Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations

Problems 有標註螢光底色為與 10e 相比較有修改之處

Sections 10.1–10.2 10.4 A load consisting of a 240 Ω resistor in parallel
10.1 The following sets of values for v and i pertain with a (5/18) μF capacitor is connected across
to the circuit seen in Fig. 10.1. For each set of the terminals of a sinusoidal voltage source vg,
values, calculate P and Q and state whether the where vg = 120 cos 5000t V.
circuit inside the box is absorbing or delivering a) What is the peak value of the instantaneous
(1) average power and (2) magnetizing vars. power delivered by the source?
a) v = 250 cos (ωt + 45°) V, b) What is the peak value of the instantaneous
i = 4 sin (ωt + 60°) A. power absorbed by the source?
b) v = 18 cos (ωt − 30°) V, c) What is the average power delivered to the
i = 5 cos (ωt − 75°) A. load?
c) v = 150 sin (ωt + 25°) V, d) What is the reactive power delivered to the
i = 2 cos (ωt + 50°) A. load?
d) v = 80 cos (ωt + 120°) V, e) Does the load absorb or generate magnetizing
i = 10 sin (ωt + 170°) A. vars?
f) What is the power factor of the load?
10.2 a) A college student wakes up hungry. He turns g) What is the reactive factor of the load?
on the coffee maker, puts some oatmeal in the
microwave oven to cook, puts a couple of 10.5 a) Calculate the real and reactive power
slices of bread in the toaster, and starts associated with each circuit element in the
making scrambled eggs in the electric frying circuit in Fig. P9.60
pan. If all of these appliances in his dorm b) Verify that the average power generated
room are supplied by a 120 V branch circuit equals the average power absorbed.
protected by a 50 A circuit breaker, will the c) Verify that the magnetizing vars generated
breaker interrupt his breakfast? equal the magnetizing vars absorbed.
b) The student’s roommate wakes up and turns
on the air conditioner. He realizes that the 10.6 Repeated Problem 10.5 for the circuit shown in
room is a mess, so starts to vacuum. Now Fig. P9.64.
does the circuit breaker interrupt breakfast?
10.7 Find the average power delivered by the ideal
10.3 Show that the maximum value of the current sources in the circuit seen in Fig. P10.7 if
instantaneous power given by Eq. 10.3 is ig = 80 cos 1250t A.
Figure P10.7
P  P 2  Q 2 and that the minimum value is

P  P2  Q2 .
 Section 10.3
10.8 The op amp in the circuit shown in Fig. P10.8 is 10.11 Find the rms value of the periodic current
ideal. Calculate the average power delivered to shown in Fig. P10.11.
the 1 kΩ resistor when vg = cos 1000t V. Figure P10.11
Figure P10.8

10.12 The periodic current shown in Fig. P10.11

dissipates an average power of 1280 W in a
resistor. What is the value of the resistor?

10.9 Find the average power dissipated in the 30 Ω 10.13 a) Find the rms value of the periodic voltage
resistor in the circuit seen in Fig. P10.9 if ig = 6 shown in Fig. P10.13.
cos 20,000t A. b) Suppose the voltage in part (a) is applied to
Figure P10.9 the terminals of a 20 Ω resistor. Calculate
the average power dissipated by the resistor.
c) When the voltage in part (a) is applied to a
different resistor, that resistor dissipates 20
mW of average power. What is the value of
the resistor?
10.10 The load impedance in Fig. P10.10 absorbs 2.5 Figure P10.13
kW and generates 5 kVAR. The sinusoidal
voltage source develops 7.5 kW.
a) Find the values of inductive line reactance
that will satisfy these constraints.
b) For each value of line reactance found in (a),
show that the magnetizing vars developed
equals the magnetizing vars absorbed.
Figure P10.10
10.14 a) Find the rms value of the periodic voltage
shown in Fig. P10.14.
b) If this voltage is applied to the terminals of a
4 Ω resistor, what is the average power
dissipated in the resistor?
Figure P10.14
 Figure P10.17

10.18 a) Find the average power, the reactive power,

and the apparent power supplied by the
voltage source in the circuit in Fig. P10.18 if
vg = 40 cos106t V.
b) Check your answer in (a) by showing
10.15 a) A personal computer with a monitor and
Pdev   Pabs .
keyboard requires 40 W at 115 V (rms).
Calculate the rms value of the current c) Check your answer in (a) by showing
carried by its power cord.
Qdev   Qabs .
b) A laser printer for the personal computer in
(a) is rated at 90 W at 115 V (rms). If this Figure P10.18
printer is plugged into the same wall outlet
as the computer, what is the rms value of the
current drawn from the outlet?

10.16 A dc voltage equal to Vdc V is applied to a

resistor of R Ω. A sinusoidal voltage equal to vs
V is also applied to a resistor of R Ω. Show that
the dc voltage will deliver the same amount of 10.19 The current Ig in the frequency-domain circuit
energy in T seconds (where T is the period of shown in Fig. P10.19 is 500 mA (rms).
the sinusoidal voltage) as the sinusoidal voltage a) Find the average and reactive power for the
provided Vdc equals the rms value of vs. (Hint: current source.
Equate the two expressions for the energy b) Is the current source absorbing or delivering
delivered to the resistor.) average power?
c) Is the current source absorbing or delivering
Sections 10.4–10.5 magnetizing vars?
10.17 a) Find VL (rms) and θ for the circuit in Fig. d) Find the average and reactive powers
P10.17 if the load absorbs 2500 VA at a associated with each impedance branch in
lagging power factor of 0.8. the circuit.
b) Construct a phasor diagram of each solution e) Check the balance between delivered and
obtained in (a). absorbed average power.
 f) Check the balance between delivered and parallel. The two loads draw a total average
absorbed magnetizing vars. power of 40,800 W at a power factor of 0.8
Figure P10.17 lagging. One of the loads draws 20 kVA at a
power factor of 0.96 leading. What is the power
factor of the other load?

10.23 The three parallel loads in the circuit shown in

Fig. 10.26 can be described as follows: Load 1
10.20 Find the average power, the reactive power, is absorbing an average power of 6 kW and
and the apparent power absorbed by the load in delivering reactive power of 8 kvars; Load 2 is
the circuit in Fig. P10.20 if vg equals 150 cos absorbing an average power of 9 kW and
250t V. reactive power of 3 kvars; Load 3 is a 25 Ω
Figure P10.20 resistor in parallel with a capacitor whose
reactance is −5 Ω. Find the rms magnitude and
the phase angle of Vg if Vo = 2500 V (rma).
Figure P10.23

10.21 The two loads shown in Fig. P10.21 can be

described as follows: Load 1 absorbs an
average power of 10 kW and delivers 4 kVAR 10.24 Three loads are connected in parallel across a
of reactive power; Load 2 has an impedance of 125 V(rms) line, as shown in Fig. P10.24. Load
(60 + j80) Ω. The voltage at the terminals of 1 absorbs 8 kW and 9 kVAR; Load 2 absorbs 5
the loads is 1000 2 cos100t V. kVA at 0.6 leading; Load 3 absorbs 4 kW at
a) Find the rms value of the source voltage. unity power factor.
b) By how many microseconds is the load a) Find the impedance that is equivalent to the
voltage out of phase with the source three parallel loads.
voltage? b) Find the power factor of the equivalent load
c) Does the load voltage lead or lag the source as seen from the line’s input terminals.
voltage? Figure P10.24
Figure P10.21

10.25 The three loads in Problem 10.28 are fed from

10.22 Two 480 V (rms) loads are connected in a line having a series impedance 0.02 + j0.05 Ω,
 as shown in Fig. P10.25.
a) Calculate the rms value of the voltage (Vs) at
the sending end of the line.
b) Calculate the average and reactive powers
associated with the line impedance. 10.28 The three loads in the circuit seen in Fig.
c) Calculate the average and reactive powers at P10.28 are described as follows: Load 1 is
the sending end of the line. absorbing 7.5 kW and delivering 2.5 kVAR;
d) Calculate the efficiency () of the line if the Load 2 is absorbing 10 kVA at a power factor
efficiency is defined as of 0.28 lagging; Load 3 is a 12.5 Ω resistor in
 = (Pload / Psending end)  100. parallel with an inductance whose reactance is
Figure P10.25 50 Ω.
a) Calculate the average power and the
magnetizing reactive power delivered by
each source if Vg1 = Vg2 = 2500 V (rms).
b) Check your calculations by showing your
results are consistent with the requirements
10.26 Consider the circuit described in Problem 9.78.
a) What is the rms magnitude of the voltage
P dev   Pabs ;

across the load impedance? Q dev   Qabs .

b) What percentage of the average power Figure P10.28

developed by the practical source is
delivered to the load impedance?

10.27 The three loads in the circuit in Fig. P10.27 can

be described as follows: Load 1 is a 240 Ω
resistor in series with an inductive reactance of
70 Ω; load 2 is a capacitive reactance of 120 Ω 10.29 Suppose the circuit shown in Fig. P10.28
in series with a 160 Ω resistor; and load 3 is a represents a residential distribution circuit in
30 Ω resistor in series with a capacitive which the impedances of the service conductors
reactance of 40 Ω. The frequency of the voltage are negligible and Vg1 = Vg2 = 1200 V(rms).
source is 60 Hz. The three loads in the circuit are L1 (a toaster, a
a) Give the power factor and reactive factor of coffee maker, and a microwave oven); L2 (a
each load. solid-state TV, a vacuum cleaner, and a portable
b) Give the power factor and reactive factor of heater); and L3 (an automatic washing machine
the composite load seen by the voltage and a clothes dryer). Assume that all of these
source. appliances are in operation at the same time.
Figure P10.27 The service conductors are protected with 20 A
circuit breakers. Will the service to this
 residence be interrupted? Why or why not? in Fig. P10.32.
b) Find the capacitive reactance that when
10.30 The three loads in the circuit seen in Fig. connected in parallel with the load will make
P10.30 are S1 = 6 + j3 kVA, S2 = 7.5 − j4.5 kVA, the load look purely resistive.
S3 = 12 + j9 kVA. c) What is the equivalent impedance of the load
a) Calculate the complex power associated with in (b)?
each voltage source, Vg1 and Vg2. d) Find the average power dissipated in the line
b) Verify that the total real and reactive power when the capacitive reactance is connected
delivered by the sources equals the total real across the load.
and reactive power absorbed by the network. e) Express the power loss in (d) as a percentage
Figure P10.30 of the power loss found in (a).
Figure P10.31

10.31 A group of small appliances on a 60 Hz system

requires 40 kVA at 0.85 pf lagging when 10.33 The steady-state voltage drop between the load
operated at 250 V (rms). The impedance of the and the sending end of the line seen in Fig.
feeder supplying the appliances is 0.02 + j0.16 P10.33 is excessive. A capacitor is placed in
Ω. The voltage at the load end of the feeder is parallel with the 150 kVA load and is adjusted
250 V (rms). until the steady-state voltage at the sending end
a) What is the rms magnitude of the voltage at of the line has the same magnitude as the
the source end of the feeder? voltage at the load end, that is, 4800 V (rms).
b) What is the average power loss in the The 150 kVA load is operating at a power
feeder? factor of 0.8 lag. Calculate the size of the
c) What size capacitor (in microfarads) across capacitor in microfarads if the circuit is
the load end of the feeder is needed to operating at 60 Hz. In selecting the capacitor,
improve the load power factor to unity? keep in mind the need to keep the power loss in
d) After the capacitor is installed, what is the the line at a reasonable level.
rms magnitude of the voltage at the source Figure P10.33
end of the feeder if the load voltage is
maintained at 250 V (rms)?
e) What is the average power loss in the feeder
for (d)?

10.32 a) Find the average power dissipated in the line 10.34 A factory has an electrical load of 800 kW at a
 lagging power factor of 0.6. An additional power dissipated.
variable power factor load is to be added to the d) Check your calculations by verifying that the
factory. The new load will add 160 kW to the magnetizing vars generated equal the
real power load of the factory. The power factor magnetizing vars absorbed.
of the added load is to be adjusted so that the Figure P10.36
overall power factor of the factory is 0.96
lagging.
a) Specify the reactive power associated with
the added load.
b) Does the added load absorb or deliver
magnetizing vars?
c) What is the power factor of the additional 10.37 a) Find the average power delivered to the 8 Ω
load? resistor in the circuit in Fig.P10.37.
d) Assume that the voltage at the input to the b) Find the average power developed by the
factory is 1200 V (rms). What is the rms ideal sinusoidal voltage source.
magnitude of the current into the factory c) Find Zab
before the variable power factor load is d) Show that the average power developed
added? equals the average power dissipated.
e) What is the rms magnitude of the current Figure P10.37
into the factory after the variable power
factor load has been added?

10.35 Assume the factory described in Problem 10.34

is fed from a line having an impedance of 0.05
+ j0.4 Ω. The voltage at the factory is
maintained at 1200 V (rms). 10.38 a) Find the average power delivered by the
a) Find the average power loss in the line sinusoidal current source in the circuit of Fig.
before and after the load is added. P10.38.
b) Find the magnitude of the voltage at the b) Find the average power delivered to the 40
sending end of the line before and after the Ω resistor.
load is added. Figure P10.38

10.36 a) Find the six branch currents Ia − If in the

circuit in Fig. P10.36.
b) Find the complex power in each branch of
the circuit.
c) Check your calculations by verifying that the
average power developed equals the average
10.39 a) Find the average power dissipated in each P9.75.
resistor in the circuit in Fig. P10.39. a) Find the average power developed by the
b) Check your answer by showing that the total sinusoidal voltage source.
power developed equals the total power b) What percentage of the power developed by
absorbed. the source is lost in the linear transformer?
Figure P10.39
10.42 The phasor voltage Vab in the circuit shown in
Fig. P10.42 is 3000 V(rms) when no
external load is connected to the terminals a,b.
When a load having an impedance of 200 −
j500 Ω is connected across a, b, the value of
Vab is 156－j42 V(rms).
a) Find the impedance that should be connected
across a,b for maximum average power
10.40 The sinusoidal voltage source in the circuit in transfer.
Fig. P10.40 is developing an rms voltage of b) Find the maximum average power
2000 V. The 4 Ω load in the circuit is absorbing transferred to the load of (a).
four times as much average power as the 25 Ω c) Construct the impedance of part (a) using
load. The two loads are matched to the components from Appendix H if the source
sinusoidal source that has an internal frequency is 500 Hz.
impedance of 5000 Ω. Figure P10.42
a) Specify the numerical values of a1 and a2.
b) Calculate the power delivered to the 25 Ω
load.
c) Calculate the rms value of the voltage across
the 4 Ω resistor.
Figure P10.40
10.43 a) Determine the load impedance for the circuit
shown in Fig. P10.43 that will result in
maximum average power being transferred
to the load if ω = 8 krad/s.
b) Determine the maximum average power
delivered to the load from part (a) if vg = 10
cos 8000t V.
Section 10.6 c) Repeat part (a) when ZL. consists of two
10.41 Suppose an impedance equal to the conjugate components from Appendix H whose values
of the Thévenin impedance is connected to the yield a maximum average power closest to
terminals c, d of the circuit shown in Fig. the value calculated in part(b).
 Figure P10.43

10.47 The variable resistor Ro in the circuit shown in

Fig. P10.47 is adjusted until maximum average
10.44 The load impedance ZL for the circuit shown in power is delivered to Ro.
Fig. P10.44 is adjusted until maximum average a) What is the value of Ro in ohms?
power is delivered to ZL. b) Calculate the average power delivered to Ro.
a) Find the maximum average power delivered c) If Ro is replaced with a variable impedance
to ZL. Zo, what is the maximum average power that
b) What percentage of the total power can be delivered to Zo?
developed in the circuit is delivered to ZL? d) In (c), what percentage of the circuit’s
Figure P10.44 developed power is delivered to the load Zo?
Figure P10.47

10.45 Prove that if only the magnitude of the load

impedance can be varied, most average power
is transferred to the load when |ZL| = |ZTh|. (Hint:
In deriving the expression for the average load 10.48 The sending-end voltage in the circuit seen in
power, write the load impedance (ZL) in the Fig. P10.48 is adjusted so that the rms value of
form ZL = |ZL| cos θ + j|ZL| sin θ, and note that the load voltage is always 4000 V. The variable
only |ZL| is variable.) capacitor is adjusted until the average power
dissipated in the line resistance is minimum.
10.46 The variable resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. a) If the frequency of the sinusoidal source is
P10.46 is adjusted until the average power it 60 Hz, what is the value of the capacitance
absorbs is maximum. in microfarads?
a) Find R. b) If the capacitor is removed from the circuit,
b) Find the maximum average power. what percentage increase in the magnitude
c) Find a resistor in Appendix H that would of Vs is necessary to maintain 4000 V at the
have the most average power delivered to it. load?
Figure P10.46 c) If the capacitor is removed from the circuit,
what is the percentage increase in line loss?
Figure P10.48
 c) Is the new average power calculated in (a)
less than that found in 10.49(d)?

10.51 a) Find the steady-state expression for the

currents ig and iL in the circuit in Fig. P10.51
10.49 The peak amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage when vg = 400 cos 400t V.
source in the circuit shown in Fig. P10.49 is b) Find the coefficient of coupling.
180 V, and its frequency is 5000 rad/s. The load c) Find the energy stored in the magnetically
resistor can be varied from 0 to 4000 Ω, and the coupled coils at t = 1.25π ms and t = 2.5π ms
load capacitor can be varied from 0.1 μF to 0.5 d) Find the power delivered to the 375 Ω
μF. resistor.
a) Calculate the average power delivered to the e) If the 375 Ω resistor is replaced by a variable
load when Ro = 2000 Ω and Co = 0.2 μF. resistor RL, what value of RL will yield
b) Determine the settings of Ro and Co that will maximum average power transfer to RL?
result in the most average power being f) What is the maximum average power in (e)?
transferred to Ro. g) Assume the 375Ω resistor is replaced by a
c) What is the average power in (b)? Is it variable impedance ZL. What value of will
greater than the power in (a)? result in maximum average power transfer to
d) If there are no constraints on Ro and Co, what ZL?
is the maximum average power that can be h) What is the maximum average power in (g)?
delivered to a load? Figure P10.51
e) What are the values of Ro and Co for the
condition of (d)?
f) Is the average power calculated in (d) larger
than that calculated in (c)?
Figure P10.49
10.52 The values of the parameters in the circuit
shown in Fig. P10.52 are L1 = 4 mH; L2 = 1 mH;
k = 0.75; Rg = 2 Ω; and RL = 14 Ω. If

vg  54 2 cos1000t V. find

a) the rms magnitude of vo

b) the average power delivered to RL
10.50 a) Assume that Ro in Fig. P10.49 can be varied c) the percentage of the average power
between 0 and 10 kΩ. Repeat (b) and (c) of generated by the ideal voltage source that is
Problem 10.49. delivered to RL.
b) Is the new average power calculated in (a) Figure P10.52
greater than that found in Problem 10.49(a)?
10.53 Assume the coefficient of coupling in the
circuit in Fig. P10.53 is adjustable. 10.57 The 9 Ω resistor in the circuit in Fig. P10.56 is
a) Find the value of k that makes vo equal to replaced with a variable impedance Zo. Assume
zero. Zo is adjusted for maximum average power
b) Find the power developed by the source transfer to Zo.
when k has the value found in (a). a) What is the maximum average power that
can be delivered to Zo?
10.54 Assume the load resistor (RL) in the circuit in b) What is the average power developed by the
Fig. P10.54 is adjustable. ideal voltage source when maximum
a) What value of RL will result in the maximum average power is delivered to Zo?
average power being transferred to RL? c) Choose single components from Appendix H
b) What is the value of the maximum power to form an impedance that dissipates average
transferred? power closest to the value in part (a).
Assume the source frequency is 60 Hz.
10.55 Find the impedance seen by the ideal voltage
source in the circuit in Fig. P10.55 when Zo is 10.58 The impedance ZL in the circuit in Fig. P10.58
adjusted for maximum average power transfer is adjusted for maximum average power
to Zo. transfer to ZL. The internal impedance of the
Figure P10.55 sinusoidal voltage source is 4 + j7 Ω.
a) What is the maximum average power
delivered to ZL?
b) What percentage of the average power
delivered to the linear transformer is
delivered to ZL?
10.56 For the frequency-domain circuit in Fig. Figure P10.58
P10.56, calculate:
a) the rms magnitude of Vo.
b) the average power dissipated in the 9 Ω
resistor.
c) the percentage of the average power
generated by the ideal voltage source that is
delivered to the 9 Ω load resistor. 10.59 Find the average power delivered to the 5 kΩ
Figure P10.56 resistor in the circuit of Fig. P10.59.
 Figure P10.59 400 Ω resistor?
Figure P10.62

10.60 The ideal transformer connected to the 5 kΩ

load in Problem 10.59 is replaced with an ideal
transformer that has a turns ratio of 1:a. 10.63 The sinusoidal voltage source in the circuit in
a) What value of a results in maximum average Fig. P10.63 is operating at a frequency of 20
power being delivered to the 5 kΩ resistor? krad/s. The variable capacitive reactance in the
b) What is the maximum average power? circuit is adjusted until the average power
delivered to the 100 Ω resistor is as large as
10.61 The load impedance ZL in the circuit in Fig. possible.
P10.61 is adjusted until maximum average a) Find the value of C in microfarads.
power is transferred to ZL. b) When C has the value found in (a), what is
a) Specify the value of ZL if N1 = 3600 turns the average power delivered to the 100 Ω
and N2 = 600 turns. resistor?
b) Specify the values of IL and VL when ZL is c) Replace the 100 Ω resistor with a variable
absorbing maximum average power. resistor Ro. Specify the value of so that
Figure P10.61 maximum average power is delivered to Ro.
d) What is the maximum average power that
can be delivered to Ro?
Figure P10.63

10.62 a) Find the turns ratio N1/N2 for the ideal

transformer in the circuit in Fig. P10.62 so 10.64 The variable load resistor RL in the circuit
that maximum average power is delivered to shown in Fig. P10.64 is adjusted for maximum
the 400 Ω load. average power transfer to RL.
b) Find the average power delivered to the 400 a) Find the maximum average power.
Ω load. b) What percentage of the average power
c) Find the voltage V1. developed by the ideal voltage source is
d) What percentage of the power developed by delivered to RL when RL is absorbing
the ideal current source is delivered to the maximum average power?
 c) Test your solution by showing that the power 10.67 a) Use the values in Table 10.3 to calculate the
developed by the ideal voltage source equals number of kilowatt-hours consumed in one
the power dissipated in the circuit. month by a notebook computer AC adapter
Figure P10.64 if every day the computer is charging for 5
hours and sleeping for 19 hours..
b) Repeat the calculation in part (a) assuming
that the computer is charging for 5 hours and
off for 19 hours.
c) Repeat the calculation in part (a) assuming
that the computer is charging for 5 hours and
disconnected from the AC adapter for 19
10.65 Repeat Problem 10.64 for the circuit shown in hours, but the AC adapter remains plugged
Fig. P10.65. into the wall outlet.
Figure P10.65 d) Repeat the calculation in part (a) assuming
that the computer is charging for 5 hours and
the AC adapter is unplugged from the wall
outlet for 19 hours.

10.68 a) Suppose you use your microwave oven for

12 minutes each day. The remaining time,
10.66 a) If N1 equals 1000 turns, how many turns the oven is ready with the door closed. Use
should be placed on the N2 winding of the the values in Table 10.3 to calculate the total
ideal transformer in the circuit seen in Fig. number of kilowatt-hours used by the
P10.66 so that maximum average power is microwave oven in one month.
delivered to the 6800 Ω load? b) What percentage of the power used by the
b) Find the average power delivered to the microwave oven in one month is consumed
6800 Ω resistor. when the oven is ready with the door
c) What percentage of the average power closed?
delivered by the ideal voltage source is
dissipated in the linear transformer? 10.69 Determine the amount of power, in watts,
Figure P10.66 consumed by the transformer in Fig.
[Link] that the voltage source is ideal
(Rs = 0 Ω), R1 = 5 Ω, and L1 = 250 mH. The
frequency of the 120 V(rms) source is 60 Hz.

10.70 Repeat Problem 10.69, but assume that the

linear transformer has been improved so that R1
Sections 10.1–10.6 = 50 mΩ. All other values are unchanged.
 (Hint: you shouldn’t need to make any
10.71 Repeat Problem 10.69 assuming that the linear calculations to determine the amount of power
transformer in Fig. 10.30 has been replaced by consumed.)
an ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 30:1.