7.6 Thermodynamics
(a) 2.23 bar
(c) F-H-JLN (d) E-G-J-K-N (c) 1.07 bar (by 194 bar
E-H-4-M F-H-J-K-M Solution: (c) (d) 100 bar
Solution: (d)
When added to system. heat is positive
Heat ts n exact diferential and path function. Transient +Paom +l913
2.013 bar
phenomenon
Hence. FH-J-K-M
As volume is constant, we
use
Hence. the correct option is (d).
Commen Data for Questions 6 and 7: Afootball
was inflated to a gauge pressure of lbar when the ambient P, =
temperature was 15C When the game started next day.
the air temperature at the stad1um was 5°C |2006|
288
Assume that the volume of the football remains constant

6.
at 2500 cm'
he amount of heat lost by the air in the football and Initial Pgauge
278
(1
-P-Patm
+1013) =20%54or
te gauge pressure of air in the football at the stadium
respectively equal
= 1.07 bar =20854 -10132
(a) 30.6 J. 1 94 bar (b) 21.8 J. 0.93 bar Hence, the correct option is (c).
(c) 61.1 J. 194 bar (d) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar 8. An isolated thermodynamic
Solution: (d) system
Choose the correct statement(s) from eXeCutes
I, = 15° + 273° = 288 K the fol
TP, +t Patom = 1bar + 1.013 bar (a) no heat is transferred
= 2.013 bar (b) no work is done
On secondary. T, = 5° + 273° = 278 K (c) no mass fiows across the
Volume remains constant during process. (d) no chemical reaction takes place of boundary
the
Using ideal gas equation between game day and one day Solution: (a, b, c) within the sye
before. Isolate system does not interact with
P,
Hence, no heat is transferred no work sur OA
mass fiows across boundary. Note that
T can take place. chemICa
Hence, the correct option are (a), (b) and (ci
T 9. Match List-I with List-II
278
x 2.013 = 1.943 List-I List-II
288
A. Cetane number 1. Ideal gas
(Ppaupe)2 =P,-Patm= 1.943 - l=0.94 bar
Using First law, B. Approach and range 2. Vander Wals gas
d = AUt dW ST
d) = mC, dT + 0 (Volume is constant. No
C. 3.S.I. engine
work done)
d) =mC, dT D. dh = C, dT, even 4. CJ. engine
when pressure varies
RT ca, -1) 5. Cooling towers
6. Heat exchangers
2.0132 x J0 x 2500 x 10
287 × 288 Solution: A-4; B-5; C-2; D-I anddl'z
For ideal gas, one can use dh = C,dlT
x 0.718% 10'(278 -288) irrespective of pressure variation (D-1). hen:
diesel and
2-=-43.7 J Cetane number is associates with
engines (A-4). Cooling
Negative sign shows heat is rejected by system.
Amount of heat lost is 43.7 J. Approach and Range is related to
Hence, the correct option is (d). (B-5). Wai
(Vander
ST
7. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must have heen # ) is true for non-ideal gas
SP
originally inflated so that it would equal I bar gauge at the
stadium is |2006| [C-2].
 Chapter 2
Work and Heat
ONE-MARK QUESTIONS
LDuringanon-flowthermodynamic process(1-2) executed
þ apertectgas,the heat interaction is equal to the work »Cn
nteraction when the process is
a) Isothermal (b) Isentropic 2019-S1|
c)Adiabatic (d) Polytropic =PV, In (CIP, P.
Solution: (a)
CIP
B=u + d Since, it is given that work done at system is positive but
in this processes work is done by system. So work done
will be negative.
..)
Hence, the correct option is (b).
T=00 =W2 3. Which of the following statements are TRUE with respect
to heat and work? (2016-S1|
(i) They are boundary phenomena
(ii) They are exact differentials
T=6 (ii)They are path functions
(a) both (i) and (ii) (b) both (i) and (ii)
P (c) both (ii) and (ii) (d) only (ii)
Solution: We know that work and heat are path func
tion, boundary phenomena, and inexact
differential.
Hence, the correct option is (b).
4. A cylinder contains 5 m' of an
ideal gas at a pressure of
2.A mass m of a perfect gas at pressure p, and volume Tbar. This gas is compressed in a
Vundergoes an isothermal process. The final pressure process till its pressure increases to reversible isothermal
5 bar. The work in kJ
IS p, and volume is V. The work done on the system is required for this process is
ConSIdered positive. If Ris the gas constant and Tis the (a) 804.7
(b) 953.2
|20131
temperture, then the work done in the process is (c) 981.7 (d) 1012.2
[2017-S2] Solution: (a)
P, =lbar = 10 pa, v, = `
'a) pV In'2 Work done by system is m'
(b) -pV In
isothermal prOcess
() RTIn2 (d) -mkTIn P2
V P

SolWeuknow
tion: that in a Isothermal Process
PV =constant -10' x Sln
Work done by system
=-804.718x 10'J= -804.7 kI
7.8 | Thenodynamtes

Wort done nsstem 8. Acompressor undergoes a

(-8047 )O4.7 kJ
The gas at inlet and outlet of
as state I and state 2 reverSible, stead
the
Hence. the orretptn energy changes are to be respectivelcyOThe,mpres or
is (a).
3.Ay hanting a ltqud rases its essure from I ba o
s0 bar Take the densit of the lhqud as o0 kg m' The
are used: = specific
gas. The specifie work
compressor for this gas
ignored.
volume and
equired to poP=tential and
Isentn speiie wnrk done hy the pump in kJ kg is
compression be sutpeSsiiuestde
(a) o0
(b) 0.30
(d) 293
|2011|
(a) (b) proces
Solutieon: (d) (c) v, (P, P)
Isentropc speific work done by pump is Solution: (b)
(d) -P (,)
Work done on the system
system) in a steady flow is (compressor does
work ra
pum
p

Hence, the correct option is (b).

9. For reversible adiabatic
process, the work transfer compression 1n a
(30 - 1)x 10 a per unit mass is steat
-2.93 kJkg (a) fpdv
990(kg m') (b) vdp
Hence, the correct option is (d).
6. Heat and work are |2011|
(c) [Tps (d) sdT
(a) intensive properties (b) extensive properties Solution: (b)
(c) point functions (d) path functions In a steady flow, work done on the
Solution: (d) is system (compres
Heat and work are path functions.
Hence. the correct option is (d). W= fvdp
1
7. The contents of a well-insulated tank are heated by a
resistor of 232in which 10A current is flowing. Consider Hence, the correct option is (b).
the tank along with its contents as a thermodynamic
system. The work done by the system and the heat transfer Two-MARKS QUESTIONS
to the system are positive. The rates of heat (O). work ()
and change in internal energy (AU) during the process in
kW are |2011] 1. The molar-specific heat at constant volume of r
(a) Q=0, W= -2.3, AU= +2.3 gas is equal to 2.5 times the universal gas constant
(b) O=+2.3. W=0. AU= +2.3 J/mol.K). When the temperature increases by 1N
Jmo!
(c) O=-2.3. W=0. AU=-2.3 change in molar specific enthalpy is
(d) Q=0, W=+2.3, AU= -2.3
Solution: (a) Solution:
As current flows through a resistor, work is done on the calcul
system. This is electrical work.
We know that specific enthalpy can be
relation
dW = VT: = (/R) I= PR
= 10² (23) = 2300 W =2.3 kW Ah=Cp AT
As work is done on system, we keep a negative sign =(C+R)AR
dW= -2.3 kW = (2.5R+ R) AT
As system is isolated. Heat transfer is zero =3.5 x 8.314 xI00 J/mol
dQ = 0 = 2909.9
Using First Law, (2909.9 Jmo).04n'
dÍ = AV+ dW Hence, the correct answer is contains
0= AV-2.3 2. A piston-cylinder device initially100kPaand
mTh
AV=2.3 kW (to be treated as an ideal gas) at to 01
Compressed
Hence, the correct option is (a).
air is now isothermally kJ.
done during this process is
 and Heat|7.9
hapter 2 Work
conventionsuch that work done. onthe
mgatihe)

volumeof air V, 0.4 m' Q,*m (h, h)

water
saturated
Inital -0.m State 2 is super heated steam. stated is
m[h- Aj-1 s[3277-s05)
Isothermalprocess, work done
4158 kJ
weight
5. A mono-atomic ideal gas I67. molecular MPa.
(7 0|
40) 1s compressed adiabatically from
is R 314 kJ
, 300 Kto 0.2 MPa. The universal gas constant gas (in kJ
In kJ--55,45 kJ
100× 04 0.4 kmol K! The Work of CompresSion of the |2010;
kg}is
answeris -55.6 to -55.4. (a) 29.7 (b) 199
corrvt
undergoesa reversible process in which the (c) 13.3 (dy 0
Iincarly with volume. The conditions at Solution: (a)
- 300 K
subscippt )
and at the end (subscript 2) of the P=0.1 MPa. p, =0.2MPa. T,
at usual notation are: p, = 100 kPa, V, =02 Process is revers1ble adiabatic
uzth 0.1 m³ andthe gas constant, R
OKPa. V, =
kg-K.The
magnitude of tthe work required for
|2016-S1]
(167-1
0.2 167

300 0.1

I, =396. 18 K
Using first law,
Q-=AU+ W
Q-=0(Reversible Adiabatic)
0.2 0 = mC, AT +W_: W=-mC, AT
RAT (D
r-1
wgtion: Gas constant R=0.275 kJ/kg-k
Universal gas constant
Te , =100 kPa Gas constant
Molecular weight
=0.2 m³
"Ne p, =200 kPa R
R=

ndone =area under the curve 1.2 Using Equation (1),

-mR (AT)
0 10° x0.1 + 100 × 10 x 0.1 = 15,000 J
M(r - 1)
,thecorrect answer is 15.
-m (8.314 10') (396. I8 - 300)
40(0.67)
of water is in saturated liquid state at
= 0.001061 m'/kg, u, = 504.0 kJ/kg, =-m(29.83 x10')J
t: S05 kJ kg). Heat is added in a constant pressure
on gas
ss till the temperature of water reaches 400°C Work done by system is negative ot work done
i\54931 m'kg, u= 2967.0 kJ/kg, h = 3277.0 kJ/kg). (compression)
added (in kJ) in the pprocess
is counpression
|2014-S1| W=m(29.83 x 10')
lution: 4158 kJ
Sing First Yaw, per unt mass IS
I compressiot

29.83 x 10°kg = 29.83 kJ/kg.

=(U,-U,) + P(V,-V)
=|U,+P,V,-[U, +P"I Hence, the correct option is (a).
[Pressure is constant P, =P,=T
7.0 Thermodynamics

6.A ficthonless Diston cvinder device contains a gas Thermally insulated,

nitiallh at 0 MPa and 00$ m' t expands uast
statcaily at constant temperah1re to a final voume of Work done by system,
0030 m The work outt on k) during this process
wall e |2009)
Using Equation (I ),
8640kJ
(b) 12 00

Soetion: (a)
(d) 8320 00 (0AU- 8640 I0
0= C
AT-
P, 08 MPa 0= (pv)C, AT(8640
-
V0.01$ m'. , 0030 m 8640 × 10
(8640
Process s reversible isothermal process. AT =
Work donc by svstem. pr

Density of air.
p=12kg/m!
0.030 AT= 8640 ×10
(08x 10o x0.015)ln 1.2x 22.5 x 718
0.015
AT= 44S.68
8317 J- 8.317 kJ
Hence, the correct option is (a) T,-T, =445.68
7. In a steady state steady flow process
taking place in a T-20 = 445.68
device with a single inlet and a single outlet, the work T,= 465.68: T,» 470C
done per unit mass flow rate is given by w = routlet
Hence, the correct option is (d).
Jnlet vdp,
where vis the specific volume and p is the pressure. The 9. Nitrogen at an initial state of
300 Kis expanded 10
expressIon for 'w given above
(a) is valid onBy if the process is both
(2008]
reversible and
isothermally to afinal bar.volune
The p-v-T relation is
adiabatic
(b) is valid only if the process is both
reversible and
final pressure P*v=RI, whert
isothermal (a) will be slightly less than 5 bar
(c) is val1d for any reversible (b) will be slightly more than 5 bar
routlet
(c) will be exactly 5 bar
(d) is incorrect, it must be = (d) cannot be
Jinlet pvd ascertained in the absence of the ie
Solution: (c) Solution: (b)
The formula for work done in steady fow is As process is isothermal, hence
valid for any
reversible process. P +
Hence, the correct option is (c).
8. A 100 Welectric bulb was
switched on in a 2.5 m x 3 m
x3 m size thermally insulated room
of 20°C. The having atemperature
room temperature at the end of 24 hours
will be
(a) 321C (2006|
(b) 341°C 10+
(c) 450C (d) 470°C
Solution: (d)
Spec1fic heat at constant volume for air, S+
4
C,=718Jkg K
Electrical work done on the system, 4
W=pt, W=000) (24 x 60x 60) As
u>0,p, >s bar
W-8640× 10° J Hence, the correct option is (b).
canta
10. Avertical eylinderr with afreely"loatingpistonThers
W= 8640 kJ
Volume. V= 2.5 x 3x3 = 22.5 m kgair at 1.2 barand asmallelectricalresistor.a current
Wired to an external 12 Volt battery. Whensees.thep
Using First law, amps is passed through the resistor for90 piston sx

Q= AU+ W2 Sweeps a volume of 0.01 m³ Assume () idealgs

() cylinderarare insulated and(ii) airbehavesSasa
temperature
C=700 J/kg K. Find the rise in
 Net work done by
system
W, W,
120)- 1620
W420
m 0.1 kg
Using first law for cosed system,

Insulated system
Work done by
ation: k
gas in piston 0 -mC, T+ W
-v) [preSsure is constant| 0 (01) (700) (AT) -420
=L2x 10° (Av) =1.2 x 10° (0.01) 420
= 1200 J C
0.170)

atrcal on system
work done Rise in temperature is 6°C.
VI|
W, =(V) x (time) =
=12 x 1.5x 90 =1620 J
 First Law of
Chapter
I.
ONE-MARK QUESTIONS
Thermodynami
entry and exit are ||00 K
power produced is. 4,6
300 kJ/s through the
and
turbine
MW and 400
heat
K

cscapreessperi hy lhera.
escapes at casing.
An etgine
opeates on the reversible cycle as shown in is 4.6 MW and heat The a
fgur The work otput from the cnginc (in the turbine casing. The mass the rate of
(ornxtto two decimal places) kJ/cycle)
is
|2018-$2] through the turbine is fow rate of gas (in
(a) 6.14
(b) 7.00
650 (c) 7.50 (d) 8.00
Solution:
Consider the figure given below

400
T,= 1100 K Q.300 W

2
2.5
T,= 400 K
Vim) P= 4.6 MW = 4600 Kw

Solution: Consider the figure given below Also it is given that

Ventry=exit
650 Applying SFEE,
me,T; -mep1, +P+Qreleased
Para 103 x m x 1000 x(1100 - 400)= 4600 + 300
10m
4000
400 =7x103
4 1000x 700
m=7 kg/s
2
Vm)
2.5 Hence, the correct option is (b).
3. A well-insulated rigid container of
From the above given figure required work can be calcu volume I m' contats
lated as 1.0kg of an ideal gas C, = 1000 J'(kg.K) and C, =NN
J/(kg.K)] at a pressure of l0 Pa. A stirrer is rotated a
Work output = X AB x AC Constant rpm in the container for l000 rotations and te
2 applied torque is 100 N-m. The final temperature of the
gas (in K) is (2015-9|
x(650- 400) x(2.5 - 2)
2 Solution: 80 = 0 [lnsulatad
= 62.5 kJ W=H2 TX 1000 × 100) = 628.318 kJ
Hence, the correct answer is 62.5. 1" law of
2. A calorically perfect gas (specific heat at constant
thermodynamics
SW + dU
pressure 1000 J/kg.K)enters and leaves a gas turbine wilh 628.318 + dU
the same velocity. The temperatures of the gas at turbine dU 628.318 kJ
 fhermoyomis

ifenee, the corsect

6. A2WN 4 litre o0fin is(o)
fhe het wster seate is owitehed on for 20 minntes
sti he os6ity,
iiefessetectrieal
of he energy
wster is 42ki/kg K. Assuming
has gone into heting the water,
wter femperatre in degree eentigrade is
(20031
(b) 40
Sstution (e)
sing Firt law for closed
sytem,
mk W
2/1 20 60 -2400 kJ
S0 K
System is insulated
02

0(T, 00)- 628 312 AUs-W; mSAT -W

(1)
1,-1285AK Mass of water,
Correct answer is 12234 to 1227 4 m density volume
of degrees of freedorm of the =1000 (40 10) =40 kg
esutnber linkage shown (Using Fquation (I).
(2015-51| 40 4.2 10 AT
-2400 10
AT= 14.28: AT %14.3°C
Hence, the correct option is (c).
7. A steam turtbine receives steam steadily at 10
bar
with an enthalpy of 3000 kJkg and discharges at
Ibar with an enthalpy of 2700 kJ/kg. The work output is
250 kJkg. The changes in kinetic and potential
are negligible. The heat transfer from the turbineenergies
casing
to the surroundings is equal to [2000|
(b) 0 (a) 0 kJ
(d) 2 (b) 50 kJ
Ywiation: No ofInks =6(n) (c) 150 kJ
(d) 250 ks
o of binary joints = 7(P)
Solution: (b)
Degrees of freedom = 3(n - l)-2P h, = 3000 kJ/kg
=3x5-2x=1 p, = 10bar
tce. he correct option is h, = 2700 kJ/kg
(C). p, = lbar
ontained in a cvlinder is compressed the work
compression being 5000 kJ. During W=250 kJ/kg
e
orocess. heat interaction of 2000 kJ causes the
stothe
t gas during heated. The change i
in internal energy
Turbine
the process IS [2004]
00kJ (b) -3000 kJ
(d) -7000kJ
skatioa: (c)
ingFist law.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.
=-2000 KJ (Heat reiected from systent Using First law for open system under steady fow
000 kJ (Work is done on the system as conditions,
gas is cmpressed)
7.14 | Thermodynamics

W=m[h -h,)

Hence, the
W=H-H,
W=-AH
correct
=-(H,- H
option is (b)
Kinetic and potential energies do not change
m[A]+@ =m|h,]+ W TWo-MARKS QUESTIONG
1.A gas is heated in a
=h, + duct as it
heater. Consider a 101
kW
3000 + = 2700 + 250
gas enters the heating
27°C with a volume flow sectionclectric
of the
hyeaing sy
the gas in the duct to the
rate 15 m's.
--50 kJkg surrounding
the exit temperature of the gas is
(Assume constant pressure,
Negative sign means heat is lost to surroundings and change in kinetic and
magnitude is 50 kJ/kg. potential
specific heat; C, =1 kJ/kg-K,;
energres
Hence, the correct option is (b).
8. A steel ball of mass 1 kg and specific heat 0.4 kJ/kg is at
a temperature of 60°C. It is dropped (into 1 kg water at
(a) 76°c
(c) 32°C
Solution: (c)
R=051Jkgt.
(b) 37°C
(d) 53°C
nd

20°C. The final steady state temperature of water is

|1999)
(a) 23.5°C (b) 30°C
(c) 35°C (d) 40°C
Solution: (a)
Applying First law to system consisting of steel ball and
water

dQ = AU + dW
-mi Heater
----.
Insulated system, Hence we do not have heat transfer.
Work done is zero
0= AU: 0= AUteel t AU water Inlet conditions

0=m,(S),(T -T) + m, S(T -T") P, = 100 KPa T, = 27°C = 300k

0=1×0.4(T - 60) + 1x4.2(T - 20) V,=V,= 1lSm'/s
108 Q=-51kW
T= = 23.48°C 23.5°C
4.6 W=-10kW
Hence, the correct option is (a). mass flow rate m =
9. The first law of thermodynamics takes the form RT,
W=-AH when applied to [1993] 100 x 15
(a) a closed system undergoing a reversible adiabatic m =
0.5 x 300
= 10kg/s
procesS
(b) an open system undergoing an adiabatic process with from SFEE
negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies
(c) a closed system undergoing a reversible constant Q= mh,-h) + 100
volume process -5l =m(h, - h,) 101
(d) a closed system undergoing a reversible constant
pressure process m(h, - ) = 50
Solution: (b) 10(h, h,)= 50
First law for steady flow isgiven
CT,-T)=5
g+, T, = 27 + 5
=32°C rte
fou
Imass enthaln

2. Steam flows through a nozzle at kW.a

5 The
= 0.1 kg/s with a heat loss of kJkgr
2350
ih, +o = mh, + W inlet and exit are 2500 kJ/kg and
inlet(CG
Assuming negligible velocityvat
 the nozzle exit is Chapter Fist Law of Thermodynarries | 7.5
cinal
places) (correct
Q5kW
|2018-S1| Speite enthalpy Veloeity
(kJ/kg) (m/s)
Inlet steam condition 3250 124)
Exit steam condition
234)
m=0.1kg/s 2350 kJNo
C The rate of heat loss
rate is 5 W from the turbine per ky of steam fow
eam, the pewerNeglecting
developedchanges
in kW
in potential eneryy of
ty the steam turbine
per ky of steam flew
rate, is
(a) 901.2
(c) 17072.5 (b) 9112
(d) 17022.5
Selution: (a)
th,
tinlet =2500 kJ/kg
=0 m/s
atinlet,
tulpnes
atoutletth, =2350 kJkg mh,
SFEE we get 2
dingto

2000 2000
0.1x2500 + 0-5 -h, +
2
=0.1x 2350 + -x0.1 Potential cnergy changes neglected.
2000 everything in J/kg Expressing
(.=447.21 m/s.
ae. the correct answer is 447 2
10 x(3250) + 180 +0-5x 10
oAan initial enthalpy of 100kJ/kg and inlet velocity
Mm s. enters an insulated horizontal nozzle. It leaves = (2360)1o' +
Zle at 200 m/s. The exit enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is m

|2016-si] m =901187.5 Jkg

wiion: Initial enthalpy h, = 100 kJ/kg
velocity V, =100 m/s 901.187 kJ kg
Ty when it leaves the nozzle V,=200 m/s = 901.2 k&,s
S kg

901.2 kW per kg of steam flow rate

n.=100 kJkg Hence, the correct option is (a).
|. =100 mls V,= 200 m/s 5. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine
operating at
with an enthalpy of 3251.0 kJ kg and leaves assteady state
a saturated
mixture at 15 kPa with quality (dryness fraction) 0.9. The
enthalpies of the saturated liquid and vapor at 15 kPa are
Singthe relation h,= 225.94 kJ kg and h, =2598.3 KJ kg respectively. The
mass flow rate of steam is 10 kg's. Kinetic and potential
h, =h, t energy changes are negligible. The power output of the
L turbine in mW is
(a) 6.5
(2012|
(b) 8,9
00 100 -200 (c) 9.1 (d) 27.0
2000 -=h Solution: (b)

h, =85 kJ/kg
.he
correct answer is 85.
AcarennthtaulrpbyLne.andrunning
velocity of steam at inlet land exit
under steady state, are as
(2013| 2
7.16 | Thermodynamics
Inlet conditions
h, 251 kJ kg
Exit conditions 2
2
, =09. p, 15 kPa
h, =225 94 kJkg @1S kPa th,- h,) -
2
h, 2598.3 KJ kg a IS kPa For ideal gas.
Mass flovw rate of stream,
m-10 kg's h,-h, =C,(T-I)
Kinetic and potentialenergy changes are ncgligible. C,(7,-7,)
Using First law for stcady flow, 2

1008 (500 -T) = 180 -10

T, = 483.97
=m h, + +g, +W T, 484K
2 Hence, the correct option is (c).
Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes. Heat 7. The exit area of the nozzle in cm²is
transfer isneglected as adiabatic conditions (a) 90.1
m(h) = mn (h, )+ W (b) 56.3
(c) 4.4 (d) 12.9
m
(h - h,) =W (1) Solution: (d)
At exit, we have a saturated mixture. Enthalpy of Using conservation of mass principle
saturated
mixture is sum of enthalpy liquid and vapour content and
expressed in terms of dryness fraction as
h, =h, +xh
= 225.94 + 0.9 (2598.3 - 225.94]
=2361.0 kJ kg Density is found by state equation
Using Equation (1 ).
RT
W =m(h, - h,)= 10 (3251.0 2361.0)
= 8899.36 kJ/s = 8.89 mJ/s
Hence, Equation (1) boils down to
8.9 mW
Hence, the correct option is (b). 1,
Common Data for Questions 6 and 7: 300 100
(80 x 10) (4, x180)
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa. 500K with 500 48
velocity of 10 m/s. It leaves the nozzle at 100 kPa with a A, = 12.906 cm
velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet area is 80 cm²., The specific
heat of air C, is 1008 J/kg-K |2012) A, 12.9 cm
6. The exit temperature of the air is Hence, the correct option is (d).
(a) 516K (b) 532K Common Data for Questions 8and 9:
(c) 484 K (d) 468K The temperature and pressure of air in akm res
Solution: (c) 400 Kand 3 bar respectively Aconverging diveny
-Adiabatic of exit area 0.005 m² fited to the wall of the s
shown in figure. The static pressure of air at theeuts
KPa
Nozzle for Isentropic flow through the nozzle is 50
speeifc ke
characteristic gas constant and the eratioof
air are 0.287 kJ/kg Kand 1.4 respectively
2

Inlet conditions
P=300 kPa; T, = 500 K
V, = 10 m/s
Flow from the
Exit conditions
reservoir
p, =100 kPa
V, = 180 m/s Nozzle eX

Using First law for steady flow with heat transfer and
work interaction.
 Chapter 3 FirtLaw of Thermodynanc |Z7
at the gzle exit iN
(00 07)
04
:(e)
h, A, lo09012Jk
Using quation( ,

0.00Sm', Using quation (2),

quation at exit, 0727 x0 00Sx S67 41
NAl
-206 kg/s
Hence, the correct option is(d)
10. A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an
evacuated and insulated roon the balloon ruptures and
find temperature at ext, we use isentropic
the gas ills up the cntire room Which one of the follwing
statements is TRUE at the end of above process?
(2008|
(a) The internal energy of the gas decreases from its
initial value, but the enthalpy remains constant
(b) The internal energy of the gas increases from its
initial valuc, but the enthalpy remains constant
T, 400
3x10 (c) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas remain
constant

239,73 K (d) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas

(sing tquation (), inercase
Solution: (c)
Consider idealgas as closed system.
287 × 239.73 Work done during free expansion is zero
= 0.7267 0.727 kg/m' W0
Room is thermally insulated and evacuated. So, heat
Hence. the correctoption is (c). transfer to or fromn system is zero
The mass flow rate of air through the nozzle in ke/s is
(a) 30 (b) 1.77
Using First law,
ic) L85 (d) 2.06
Q=AU+ W. 0 =AU+0
Solution: (d) ()
AU =0
Mass tiow rate of air,
For ideal gas assumption,
density area of cross-section AU= nC,AT (2)
x velocity (1) Ah = mC, AT (3)
(2) Using Equation (2) in ().
mC,AT =0
Using First law for steady flow open system with isentropic AT=0 (4)
condition (No heat transfer) and no work output is
Using Equation (4) in (3),
= h, +
Ah = mC, (0)
2 =0
Hence, both internal energy and enthalpy is constant.
h, to =h, + Hence, the correct option is (c).
11. A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated. The tank is
connected with a supply line through which air (assumed
h, -h, = (3) to be ideal gas with constant specifie heats) passes at I
2
MPa, 350°C. Avalve connected with the supply lne
h,- h, -C,(T-) is opened and the tank is charged with air until the
final pressure inside the tank reaches I MPa. The final
For ideal gas, = rR (T temperature inside the tank |2008]
-1;)
7.48 | Thermotnamscs

Ar suppy ne
As
I=350C, hence.
Vahe
tank finally
T, >350°c
tempera
Hence, the correct opthon is (a
12. What is the speed of
Tank
of S00 K(Gas constant of sound in
(a) is greater than 350°C
(b) is less than 350c (a) 492 m's
Neon Niseon 042\gas 0
(c) is equal to 350C (c) 592 ms b) 460 ms
(d may be greater than less than, or equal to 3S0C, Solution: (c) (d) 543 ms
depending on the voume of the tank Speed of soundIin reversible
Solution: (a)
Ihas ts use of transient Ro It is non-steady fow. Let
control vohume be tank
V=vrRT
For Neon gas, which is amon0diabatic cndt
ratio is
r=l.67
atomic
Tank

Wnting First law for non-steady open system. -NI.67 x 0.4210 x1ß' xa
= 592 ms
m = #+mk, + Hence, the correct option is (c).
()
13. Asmall steam whistle
i-entry point shaft work) causes a drop(perfectly
o-exit point
specificinternal energy
of the steam at
steam at exit is
entry is
of 0.8 kJ
kg the insulated
a
kne
negligible, the
specificenthalpy (a) 4 ms
unternal energy of control volume (b) 40 m/s
QHeat transfer to control volume (c) 80 m/s
W-Worik done by control volume (d) 120 ms
Q=o, W=o
There is no exit ’ Solution: (b)
Using First law for steady flow with
m =0
energy changes neglight:
d
dt (2)
m

d No heat and work

interaction velocity at entry is s
dt dt
h, +0 +0 =h,
(m, -(m,u,),
No mass in tank initially
(m u
du dt =
0.8 x10³'2
Hence, Equation (2) is 2

mh = V,=40 m/'s
Hence, the correct option is (b).
Mass flow rate at inlet K
14. When an ideal gas with constant specificheatskine
equal to total mass filledmultiplied by time valve is open is
in tank finally adiabatically, with negligible changes
in

m! =(m potential energies

Hence. (a) Ah =0, AT=0
h, =(u) (b) Ah >0, AT=0
C.T,= C, I, [using ldeal gas (c) Ah >0, As >0
expression for
specific enthalpy and specific (d) Ah 0, As >0
energy] internal Solution: (a, d)
During throttling, enthalpy IS Constant
C, h, =h,
 NMeady llow, 7.19
Chapter3 First Law of Thermodynarnics |
Let initial
pressure and of both gases be
,
sespective when temperature is ruptured, cach gases
0Ccupy total volume membrane
of compartment, They behave as
ideal yases individually Let, P, and P, be final pressure of
N, and
Inittal Co,respectively Let The their final
set-up
temperature.
ndhabatne and throttled ldeal yas for N,
ldeal gas for Co,
change in enthalpy is related to
change This means V, V,
me Ttotal volume is , then initial volume occupied by cach
0- m AT Las is

can use Tds

relation Final set-up
Tds dh - vp
ldeal gas: N, p,V= RT
h =0-vdp (Throttling) ldeal gas: Co,: p,Vm nRT
AISO as system consisting of two gases is insulated and
-vdp ho work is done during explosion. Internal eneryy is
conserved.
AUN, + UC (1)
-vdp o

Entropy change is
(AS) =(AS),, +(AS)co,
For cach of gas,
vdp T(ds) =dv +pdv
dU
ds
7
dp (pv=c)
ds d nRdv
T

P ds = dU + nR dv

du
Integrating AS +nR in
ythrotting. P, > p, (pressure reduces and
stcam of the fluid) (AS),otal = (AS)N, t+ (AS)co,
AS>0
tie correct option are(a) and (d). +| nRIn
puIisulatedcylinder has twocompartments separated
I membrane. While one Compart-ment contains
mol
her nitrogen one
at a certain pressure and temperature,
contans kmol carbon dioxide at the same
dld temperature. The membrane is ruptured and
Bases are allowed to mix. Assume that the gasces
tas ideal gases. Calculate the increase in entropy of
umMents ofthe cylinder. Universal gas constant equalto
|kmol K |19931 +nRln t nR In

:1525 kJK
wng figure shows set-up:
Using Equation (1),
(AS) total =0+ nR In (2) +nR In (2)
=(1)R In (2) +(1) R In (2)
N Co, = 2R In (2) =2 x 8.314 x In (2)
1kmol 1kmol =|1.525 kJ/K.
7.20 | Thermodynamics

By âst aw
FVE-MARKS QUESTIONS
1.A rtain

r-j0- ja
mass of a ur substane undergus an
trvesble es fhm state 1 o state 2, th ath
the pes eing a
(akulate hest transferstraght
H, 47J, ani S=03
I,A ani S esent
hne on the A dagram.
and wt dnN I
Kand S, =03
0 .

Jwere
temeraur, internal eNN
-2660-(19-T
22Air enters a thctones
at 10 har, S00 K
with
dischangS t a reg ngghie
enthalpy ani cntrypy restivey |20001
Solution: diagram the nozzle. Assume

Solution: 100$
7i8

-315.7
Now USng quation
Area bended by the cune
Heat transter
Area
Substituting Q

-(03-0.23) N
(440 -3s0) =0$(0-S
Now smi volN can
30 (03-023) akalatai
0.07xl0+ 330 x 0.07 P
385+ 0 0457 mg
Mass tt rate can
akuati us