RESEARCH – * The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
* is about realm of science that aims to find answer though a carefully planned
process.
LATIN – (Prefix)
“RE” – (Again)
CERCIER – (To search)
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Requires a problem/ topic / question
2. Empirical – Science is based on factual question
3. Systematic – Follows a step by step order
4. Entails critical thinking
5. Accurate and verifiable
6. Rigorous - extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate
7. Controlled
8. Hypothesis – Or assumption based
THE RESEARC PROCESS
1. Select the topic – A research is an interest that you would like to be an expert with.
2. Review the literature – It is important step at the beginning of the research necessary
across all the parts of the process.
3. Formulate the research problem / question – Good research begins with good questions,
develop specific questions/objectives that will guide you through the process.
4. Conceptualize the research design and method
5. Select sample and identify the criteria for selection – The accuracy of findings depends
on the way a research selected the sample.
6. Construct the instrument for data collection – What will you ask your respondents
(questioners, interview guide, observation, checklist)
7. Write a research proposal - Include the scope and limitation of the study the hypothesis that
will be tested the practical basis of your research, data collection, analysis, plan, timeframe, and
finding opportunities.
8. Gather the data - Refers to the actual conduct of the data collection.
9. Process and analyze the data - collected data are processed encode using a statistical
tools or spreadsheets (for survey), coded and organized.
10. Write the research report - Detailed discussion of findings summarize the results, draw
conclusions based on objectives comes up.
11. Present the research and publish it - Present the topic publicly.
12. Evaluate the results and identify new problems - Research encourage to evaluate their
papers and look for possible problems that can further studied.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Applied to research - Designed to solve practical problems of the modern world; its goal
improved human condition.
it is used to find solution to everyday problems.
Basic research - referred to as fundamental or pure research, is driven by scientist's curiosity
or interest in a scientific question.
Correlational research - refers to the relationship among two or more variable.
Descriptive research - is statistical research, refers to research that provides an accurate
potential. Ethnographic research - qualitative method or collection data often use in the social
and behavioral sciences.
investigation of culture it studies people through ethnic groups in their setting.
Experimental research - it is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the people,
purpose of predicting and controlling and examining probability and casualty among selected
variables.
Exploratory research - conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Historical
research involving analysis of events that is secured in the remote or recent pass.
Phenomenological research - is an inductive descriptive research development from
phenomenological philosophy.
Study for experience from respective of the individual.
Action research - involves application of the steps of the scientific method in the classroom
problem.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - it's a type of research that explores and provides differ inside the
real word problems. Characteristic of qualitative research
CHARACTERISTICS O QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A. Qualitative research is subjective. (could have multiple gathered data) while quantitative
research is objective.
B. it does not use quantitative analysis or statistical treatment of data
C. Researcher - as - instrument along with the emphasis on content, meaning, and the potential
for researcher subjectivity, qualitative research is distinguish by the fact it places the researcher
at the center of the data gathering
D. The researcher is the instrument by which information is collected. (through interviews,
observation, focus groups discussion)
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
* Answer “WHY” questions * “HOW MANY/MUCH?” question
* Observation, symbol, word etc. * Number / statistical result
* Grouping of common data * Measure and test
* Non – statistical analysis * Statistical analysis
TECHNIQUES FOR NARROWING TOPICS
1. Examine the literature.
2. Talk over ideas with other.
3. Relate the topic to a specific content.
4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study.
