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CH 11

This document discusses AC power analysis including instantaneous and average power, effective or RMS values, apparent power, power factor, complex power, and maximum average power transfer. Key concepts covered include defining instantaneous power as the product of instantaneous voltage and current, average power over one period, effective/RMS values, apparent power as the product of voltage and current RMS values, real and reactive power components, and conditions for maximum power transfer.

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26 views44 pages

CH 11

This document discusses AC power analysis including instantaneous and average power, effective or RMS values, apparent power, power factor, complex power, and maximum average power transfer. Key concepts covered include defining instantaneous power as the product of instantaneous voltage and current, average power over one period, effective/RMS values, apparent power as the product of voltage and current RMS values, real and reactive power components, and conditions for maximum power transfer.

Uploaded by

toalomari0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH 11

AC Power Analysis

1
Overview

1.Understand instantaneous and average


power.
2.Understand the basics of maximum average
power.
3.Understand effective or rms values and how
to calculate them and to understand their
importance.
4.Understand apparent power (complex power),
power, and reactive power and power factor.
2
Instantaneous and Average
Power
The instantaneous power p(t) absorbed by an element is
the product of the instantaneous voltage v(t) across the
element and the instantaneous current i(t) through it.
Assuming the passive sign convention,

p(t) = v(t)i(t) (11.1)

The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any


instant of time.

3
v(t) = Vm cos(ωt + v) (11.2a)
i(t) = Im cos(ωt + i) (11.2b)

4
A sketch of p(t) in Eq. (11.5) is shown in Fig. 11.2, where T =
2π∕ω is the period of voltage or current. We observe that p(t) is
periodic, p(t) = p(t + T0), and has a period of T0 = T∕2, since
its frequency is twice that of voltage or current

5
The average power, in watts, is the average of
the instantaneous power over one period and is
given by:

6
Therefore, the average power, is given
by:

1 𝑗 𝜃𝑣 −𝜃𝑖
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑒 𝑒
2

1 1
= 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑣 𝐼𝑚 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑖 = 𝑅𝑒[𝑽𝑰∗ ]
2 2

Where V is the phasor of v(t) and I* is the


conjugate of the phasor of i(t).
7
• For example, when v = i, the voltage and current are in
phase. This implies a purely resistive circuit or resistive
load R, and

• When v − i = ±90°, we have a purely reactive circuit,


and

• Therefore, a resistive load (R) always


absorbs power, while a reactive load
(L or C ) absorbs zero average power.
8
9
10
11
12
13
𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟖𝟎 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑾
𝟐

𝟏
𝑷𝟒 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟗 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝟗𝟎° ) = 𝟎 𝑾
𝟐

𝟏
𝑷𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟖 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎° ) = 𝟎 𝑾
𝟐
14
We note that the inductor and the capacitor
absorb zero average power and the total
power supplied by the current source equals
the power
absorbed by the resistor and the voltage
source, or

P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 =

−367.8 + 160 + 0 + 0 + 207.8 = 0

indicating that power is conserved. 15


Maximum Average Power Transfer

• In CH 4, we found that, in
DC circuits, the load
resistance absorbs
maximum power is equal to
the Thevenin resistance: RL
= RTh.
• For AC circuits, we can
show that the load that
absorbs maximum is equal
to the conjugate of the
Thevenin impedance:
∗
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝑇ℎ .
16
17
18
This means that for maximum average power
transfer to a purely resistive load, the load
impedance (or resistance) is equal to the
magnitude of the Thevenin impedance. 19
20
21
22
Effective or RMS Value
The effective value of a periodic current is the dc current that
delivers the same average power to a resistor as the periodic
current.
In Fig. 11.13, the circuit in (a) is ac while
that of (b) is dc. Our objective is to find
Ieff that will transfer the same power to
resistor R as the sinusoid i. The average
power absorbed by the resistor in the ac
circuit is

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Apparent Power and Power Factor

29
30
31
32
1
𝑍 =𝑅 −𝑗
𝜔𝐶
= 25.98 − 𝑗15

33
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Complex Power
The complex power S absorbed by the ac load is the
product of the voltage and the complex conjugate of the
current, or:
𝟏
𝑺 = 𝑽𝑰∗ (11.40)
𝟐
In terms of the rms
values:

36
Thus, we may write:

The complex power may be expressed in terms of the load


impedance Z:

37
We notice that:

38
• The real power P is the average power in watts
delivered to a load; it is the only useful power. It is the
actual power dissipated by the load.

• The reactive power Q is a measure of the energy


exchange between the source and the reactive part of
the load. The unit of Q is the volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
to distinguish it from the real power, whose unit is the
watt.
Notice that:
1. Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
2. Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
3. Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
39
40
Example 11.11: The voltage across a load is v(t) = 60 cos(ωt − 10°) V and
the current through the element in the direction of the voltage drop is i(t) =
1.5 cos(ωt + 50°) A. Find: (a) the complex and apparent powers, (b) the real
and reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the load impedance.

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Example 11.12: A load Z draws 12 kVA at a power factor
of 0.856 lagging from a 120-V rms sinusoidal source.
Calculate: (a) the average and reactive powers delivered to
the load, (b) the peak current, and (c) the load impedance.
Solution:
(a) Given that pf = cos  = 0.856, we obtain the power
angle as  = cos−1 (0.856) = 31.13°. If the apparent
power is S = 12,000 VA, then the average or real power
is:
P = S cos = 12,000 × 0.856 = 10.272 kW

while the reactive power is:

Q = S sin = 12,000 × 0.517 = 6.204kVA


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