MATHEMATICS

Chapter 9: Area of Parallelograms and Triangles

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Area of Parallelograms and Triangles

Introduction to Planar region and Area

The part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a planar region corresponding
to that figure. The magnitude or measure of that planar region is called its area.

Congruent figures and their areas

• Two figures are called congruent, if they have the same shape and the same size.
• If two figures A and B are congruent, they must have equal areas.
• Two figures having equal areas need not be congruent. In the figure,

Area of rectangle ABCD = 16 × 4 = 64 cm2

Area of square PQRS = 82 = 64 cm2
Area of rectangle ABCD = Area of square PQRS
But rectangle ABCD and square PQRS are not congruent.

Area of a figure
Area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by the
figure.

Area of the planar region

If a planar region formed by a figure T is made up of two non-overlapping planar regions formed
by figures P and Q, then ar(T) = ar(P) + ar(Q).

Figure on the same base and between the same parallels

• Two figures are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels if they have
a common base (side) and the vertices (or the vertex) opposite to the common base of

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each figure lie on a line parallel to the base.

• Please note that out of the two parallels, one must be the line containing the common
base.

Areas of figures on the same base and between the same parallels
• Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area.

In the figure, parallelograms PQCD and ARCD lie on the same base CD and between same
parallels CD and PR. So, ar(PQCD) = ar(ARCD).
• Area of a parallelogram is the product of its any side and the corresponding altitude.
• Parallelograms on the same base (or equal bases) and having equal areas lie between the
same parallels.
• If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same parallels,
then the area of the triangle is equal to half of the area of the parallelogram.

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In the figure, triangle DEC and parallelogram ABCD are on the same CD and between the
same parallels AB and CD.
Therefore, area of triangle DEC = ½ × area of parallelogram ABCD.
• Two triangles on the same base (or equal base) and between the same parallel are equal
in area.

In the figure, triangles ABC and PBC lie on the same base BC and between same parallels
BC and AP.
Therefore, ar(triangle ABC) = ar(triangle PBC).
• Area of a triangle is half the product of its base (or any side) and the corresponding
altitude (or height).

Important facts about triangles on the same base

• Two triangles with same base (or equal bases) and equal areas will have equal
corresponding altitudes.
• Two triangles having the same base (or equal bases) and equal areas lie between the
same parallels.
• A median of a triangle divides it into triangles of equal areas.

The area represents the amount of planar surface being covered by a closed
geometric figure.

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Figures on the Common Base and Between the Same Parallels

Two shapes are stated to be on the common base and between the same parallels if:
• They have a common side.
• The sides parallel to the common base and vertices opposite the common side lie on the
same straight line parallel to the base.

For example Parallelogram ABCD, Rectangle ABEF and Triangles ABP and ABQ
Area of a parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram is the region bounded by the parallelogram in a given two-dimension
space. To recall, a parallelogram is a special type of quadrilateral which has four sides and the
pair of opposite sides are parallel. In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are of equal length and

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opposite angles are of equal measures. Since the rectangle and the parallelogram have similar
properties, the area of the rectangle is equal to the area of a parallelogram.

Parallelogram
Area of Parallelogram Formula
To find the area of the parallelogram, multiply the base of the perpendicular by its height. It
should be noted that the base and the height of the parallelogram are perpendicular to each
other, whereas the lateral side of the parallelogram is not perpendicular to the base. Thus, a
dotted line is drawn to represent the height.

Area of a parallelogram = b × h
Where ‘b′ is the base and ‘h′ is the corresponding altitude (Height).

Area of a triangle

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Area of a Triangle Formula

The area of the triangle is given by the formula mentioned below:
Area of a Triangle = A = ½ (b × h) square units
where b and h are the base and height of the triangle, respectively.
Now, let’s see how to calculate the area of a triangle using the given formula. The area formulas
for all the different types of triangles like an area of an equilateral triangle, right-angled triangle,
an isosceles triangle are given below. Also, how to find the area of a triangle with 3 sides using
Heron’s formula with examples.
Area of a Right-Angled Triangle
A right-angled triangle, also called a right triangle has one angle at 90° and the other two acute
angles sums to 90°. Therefore, the height of the triangle will be the length of the perpendicular
side.

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Area of a Right Triangle = A = ½ × Base × Height (Perpendicular distance)

From the above figure,
Area of triangle ACB = 1/2 ab
Area of an Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle is a triangle where all the sides are equal. The perpendicular drawn from
the vertex of the triangle to the base divides the base into two equal parts. To calculate the area
of the equilateral triangle, we have to know the measurement of its sides.

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Area of an Equilateral Triangle = A = (√3)/4 × side2

Area of an Isosceles Triangle
An isosceles triangle has two of its sides equal and also the angles opposite the equal sides are
equal.

Area of an Isosceles Triangle = 1/4 b√(4a2 – b2)

Perimeter of a Triangle
The perimeter of a triangle is the distance covered around the triangle and is calculated by
adding all three sides of a triangle.
The perimeter of a triangle = P = (a + b + c) units
where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle.

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Area of Triangle with Three Sides (Heron’s Formula)

The area of a triangle with 3 sides of different measures can be found using Heron’s formula.
Heron’s formula includes two important steps. The first step is to find the semi perimeter of a
triangle by adding all the three sides of a triangle and dividing it by 2. The next step is that, apply
the semi-perimeter of triangle value in the main formula called “Heron’s Formula” to find the
area of a triangle.

where, s is semi-perimeter of the triangle = s = (a + b + c) / 2

We have seen that the area of special triangles could be obtained using the triangle formula.
However, for a triangle with the sides being given, the calculation of height would not be simple.
For the same reason, we rely on Heron’s Formula to calculate the area of the triangles with
unequal lengths.

Theorems
Parallelograms on the Common Base and Between the Same Parallels
Two parallelograms are said to be on the common/same base and between the same parallels if
• They have a common side.
• The sides parallel to the common side lie on the same straight line.

Parallelogram ABCD and ABEF

Theorem: Parallelograms that lie on the common base and between the same parallels are said

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to have equal in area.

Here, ar (parallelogram ABCD) = ar(parallelogram ABEF)
Triangles on the Common Base and Between the Same Parallels
Two triangles are said to be on the common base and between the same parallels if
They have a common side.
The vertices opposite the common side lie on a straight line parallel to the common side.

Triangles ABC and ABD

Theorem: Triangles that lie on the same or the common base and also between the same
parallels are said to have an equal area.
Here, ar (ΔABC) = ar (ΔABD)
Two Triangles Having the Common Base & Equal Areas

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If two triangles have equal bases and are equal in area, then their corresponding altitudes are
equal.
A Parallelogram and a Triangle Between the Same parallels
A triangle and a parallelogram are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels if
• They have a common side.
• The vertices opposite the common side lie on a straight line parallel to the common side.

A triangle ABC and a parallelogram ABDE

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Theorem: If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the common base and between the same
parallels, then the area of the triangle is equal to half the area of the parallelogram.
Here, ar (ΔABC) = (1/2) ar (parallelogram ABDE)

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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
Question 1. What is the area of a parallelogram?
1
(a) × Base × Altitude
2
(b) Base × Altitude
1
(c) × Base × Median
4
(d) Base × Base
Question 2. AE is a median to side BC of triangle ABC. If area(ΔABC) = 24cm, then
area(ΔABE) =
(a) 8cm
(b) 12cm
(c) 16cm
(d) 18cm
Question 3. In the figure, ∠PQR = 90°, PS = RS, QP = 12cm and QS = 6.5cm. The area
of ΔPQR is

(a) 30cm2
(b) 20cm2
(c) 39cm2
(d) 60cm2
Question 4. BCD is quadrilateral whose diagonal AC divides it into two parts, equal
in area, then ABCD
ABCD is quadrilateral whose diagonal AC divides it into two parts, equal in area,
then ABCD
(a) Is a rectangles
(b) Is a parallelogram
(c) Is a rhombus

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(d) Need not be any of (a), (b) or (c).

Question 5. In ΔPQR, if D and E are points on PQ and PR respectively such that DE ||
QR, then ar (PQE) is equal to

(a) ar (PRD)
(b) ar (DQM)
(c) ar (PED)
(d) ar (DQR)
Question 6. If Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect
each other at O. Then,
(a) ar (AOD) = ar (BOC)
(b) ar (AOD) > ar (BOC)
(c) ar (AOD) < ar (BOC)
(d) None of the above
Question 7. For two figures to be on the same base and between the same parallels,
one of the lines must be.
(a) Making an acute angle to the common base
(b) The line containing the common base
(c) Perpendicular to the common base
(d) Making an obtuse angle to the common base
Question 8. Two parallelograms are on equal bases and between the same parallels.
The ratio of their areas is:
(a) 1 : 3
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 1 : 1
Question 9. If P and Q are any two points lying on the sides DC and AD respectively
of a parallelogram ABCD, then:
(a) ar (APB) > ar(BQC)

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(b) ar (APB) < ar(BQC)

(c) ar (APB) = ar(BQC)
(d) None of the above
Question 10. A triangle and a rhombus are on the same base and between the same
parallels. Then the ratio of area of triangle to that rhombus is:
(a) 1 : 3
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 1 : 1
(d) 1 : 4
Very Short:
1. Two parallelograms are on equal bases and between the same parallels. Find the
ratio of their areas.
2. In ∆XYZ, XA is a median on side YZ. Find ratio of ar(∆XYA) : ar(∆XZA)

3. ABCD is a trapezium with parallel sides AB = a cm and DC = b cm (fig.). E and F are

the mid-points of the non parallel sides. Find the ratio of ar(ABFE) and ar(EFCD).

4. ABCD is a parallelogram and Q is any point on side AD. If ar(∆QBC) = 10 cm2, find
ar(∆QAB) + ar(∆QDC).

5. WXYZ is a parallelogram with XP ⊥ WZ and ZQ ⊥ WX. If WX = 8 cm, XP = 8 cm and

ZQ = 2 cm, find YX.

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6. In figure, TR ⊥ PS, PQ || TR and PS || QR. If QR = 8 cm, PQ = 3 cm and SP = 12 cm,

find ar(quad. PQRS).

7. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and L is the mid-point of DC. If

ar(quad. ABCL) is 72 cm, then find ar(∆ADC).
8. In figure, TR ⊥ PS, PQ || TR and PS || QR. If QR = 8 cm, PQ = 3 cm and SP = 12 cm,
find ar (PQRS).

Short Questions:
1. ABCD is a parallelogram and O is the point of intersection of its diagonals. If ar(A
AOD) = 4 cm\(2\) find area of parallelogram ABCD.

2. In the given figure of ∆XYZ, XA is a median and AB || YX. Show that YB is also a
median.

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3. ABCD is a trapezium. Diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at O. Find the

ratio ar (∆AOD) : ar (∆BOC).
4. ABCD is a parallelogram and BC is produced to a point Q such that AD = CQ (fig.).
If AQ intersects DC at P, show that ar(∆BPC) = ar(∆DPQ).

5. In the figure, PQRS is a parallelogram with PQ = 8 cm and ar(∆PXQ) = 32 cm2.

Find the altitude of gm PQRS and hence its area.

6. In ∆ABC. D and E are points on side BC such that CD = DE = EB. If ar(∆ABC) =

27cm, find ar(∆ADE)

Long Questions:

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1. EFGH is a parallelogram and U and T are points on sides EH and GF respectively.

If ar(∆EHT) = 16cm, find ar(∆GUF).

2. ABCD is a parallelogram and P is any point in its interior. Show that:

ar(∆APB) + ar(∆CPD) = ar(∆BPC) + ar(∆APD)

3. In the given figure, ABCD is a square. Side AB is produced to points P and Q in

such a way that PA = AB = BQ. Prove that DQ = CP.

4. In the given figure, PQRS, SRNM and PQNM are parallelograms, Show that :
ar(∆PSM) = ar(∆QRN).

5. Naveen was having a plot in the shape of a quadrilateral. He decided to donate

some portion of it to construct a home for orphan girls. Further he decided to
buy a land in lieu of his donated portion of his plot so as to form a triangle.
(i) Explain how this proposal will be implemented?
(ii) Which mathematical concept is used in it?

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(iii) What values are depicted by Naveen?

Assertion and Reason Questions-
1. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation
for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: The area of a parallelogram and a rectangle having a common base and
between same parallels are equal.
Reason: Another name of a rectangle is a parallelogram.
2. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: The parallelogram on the same and between the same parallel are equal
in area.
Reason: The areas of parallelogram between the same parallels are equal

Answer Key:
MCQ:
1. (b) Base × Altitude
2. (b) 12cm
3. (c) 30cm2
4. (d) Need not be any of (a), (b) or (c).
5. (a) ar (PRD)
6. (a) ar (AOD) = ar (BOC)
7. (b) The line containing the common base
8. (d) 1 : 1

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9. (c) ar(APB) = ar(BQC)

10.(b) 1 : 2

Very Short Answer:

1. 1:1 [∵ Two parallelograms on the equal bases and between the same parallels
are equal in
area.]
2. Here, XA is the median on side YZ.
∴ YA = AZ
Draw XL ⊥ YZ

3.

4. Here, ∆QBC and parallelogram ABCD are on the same base BC and lie between
the same parallels BC || AD.
∴ ar(||gm ABCD) = 2 ar(∆QBC) ar(∆QAB) + ar(∆QDC) + ar(∆QBC) = 2 ar(∆QBC)
ar(∆QAB) + ar(∆QDC) = ar(∆QBC)
Hence, ar(∆QAB) + ar(∆QDC) = 10cm2

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[∵ ar(∆QBC) = 10 cm2 (given)]

5. ar(||gm WXYZ) = ar(||gm WXYZ)
WX × ZQ = WZ × XP
8 × 2 = WZ × 8
⇒ WZ = 2cm
Now, YX = WZ = 2cm
[∵ opposite sides of parallelogram are equal]
6. Here,
PS || QR [given]
∴ PQRS is a trapezium
Now, TR ⊥ PS and PQ || TR [given]
⇒ PQ ⊥ PS
∴ PQ = TR = 3cm [given]
1 1
Now, ar(quad. PQRS) = (PS + QR) × PQ = (12 + 8) × 3 = 30cm2
2 2
7. In ||gm ABCD, AC is the diagonal

8. Here, PS || QR
∴ PQRS is a trapezium in which PQ = 3cm, QR = 8cm and SP = 12cm
Now, TR I PS and PQ || TR
∴ PQRT is a rectangle
[∵ PQ || TR, PT || QR and ∠PTR = 90°]
⇒ PQ = TR = 3cm
1 1
Now, ar(PQRS) = (PS + QR) × TR = (12 + 8) × 3 = 30cm2.
2 2

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Short Answer:
Ans: 1. Here, ABCD is a parallelogram in which its diagonals AC and BD intersect each
other in O.
∴ O is the mid-point of AC as well as BD.
Now, in ∆ADB, AO is its median
∴ ar(∆ADB) = 2 ar(∆AOD)
[∵ median divides a triangle into two triangles of equal areas]
So, ar(∆ADB) = 2 × 4 = 8cm2
Now, ∆ADB and ||gm ABCD lie on the same base AB and lie between same parallels AB
and CD
∴ ar(ABCD) = 2 ar(∆ADB).
=2×8
= 16cm2
Ans: 2. Here, in ∆XYZ, AB || YX and XA is a median.
∴ A is the mid-point of YZ. Now, AB is a line segment from mid-point of one side (YZ) and
parallel to another side (AB || YX), therefore, it bisects the third side XZ.
⇒ B is the mid-point of XZ.
Hence, YB is also a median of ∆XYZ.
Ans: 3.

Here, ABCD is a trapezium in which diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at O. ∆ADC
and ABCD are on the same base DC and between the same ‘parallels i.e., AB || DC.
∴ ar(∆ADC) = ar(∆BCD)
⇒ ar(∆AOD) + ar(∆ODC)
= ar(ABOC) + ar (AODC)
⇒ ar(∆AOD) = ar(∆BOC)
ar (∆AOD)
⇒ =1
ar (∆BOC)

Ans: 4. In ||gm ABCD,

ar(∆APC) = ar(∆BCP) …(i)
[∵ triangles on the same base and between the same parallels have equal area]

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Similarly, ar(∆ADQ) = ar(∆ADC) i …(ii)

Now, ar(∆ADQ) – ar(∆ADP) = ar(∆ADC) – ar(∆ADP)
ar(∆DPQ) = ar(∆ACP) … (iii)
From (i) and (iii), we have
ar(∆BCP) = ar(∆DPQ)
or ar(∆BPC) = ar(∆DPQ)
Ans: 5. Since parallelogram PQRS and APXQ are on the same base PQ and lie between the
same
parallels PQ || SR
∴ Altitude of the ∆PXQ and ||gm PQRS is same.
1
Now, PQ × altitude = ar(∆PXQ)
2
1
⇒ × 8 × altitude = 32
2
altitude = 8cm
ar(||gm PQRS) = 2 ar(∆PXQ)
= 2 × 32 = 64cm2
Hence, the altitude of parallelogram PQRS is 8cm and its area is 64cm2.
Ans: 6. Since in ∆AEC, CD = DE, AD is a median.
∴ ar(∆ACD) = ar(∆ADE)
[∵ median divides a triangle into two triangles of equal areas]
Now, in ∆ABD, DE = EB, AE is a median
ar(∆ADE) = ar(∆AEB) … (ii)
From (i), (ii), we obtain
1
ar(∆ACD) = ar(∆ADE) = ar(∆AEB) ar(∆ABC)
3
1
∴ ar(∆ADE) = × 27 = 9cm2
3

Long Answer:
1
Ans: 1. ∴ ar(∆EHT) = ar(||gm EFGH) …..(i)
2
Similarly, ∆GUF and parallelogram EFGH are on the same base GF and lie between
the same parallels GF and HE
1
∴ ar(∆GUF) = ar(||gm EFGH) …..(ii)
2
From (i) and (ii), we have
ar(∆GUF) = ar(∆EHT)

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= 16cm2 [∵ ar(∆EHT) = 16cm2] [given]

Ans: 2. Through P, draw a line LM || DA and EF || AB
Since ∆APB and ||gm ABFE are on the same base AB and lie between the same
parallels AB and EF.
1
∴ ar(∆APB) = ar(||gm ABFE) … (i)
2

Similarly, ACPD and parallelogram DCFE are on the same base DC and between the
same parallels DC and EF.
1
∴ ar(∆CPD) = ar(||gm DCFE) … (ii)
2
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
1
ar(∆APB) + ar(∆CPD) = ar (||gm ABFE) + ar(||gm DCFE)
2
1
= ar(|lgm ABCD) … (iii)
2
Since ∆APD and parallelogram ADLM are on the same base AB and between the
same parallels AD and ML
1
∴ ar(∆APD) = ar(||gm ADLM) …..(iv)
2
1
Similarly, ar(∆BPC) = = arc||gm BCLM) ….(v)
2
Adding (iv) and (u), we have
1
ar(∆APD) + ar (∆BPC) = ar(||gm ABCD) ….(vi)
2
From (iii) and (vi), we obtain
ar(∆APB) + ar(∆CPD) = ar(∆APD) + ar(ABPC)
Ans: 3. In ∆PAD, ∠A = 90° and DA = PA = AB
90°
⇒ ∠ADP = ∠APD = = 45°
2
Similarly, in ∆QBC, ∠B = 90° and BQ = BC = AB
90°
⇒ ∠BCQ = ∠BQC = = 45°
2
In ∆PAD and ∆QBC, we have
PA = BQ [given]
∠A = ∠B [each = 90°]

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AD = BC [sides of a square]
⇒ ∠PAD ≅ ∆QBC [by SAS congruence rule]
⇒ PD = QC [c.p.c.t.]
Now, in APDC and ∆QCD
DC = DC [common]
PD = QC [prove above]
∠PDC = ∠QCD [each = 90° + 45° = 135°]
⇒ ∆PDC = ∆QCD [by SAS congruence rule]
⇒ PC = QD or DQ = CP
Ans: 4. Since PQRS is a parallelogram.
∴ PS = QR and PS || QR
Since SRNM is also a parallelogram.
∴ SM = RN and SM || RN
Also, PQNM is a parallelogram
∴ PM || QM and PM = QM
Now, in APSM and ∆QRN
PS = QR
SM = RN
PM = QN
∆PSM ≅ ∆QRN [by SSS congruence axiom]
∴ ar (∆PSM) = ar (∆QRN) [congruent triangles have same areas)
Ans: 5.

(i) Let ABCD be the plot and Naveen decided to donate some portion to construct a
home for orphan girls from one corner say C of plot ABCD. Now, Naveen also
purchases equal amount of land in lieu of land CDO, so that he may have
triangular form of plot. BD is joined. Draw a line through C parallel to DB to meet
AB produced in P.
Join DP to intersect BC at 0.
Now, ABCD and ABPD are on the same base and between same parallels CP || DB.

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ar(∆BCD) = ar(∆BPD) ar(∆COD) + ar(∆DBO) = ar(∆BOP) + ar(∆DBO)

ar(ACOD) = ar(ABOP) ar(quad. ABCD)
= ar(quad. ABOD) + ar(∆COD)
= ar(quad. ABOD) + ar(∆BOP)
[∵ ar(ACOD) = ar(ABOP)] (proved above]
= ar(∆APD)
Hence, Naveen purchased the portion ABOP to meet his requirement.
(ii) Two triangles on the same base and between same parallels are equal in area.
(iii) We should help the orphan children.
Assertion and Reason Answers-
1. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
2. c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

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