AREA THEOREMS petinitions pistance between two parallel lines ircan be easily proved that uy) Ha perenicular Pp, be drown fom wa u) Perpendiculars P p,. Py py any point P, of AB on the parallel line CD, it is also perpendicular drawn from various points on 4B on CD are equal PP, Py pop c ——- fe b . D PrP Py Fig. 12.01 Fig. 12.02 _Tt ena of one such perpendicular drawn i called the distance between the parallel lines, From the above we infer that = Parallel lines are everywhere the same distance apart. 2.Altitude or height | Perpendicular drawn on any side of a ||gram from any of the opposite angular points is called an altitude or height afte jgram. As the adjacent sides of a |igram are of different lengths so a ||gram has two altitudes which are of diferent lengths, e.g., DX and BZ in Fig. 12.02. (aaa po H Ky cx YM NGS eHeriecermae Fig. 12.03 Fig. 12.04 An altitude ofa triangle has already been defined in chapter 9. A triangle has three distinct altitudes, depending the side which is taken as the base. “1. Iftwo or more triangles, or two or more [igrams are so drawn that their bases lie along a line CD and their " Verices on another line AB which is parallel to CD, these triangles or || grams are said to be between the same parallels "4B and CD, It is obvious that the parallelograms and the triangles between the same parallels have equal altitudes Fig. 12.03), the corresponding altitude are also called a base and the Nate. a parallelogram and that 0 t. The length of a base of @ pats Fig, 12.02 corresponding to base 4B, DX is the altitude corresponding height (altitude) of the parallelogram. In and corresponding to base AD, BZ is the altitude.Ch12-2 Theorem 18 € Parallelograms on the same base and berween the same parallels are eqeal a in area. A / Given + Two gms ABCD and ABEF, which have the same ave and hich — \/ are between the same parallel lines AB and FC. a aes To prove : ar (\iym ABCD) = ar (\jym ABEF) Reasons aoe (lem ABCD) ear (quad ABED) + ar (ACBE)—--L1) | ee ate oat ‘ar (\lam ABEF) = ar (quad ABED) + ar (ADAP) — (2) | (Area addition aciomy Now, in As CBE and DAF, cB i (opp. sides of a | gm) (opp. sides of a \zm) eee ae oae (BC | AD. BE |, AF) Aan =A DAF (SA.S. cong. axiom) Hence, ar (A CBE) = ar (A DAF) -G) From (1), (2) and (3), ar (||gm ABCD) = ar (\\gm ABEF) QED. q Theorem 19 DIR. Ne The area of a parallelogram is equal to the area of a rectangle on the same base and Of the same altitude, : Given : Parallelogram ABEF and rectangle ABCD on the same base AB and having the same altitude AD. To prove : ar (||gm ABEF) = ar (rect. ABCD) A Fig. 12062 Proof : Statements Reasons In tt. 2d As ADF and BCE, AD = CB Opp. side of rect. are equal. Opp. sides of a \|gm are equal. (RHS cong. axiom) Hyp. AF p. BE | 4 ADF = ABCE ar \ ADF = ar A BCE ar (rect. ABCD) = ar (\|gm ABEF) Adding Fig. AFCB to both sides QED. Theorem 20 The area of a triangle is equal to one-half the area of a parallelogram on the same base and between the same parallels AB and CE. Given : ||gm ABCD and A ABE standing on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and CE. 1 To prove: ar (A ABE) = or zllem snco Construction : Draw BF || AE. Fig, 1207 Proof : Statements Reasons 1 ar (A AEB) = a 3 |lgm BFE } Diagonal divides the \|gm into vo equal parts. ar (||gm ABFE) = ar (||gm ABCD) llgms on the same base AB and 1 benveen the same parallels AB and EC > ar (4 AEB) = of {igm asco) QED.SS “EOREMS, ga THEOR! ——— cn 123, aa — on Theorem 24 of a paraliclogram | th be are # Pewmdt of any of ten 4 & viyram AMO ans ay sta wetlon | Complete the rectangle 4n mn Statements ii FETA ARDY ~ ar rect ALAM) awn , pou sie ar ree AMY = anh ay sume parallels} er Uigram ABCD) ans ay (Reet area aciomy QED, Corvllary + Parallelograms on equal b wares and between the same puralle Is are equal in area 8 Fig. 12.08 (Mint. The altitiudes are equal, £e., AY = py] Theorem 22 veen the same parallels are equal in Triangles on the same base and betw eee, Given : Two As ABC and DBC on the same base BC and between the puallels / and BC. same & To prove: ar (S ABC) = ar (A DBC) Fig. 12.10 Construction : Through B, draw BP || CD, intersecting line ! in P and through C, CO 0 BA, intersecti Proof : Statements Reasons Quad. BCQA is a |jgm By Construction Quad, BCDP is a \\gm By Construction ar (gm BCQA) = ar (jum BCDP) () llgms on the same base and herwoom the Also, ar (AABC) = ar (AAQC) same parallels : ; ar (\|gm BCQA) 42) Diag. AC bisects ar (ADBC) 3 ar (gm BCDP) Diag. BQ bisects em RCDP (1). 2) and (3) => ar (AAC) © ar (ADEC) QED. Theorem 23 Triangles with equal areas on the same or equal bares have equal aera : Given: As. ABC and PRC stand on the same base BC and ar (MABE) = (PRO) td PO are perpendiculars drawn to BC from A and P respectively To prove: Altitude AD = Altitude POa a a ee | ere os h ICSE Ma 14 EAT Prooe Reasons not: i Statements prea fad” 57 base + pei, area of tic = be me AD 1 ; Area fa 47 ba + hey, area oF APKC ne PO : Nut 2 Given OP UNH) © ar (APBC) \ AC oa = hence re : 1D = PO. SUMMARY 7 eee between the areas of some figures between the same parallels + Paratteto Y els a al in area, . . ETAMS on the sa me base and between the same parallels are equ: ©85 in Fig. 12,19 2. ar (Ilgram ABCD) = ar (\jgram ABPQ). Ww PY doc See Ase o Cee E Fig. 12.12 Fig. 12.13 Fig. 12.14 2. Parallelograms on equal bases and between the same parallels are equal in area, 8. in Fig. 12.13, ar (ijgram ABCD) = ar (\\gram PORS). 3. A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in ar | e8., in Fig. 12.14, rect. ABCD = ar (gram ABEF). The area of a triangle is equal I to one-half of the area of a rectangle of the same base and betwees same parallels. eg. in Fig. 12.15, A PBC = rect. 4ncD & © KL 5 ec op*cEte @ (ii) Fig. 12.15 Fig. 12.16 Fig. 12.17 (a) A PBC= ; ar (\|gram PBCQ). Why ? (2) ar (\|gram PBCQ) = ar (rect. ABCD). [From (3) above] 5. If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same Parallels, the area? triangle is equal to one-half that of the parallelogram, 1 ©. in Fig. 12.16, & ABC = > ar (\|gram BCPQ). 6. Triangles on the same or equal bases and between the same pi e.g., in Fig. 12.17 (i) & ABC = A DBC and in Fig. 12.17 (i) els are equal in area. A ABC = A DEF, Note, The above facts are very useful and should be committed to i? Memory. These will find wide appli in the constructions on conversion of figures Into those of equivalent area,OREMS = ag THE __ : nea THEOREMS paoR respectiveld proof. Since AC and PQ are the diagonals of Ins ABCP and PBQ oO a ar (ABC) = ‘ap (iy ABCD) S : Gd oa (APBQ) = ‘ar (iigm BPRO) 3 R : 51640, sow. As ACO and AQP are on the same base AQ and between the same parallels 40 @ e nthe same base AQ and between ease ” ar (SACQ) = ar (AAPQ) : 1m both the sides) 2 ar (SACO) ~ ar (NABQ) = ar (APQ) ~ ar (AABQ) ar (ABQ) from both th (Subtracting (un) 2 ' ar (SACB) = ar (APBQ) , al From (iy (if) and (iii) 2 ri (gm ABCD) = 54 (ligm BPRO) [From (i). (9 2 ar (lpm (ABCD) = ar (\\gm BPRQ). ‘B) = ar (SAYO- Ex. 12. In Fig. 12.29 BC || X¥, CY || AB and XB || AC. Prove that ar (SAX! 8 c sol. Join XC and BY. ar (ABXC) = ar (ABYC) 4) (as on the same base BC and between the same |[s BC and XY) Y ar (ABXC) = ar (ABXA) eS (as on the same base BX and between the same ||s BY and AC) Fig. ‘229 Also. ar (ABYC) = ar (AAYC) wii) (ason the same base CY and between the same |s CY and 4B) From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get ar (AAXB) = ar (AAYC). 5, In Fig, 12.31, ABCD is a parallelogram. O is any 1. In Fig. 12.30, ABC is a triangle in which D is the mid-point of BC and E is the mid-point of AD. point on the diagonal 4C of the parallelogram. 1 Show that the area of A AOB is equal to the area of Prove thatthe area of A BED = area of J ABC. AAOD. ¢ (CSE) B o or A 8 Fig. 12.30 Fig. 12.31 2. Prove that a line joining the mid-points of the 6, () Draw a rectangle ABCD with base 4 em and parallel sides of a trapezium divides it into no equal diagonal BD = 5 cm. Measure CB, Take any point P on AD. Join BP. From C draw a line parts. E Fe parallel to BP to meet AP produced at Q. Prove oe ae y (a What type of quadrilateral is PBCQ? a into four ¢q\ pa (ii) Prove that the area of the rectangle ABCD is } Answer true of false! at go the area of @ equal to that of the figure PBCQ. The area of a triang st ye base and between the (iv) Prove that the area of the triangle PBC is halt rectangle standing on the the area of the rectangle ABCD. same parallel lines. 3. parallelogram dividehe rangle 48 : : B. Find the area of the (so Fig. 1233 ®. In Fig. 1234, DE | BC. 1 DC and BE meet a O, # ABOD and ACOE are equal in area. (ICSE) Fig. 12.34 ‘quares are drawn on the side AB and AC of the right triangle ABC. If BH ar 10 FG, prove that area of the square area of the rectangle ARH UcSE) Fig. 12.36 14, Inthe parallelogram ACI . X, so that BY = AB. The Prove th ) area AED = twice area CEX en on the si D IS. A point T is taken o m PORS, and the line ST and arallelogram POR p to meet at V, Prove that the triang produced to mee : and VTR are equal in area 7 16. ABCD is a parallelogram and E is any point on If DE produced meets CB produced at F pri ADF = (0 the area of triangl he are triangle DEC (ii) the area of triangle AEF = the area of triang BEC (sc 17. A trapezium ABCD has sides AB and DC para A straight line parallel to the di at E and BC at F. Prove that tria: 12.0 ACF are equal in area (se 18 Prove thatthe parallelogram formed by joining tie tnid-points of the adjacent sides of a quadrilas is half of the latter. (Fig, 12.37) ; st is 18 8 Fig. 1297 1 In Fig. 12.38, am » De EF, AD | BC ad Si ED | PA Prov, e that the area of DEFH is equal ® the area of 4aCD, Ucse)™~ ICSE MATHEMATICg ICSE MATHEMATICS, Ch 12-10 — 12, The vertex 4 of a triangle ABC is joined 10 4 py, Don the side BC. The mid-point of AD is. Pro. that the area of triangle BXC is half the area yy 7. In Fig, 12.32, ABCD is a raperium with AD and BC as parallel sides and 4 BAD = 90°, BD and AC cut at E, Prove that A ABE: is equal in area to A CED. E triangle ABC. 56, r x 13, In Fig, 12.36, AR = RC and PC is parallel to je Pe Name a triangle equal to APCQ and a triangle eg 3, inarea to MPR, giving your reason. Hence prosg ie that the areas of AAPR, and quadrilateral PRCR ay. za \ equal. (Sq, Fig. 12.32 as 8. (1) Construct a parallelogram ABCD and 7 c parallelogram ABEF, where AB = 8 cm and the altitude of each parallelogram is 3 cm. £ 3 (ii) Prove that parallelogram ABCD has the same a ise area as parallelogram ABEF. : (iii) Prove that triangle ABE has half the area of '4 Inthe uns aber Gees fae an parallelogram ABCD. to X, so that BY = AB. The line ae Prove that 9. In Fig, 12.33, the area of the triangle ABC = 7.2 em’, : CM = MB, and AL = 2 LB. Find the area of the () DBXC is a parallelogram; triangle ALM. (SO (ii) area AED = twice area CEX. g 15, A point T is taken on the side PQ of the parallelogram PORS, and the line ST and RQ ate wt produced to meet at V. Prove that the triangles 159 and VTR are equal in area. (so 16. ABCD isa parallelogram and £ is any point on AB. If DE produced meets CB produced at F; prove that (D the area of triangle ADF = the area of the triangle DEC; a t 8 Fig. 12.33 10. In Fig. 12.34, DE || BC. If DC and BE meet at O, prove that ABOD and ACOE are equal in area. : (ICSE) (ii) the area of triangle AEF = the area of triangle BEC. (sq, y ix E 17. A trapezium ABCD has sides AB and DC parallel LX A straight line parallel to the diagonal AC cuts 4B 8 c at E and BC at F. Prove that triangles AED and Fig. 12.34 ACF are equal in area. (sO |. In Fig, 12.35, squares are drawn on the side 4B and 18, Prove that the parallelogram formed by joining the the hypotenuse AC of the right triangle ABC. If BH mid-points of the adjacent sides of a quadrilateral is perpendicular to FG, prove that area of the square is half of the latter. (Fig, 12.37) ABDE = area of the rectangle ARHF. (ICSE) Fig. 12.37 19, In Fig. 12.38, 4B || DC || EF, AD || BC and ED || FA, Prove that the area of DEFH is equal t0 the area of ABCD. (ICSE) Fig. 12.35nA THEOREMS e ; Fig. 12.38 20. In Fig. 12.3 a i perl %. M and N are the mid-points of the ; and AB of the parallelogram ABCD and the area of the parallelogram ABCD is 36 om? (i) State the area of the triangle BEC. ; FE Ch 12-11 (ii) Name the parallelogram which is equal in area to the triangle BEC. (ICSE) A nu 8 E Fig. 12.39 4. False 9, 2.4m 13. APCB; APQR 20. (i) 18 em? HINTS 5. Join DB. AC and DB being diagonals of a \|gram. bisect each other at P, consider AADB, AP is the median, o c ar (AAPD) = ar (AAPB) 0) —~ In ADOB, OP is the median, . ar (SOPD) = ar (OPB) oii) aay Now, add (i) and (ii). UEC w) Fig. 12.40 i AEB) = ar ) ol 11. Join BE. an (On the same base AE, between the same ||s AE and BC) P AAEC = SABF = ar (SAEC) = ar (A ABF) Ali) rove = AABF) ~Aiii) i) and (ii), ar (AAEB) ar () y From (i) and (it). O AABP) = ar (AAFH) div ny op camo hase AF and between the same \\s AF and BH