Unit II

8085 microprocessor Pinout and signals:

Pin diagram of 8085 microprocessor is as given below:

1. Address Bus and Data Bus:

The address bus is a group of sixteen lines i.e A0-A15. The address bus is unidirectional,
i.e., bits flow in one direction from the microprocessor unit to the peripheral devices and
uses the high order address bus.
2. Control and Status Signals:

 ALE – It is an Address Latch Enable signal. It goes high during first T state of a
machine cycle and enables the lower 8-bits of the address, if its value is 1 otherwise
data bus is activated.
 IO/M’ – It is a status signal which determines whether the address is for input-output or
memory. When it is high(1) the address on the address bus is for input-output devices.
When it is low(0) the address on the address bus is for the memory.

 SO, S1 – These are status signals. They distinguish the various types of operations such
as halt, reading, instruction fetching or writing.

IO/M’ S1 S0 Data Bus Status

0 1 1 Opcode fetch

0 1 0 Memory read

0 0 1 Memory write

1 1 0 I/O read

1 0 1 I/O write

1 1 1 Interrupt acknowledge

0 0 0 Halt

 RD’ – It is a signal to control READ operation. When it is low the selected memory or
input-output device is read.

 WR’ – It is a signal to control WRITE operation. When it goes low the data on the data
bus is written into the selected memory or I/O location.

 READY – It senses whether a peripheral is ready to transfer data or not. If READY is

high(1) the peripheral is ready. If it is low(0) the microprocessor waits till it goes high.
It is useful for interfacing low speed devices.

3. Power Supply and Clock Frequency:

 Vcc – +5v power supply

 Vss – Ground Reference

 XI, X2 – A crystal is connected at these two pins. The frequency is internally divided
by two, therefore, to operate a system at 3MHZ the crystal should have frequency of
6MHZ.
 CLK (OUT) – This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices.

4. Interrupts and Peripheral Initiated Signals:

The 8085 has five interrupt signals that can be used to interrupt a program execution.
(i) INTR
(ii) RST 7.5
(iii) RST 6.5
(iv) RST 5.5
(v) TRAP
The microprocessor acknowledges Interrupt Request by INTA’ signal. In addition to
Interrupts, there are three externally initiated signals namely RESET, HOLD and
READY. To respond to HOLD request, it has one signal called HLDA.

 INTR – It is an interrupt request signal.

 INTA’ – It is an interrupt acknowledgement sent by the microprocessor after INTR is

received.

5. Reset Signals:

 RESET IN’ – When the signal on this pin is low(0), the program-counter is set to zero,
the buses are tristated and the microprocessor unit is reset.

 RESET OUT – This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal can be
used to reset other devices.

6. DMA Signals:

 HOLD – It indicates that another device is requesting the use of the address and data
bus. Having received HOLD request the microprocessor relinquishes the use of the
buses as soon as the current machine cycle is completed. Internal processing may
continue. After the removal of the HOLD signal the processor regains the bus.

 HLDA – It is a signal which indicates that the hold request has been received after the
removal of a HOLD request, the HLDA goes low.

7. Serial I/O Ports:

Serial transmission in 8085 is implemented by the two signals,

 SID and SOD – SID is a data line for serial input where as SOD is a data line for serial
output.
Advantages of the 8085 microprocessor pin diagram:

 The pin diagram is easy to understand and remember because of its logical and
systematic arrangement.

 It has a simple structure with fewer pins compared to other microprocessors, making it
easy to design and implement in electronic circuits.

 It has a dedicated pin for interrupt handling, which makes it easy to interface with
external devices that require interrupt-driven communication.

Disadvantages of the 8085 microprocessor pin diagram:

 It has limited addressing capability due to its 8-bit architecture, which can limit its use
in applications that require large amounts of memory.

 It has a limited number of pins, which can be a constraint in designing complex systems
that require more input/output devices or peripherals.

 It has separate pins for input/output and memory access, which can make it more
difficult to design memory-mapped input/output circuits.

Functional Block Diagram

8085 consists of the following functional units

Accumulator

It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE operations. It
is connected to internal data bus & ALU.

Arithmetic and logic unit

As the name suggests, it performs arithmetic and logical operations like Addition,
Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit data.

General purpose register

There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L. Each register
can hold 8-bit data.

These registers can work in pair to hold 16-bit data and their pairing combination is like B-C,
D-E & H-L.

Program counter

It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address location of the next instruction to be
executed. Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is being executed,
so that the program counter points to the memory address of the next instruction that is going
to be executed.

Stack pointer

It is also a 16-bit register works like stack, which is always incremented/decremented by 2

during push & pop operations.

Temporary register

It is an 8-bit register, which holds the temporary data of arithmetic and logical operations.

Flag register

It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops, which holds either 0 or 1 depending upon the
result stored in the accumulator.

These are the set of 5 flip-flops −

 Sign (S)
 Zero (Z)
 Auxiliary Carry (AC)
 Parity (P)
 Carry (C)

Its bit position is shown in the following table −

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

S Z AC P CY

Instruction register and decoder

It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in the
Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes the information present in the Instruction
register.

Timing and control unit

It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to perform operations. Following
are the timing and control signals, which control external and internal circuits −

 Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE

 Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
 DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
 RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
Interrupt control

As the name suggests it controls the interrupts during a process. When a microprocessor is
executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs, the microprocessor shifts the
control from the main program to process the incoming request. After the request is
completed, the control goes back to the main program.

There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor: INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5,
TRAP.

Serial Input/output control

It controls the serial data communication by using these two instructions: SID (Serial input
data) and SOD (Serial output data).

Address buffer and address-data buffer

The content stored in the stack pointer and program counter is loaded into the address buffer
and address-data buffer to communicate with the CPU. The memory and I/O chips are
connected to these buses; the CPU can exchange the desired data with the memory and I/O
chips.

Address bus and data bus

Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is bidirectional, whereas address bus carries the
location to where it should be stored and it is unidirectional. It is used to transfer the data &
Address I/O devices.