JOSE MARI N.

CABADING
EUSEBIO L . MIQUE
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 Table of Contents

Module 1: Computer Networks and Data Communications

Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks…………………………………….
3
Lesson 2: Importance of Computer Networks……………………………………………….
5
Lesson 3: Data Communications……………………………………………… 15
Lesson 4: Network Hardware Essentials…………… 19

Module 2: Network Architecture, Standards, Protocols and Topologies

Lesson 1: Network Architecture…………………………………………… 24
Lesson 2: Different Network Protocols………………………... 25
Lesson 3: Network Topologies……………………. 32
Lesson 4: Switching and the OSI Model……………… 36
Module 3: TCP/IP, Network Operating Systems and its Applications
Lesson 1: IPv 4 and IP Addressing
Lesson 2: IPv6
Lesson 3: Network Operating Systems
Lesson 4: DNS and WWW

Module 4: Routing, Network Security and Wireless Networks

Lesson 1: Routing Protocols
Lesson 2: Network Security
Lesson 3: Wireless Networks
Lesson 4: Wireless Wide Area Networks

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About the Authors
Eusebio L. Mique, Jr, is a faculty of College of Information Technology and
a freelance full stack web developer . He is a graduate of BS Computer
Science at Lorma Colleges, finishes his Master in Information Technology
at DMMMSU-MLUC and Doctor of Information Technology at University of
the Cordilleras

Contact Jessie: emique@[Link]

Jose Mari N. Cabading is network and systems administrator, keynote

speaker, web developer using Joomla and Wordpress and also a teacher in
information technology. He finished his baccalaureate at Adamson
University with the degree BS Computer Engineering, both his Masters and
Doctors degree at DMMMSU-CGS finishing Master of Arts in Technology
Education and Doctor of Philosophy in Technology Education Management.
He is also a certified Computer Hardware Servicing NC II and a Licensed
Professional Teacher. Currently, he is a full-time college professor teaching
subjects both under the BS Information Technology and Doctor of
Philosophy programs.

Contact Jojo: jcabading@[Link]

 Module 1

Computer Networks and Data

Communications
Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks
Lesson 2: Importance of Computer Networks
Lesson 3: Data Communications
Lesson 4: Network Hardware Essentials
 OBJECTIVES/DIRECTIONS

Objectives
At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. Understand the use of computer networks.
2. Know the importance of computer networks.
3. Implement basic network connectivity between devices.
4. Explain how data communications operate.
5. Discover the types of media used to carry data across the network.
6. Become familiar with the network devices used.

Directions/Module Organizer
There are four lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then answer the
exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited from it. Work on these
exercises carefully and submit your output during our face to face schedule

In case you encounter difficulty, you can reach your professor through their
cellphone numbers, Sir Jessie (#####) and Sir Jojo (09778160054). Additional
discussion and instructions will be given in our UBL Cloud or Google Classroom
account and during the face-to-face meeting.

Good luck and happy learning!!!

 Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks

Computer network is a course that intends to provide the basic

concepts of how computers can be networked together so as to
enhance sharing of resources. A computer network is simply a collection of
interconnected computers and other devices to share information and other
resources. A small network can be as simple as two computers linked
together by a single cable.

Types of Computer Networks

1. Local Area Network - A local area network is usually privately owned and
links the devices in a single office, building or campus of up to a few
kilometers in size. Depending on the needs of an organization and the type
of technology used, a LAN can be as simple as two PCs and printer in
someone’s whole office, or it can extend throughout a company and
include voice, sound, and video peripherals.
2. Metropolitan Area Network - It is designed to extend over an entire city. It
may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a
means of connecting a number of LAN’s into a larger network so that
resources may be shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device.
3. Wide Area Network - is used to describe a computer network spanning a
regional, national or global area. For example, for a large company the
head quarters might be in Manila and regional branches at Baguio City ,
Cebu City, Davao City, etc.

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 To network computers together, you need to install networking
hardware and software. Every network includes these three components:

(1) The computers that are connected together. Computers and similar
devices are called nodes when connected to a network.

(2) The networking hardware that connects the computers together,

including hardware installed in your computer, network cables, and devices
that connect all the cables together.

(3) Networking software that runs on each computer and enables it

to communicate with other computers on the network.

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 Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks

Here is the networking hardware you need to set up a small network:

1.) Network adapter cards: expansion cards that provide the

physical connection between each computer and the network. The card
installs into a slot on your computer, just like a sound card or modem card.
Some newer computers have a network adapter already built into the
system. Laptop computers often use a card that slides into a PC card slot.

2.) Network hub (switch): the central connection point for network cables
that connect to computers or other devices on a network. The hub
has several network cable jacks or ports that you use to connect network
cables to computers. The hub contains circuitry that enables each
computer to communicate with any other computer connected to the hub.

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 Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks

A Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs

to a single network. Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB
connections. In the context of a network, a Switch is a computer networking
device that connects network segments.

3.) Network cables: special, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables used to

connect each computer to the hub.

4.) Wireless Networking Technology: is a modern alternative to

traditional wired networking that relies on cables to connect digital
devices together using radio communications. Ex. WiFi, Bluetooth, 3G/4G.

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 Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks

NETWORKING HISTORY
Early networks
From a historical perspective, electronic communication has actually
been around a long time, beginning with Samuel Morse and the telegraph.
He sent the first telegraph message May 24, 1844 from Washington DC to
Baltimore MD, 37 miles away.

The message? “What hath God wrought.” Less than 25 years later,
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone – beating out a competitor
to the patent office only by a couple of hours on Valentine’s Day in 1867.
This led to the development of the ultimate analog network – the telephone
system.
The first bit-oriented language device was developed by Emile Baudot
– the printing telegraph. By bit-oriented we mean the device sent pulses of
electricity which were either positive or had no voltage at all. These
machines did not use Morse code. Baudot’s five-level code sent five pulses
down the wire for each character transmitted. The machines did the
encoding and decoding, eliminating the need for operators at both ends of
the wires. For the first time, electronic messages could be sent by anyone.

Telephone Network
But it’s really the telephone network that has had the greatest impact
on how businesses communicate and connect today. Until 1985, the Bell
Telephone Company, now known as AT&T, owned the telephone network
from end to end. It represented a phenomenal network, the largest then and
still the largest today.
Let’s take a look at some additional developments in the
communications industry that had a direct impact on the networking
industry today.

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 Lesson 1: Introduction and History of Computer Networks

Developments in Communication

In 1966, an individual named “Carter” invented a special device

that attached to a telephone receiver that would allow construction
workers to talk over the telephone from a two-way radio. Bell telephone
had a problem with this and sued – and eventually lost.

As a result, in 1975, the Federal Communications Commission

ruled that devices could attach to the phone system, if they met certain
specifications. Those specifications were approved in 1977 and became
known as FCC Part 68. In fact, years ago you could look at the
underside of a telephone not manufactured by Bell, and see the “Part
68” stamp of approval.

This ruling eventually led to the breakup of American

Telephone and Telegraph in 1984, thus creating nine regional
Bell operating companies like Pacific Bell, Bell Atlantic, Bell South,
Mountain Bell, etc. The break up of AT&T in 1984 opened the door for
other competitors in the telecommunications market. Companies
like Microwave Communications, Inc. (MCI), and Sprint. Today,
when you make a phone call across the country, it may go through
three or four different carrier networks in order to make the connection.

1960's - 1970's Communication

In the 1960’s and 1970’s, traditional computer
communications centered around the mainframe host. The mainframe
contained all the applications needed by the users, as well as file
management, and even printing. This centralized computing
environment used low-speed access lines that tied terminals to the
host. These large mainframes used digital signals – pulses of
electricity or zeros and ones, what is called binary -- to pass
information from the terminals to the host. The information processing
in the host was also all digital.

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 Lesson 2: Importance of Computer Networks

Lesson 2: Importance of Computer Networks

IMPORTANCE/BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

Assuming you have six people in your family. Each has their own
computer and wants to be able to print and have internet access. you don't
want to pay for six modems (for internet connections) and six printers. Why
not have one Internet connection and one printer connected to one
computer. This computer has all other computers attached to it. They all
share its Internet and printer. They can also each have some shared folders
that everyone on the network can access (upon providing a password).

Properly planned, an efficient network brings a wide range of

benefits to a company such as:

1) File Sharing: Networks offer a quick and easy way to share files
directly. Instead of using a disk or USB key to carry files from one computer
or office to another, you can share files directly using a network.
2) Security: Specific directories can be password protected to limit
access to authorized users. Also, files and programs on a network can be
designated as "copy inhibit" so you don’t have to worry about the illegal
copying of programs.
3) Resource Sharing: All computers in the network can share
resources such as printers, fax machines, modems, and scanners.
4) Communication: Even outside of the Internet, those on the
network can communicate with each other via electronic mail over the
network system. When connected to the Internet, network users can
communicate with people around the world via the network.

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 Lesson 2: Importance of Computer Networks

5) Flexible Access: Networks allow their users to access files from computers
throughout the network. This means that a user can begin work on a project on
one computer and finish up on another. Multiple users can also collaborate on
the same project through the network.
6) Workgroup Computing: Workgroup software like Microsoft Back Office
enables many users to contribute to a document concurrently. This allows for
interactive teamwork.
7) Error reduction and improve consistency: One can reduce errors and
improve consistency by having all staff work from a single source of
information, so that standard versions of manuals and directories can be made
available, and data can be backed up from a single point on a scheduled basis,
ensuring consistency.

Three Goals Computer networks :

Overcoming geographic separation
Computer networks overcome geographical separation in a city and
across countries. Computers that need to communicate with other
computers are often located in different parts of the world, and they need
computer networks to pass information across long distances to overcome
that geographical separation.
Allowing information sharing
Computer networks allow information sharing by allowing connected
people or computers to access information on databases distributed in
different locations. There are databases hosted on many computers. People
or computers may need to access the data in these databases. Without a
computer network, it would take a long time to select and transport the
required data from the database to the requiring users. With computer
networks, we can conveniently access the databases to retrieve data.
Supporting distributed processing
Computer networks support processing distributed in different
locations. These different locations can be physically close together inside a
single computer room, or they can be separated by a long distance across
mountains and oceans. Physical transportation of the intermediately
processed data is impractical. Hence, a computer network becomes
indispensable in distributed processing. It allows timely passing of semi-
processed data between computers located in distributed locations.
Computer networks have indeed become indispensable now. Hence we
need to study computer networks in terms of their basic components, their
architecture and how they support the Internet applications in a typical
enterprise. All of these affect our daily life.
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 Lesson 2: Importance of Computer Networks

Advantages of Wireless over Wired Networking

Wireless computer networks offer several distinct advantages compared

to wired networks but are not without a downside. Pros of wireless technology
include mobility (portability and freedom of movement) and elimination of
unsightly cables. Disadvantages of wireless include additional
security concerns, plus the potential for radio interference (due to
weather, other wireless devices, or obstructions like walls).

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 Lesson 3: Data Communication

Data communication is the exchange of data (in the form of 0s and 1s)
between two devices via some form of transmission medium (such as a wire cable).
Data communication is considered local if the communicating devices are in the
same building or a similarly restricted geographical area, and is considered remote if
the devices are farther apart.

Characteristic of Data Communication

1. Delivery
The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received
by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
2. Accuracy
The system must deliver data accurately. Data have been altered in
transmission and left in corrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness
The system must deliver data in a timely manner. In the case of video, audio
and voice data, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in
the same order that they are produced and without significant delay. This kind
of delivery is called real-time transmission.
4. Jitter
refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the
delivery of packets

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Components of Data Communication
A data communication system is made up of five components
1. Message: is the information to be communicated. It can consist of
text, numbers, pictures, sound or video or any combination of these.
2. Sender: is the device that sends the data messages. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera and so on.
3. Receiver: is the device that receives the message. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera and so on.

4. Medium: is the physical path by which a message travels from sender

to receiver. It can consist of twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable,
laser or radio waves (terrestrial or satellite microwave).
5. Protocol: is the set of rule that govern data communication. It
represent an arrangements between the communicating devices. Without a
protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.

System Transmission Modes:

1. Simplex
Transmission in one direction. One end will always transmit and
the other end will always receive. Examples are traditional keyboards
and printers for simplex devices.

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 2. Half-duplex
It permits transmission in both direction but at a time in only one
direction. So it is also known as “Two Way Alternate” (TWA). In other
words, in half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive
but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other device
can only receive or vice versa.

3. Full-duplex
It permits transmission simultaneously in both directions. It is also
known as “Two Way Simultaneous” (TWS). In full-duplex (also called
duplex), both stations can transmit and receives simultaneously.
Example of a full-duplex is the telephone network. When two people are
communicating by a telephone, both can talk and listen at the same
time.

Elements of Data Communication System

1. Sender/Transmitter
A device used for sending data or messages is called sender. i.e.
Computer, telephone/Fax machine etc.
2. Message
The message is the data or information that is to be transmitted i.e. text,
numbers, pictures, sounds and videos etc.
3. Medium or Communication Channel
The path through which data is transmitted from one place to another is
called medium. i.e. telephone line , fiber optics etc.
4. Receiver
A device used for receiving messages is called Receiver. i.e. computer,
telephone/fax machine , printer etc.
5. Encoder and Decoder
The encoder and decoder are used in communication systems to convert
signals from one form to another.

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 Lesson 4: Network Hardware Essentials

Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer

networking devices, are electronic devices which are required for
communication and interaction between devices on a computer network.
Specifically, they mediate data transmission in a computer network. Units
which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts, end systems or data
terminal equipment.
Networking devices includes a broad range of equipment which can be
classified as core network components which interconnect other network
components, hybrid components which can be found in the core or border of a
network and hardware or software components which typically sit on the
connection point of different networks.

The most common kind of networking hardware today is a copper-based

Ethernet adapter which is a standard inclusion on most modern computer
systems. Wireless networking has become increasingly popular, especially for
portable and handheld devices.

Other networking hardware used in computers includes data center

equipment (such as file servers, database servers and storage areas), network
services (such as DNS, DHCP, email, etc.) as well as devices which assure
content delivery.

Repeater
It is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmit it at a
higher level or power. Repeaters are used to regenerate signals between
similar network segments.

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Hubs
It is a multi-port repeater with several ports to which you can
connect several computers and links to other computer devices using
network cables. It does not perform any type of filtering or routing of
data and works on Layer 1 (Physical Layer) of the Open Systems
Interconnection) OSI model.

Switches
Just like a hub, instead of regenerating incoming bit signals, it
actually reads data in the message, determines which port the
destination device is connected to, and forwards the message to only
that port. It is much more intelligent than a hub and each port gets
a dedicated bandwidth compared to a hub that shares it to all ports.
Large networks use switches instead of hubs to connect
computers and network devices. It can support on both Layer 2
(based on Media Access Control (MAC) address and Layer 3 (based
on IP address).

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Routers
It is a networking device that forwards data packets between
computer networks and perform the traffic directing functions on the
Internet. They are connected to two or more data lines from different IP
networks.
The most familiar type of IP routers are home and small office
routers that simply forward IP packets between the home computers
and the Internet. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers,
connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers
that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the
Internet backbone.
The main function of routers is to connect different IP networks
and perform intelligent path selection in a wide area network just like the
Internet.

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Network Bridge
A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates
a single, aggregate network from multiple communication networks or
network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging
is distinct from routing.
Routing allows multiple networks to communicate independently
and yet remain separate, whereas bridging connects two separate
networks as if they were a single network.
The main disadvantage of bridges is that they can't connect
different IP networks or perform intelligent path selection.

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Wireless Access Points
In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP), or
more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware
device that allows other Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) devices to
connect to a wired network. It connects users to other users within
the network and also serve as the point of interconnection between
WLAN and a fixed wired network.
An AP connects directly to a wired local area network,
typically Ethernet, and the AP then provides wireless connections
using wireless LAN technology, typically Wi-Fi, for other devices to
use that wired connection. APs support the connection of multiple
wireless devices through their one wired connection.

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Network Interface Controller (NIC)
Also known as network interface card, network adapter,
LAN adapter or physical network interface, is an expansion card
that enables a computer to connect to a wired network and provides
the physical interface between the computer and cabling. It prepares
data, sends data and controls the flow of data.
Each NIC has its own unique serial number called the Media
Access Control (MAC) Address. This number is used to identify the
computer on the network.

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 Summative Test

Answer the following questions in a brief concise

manner.

1. What are the uses and importance of computer

networks?
2. Give the different types of computer networks and its
uses?
3. Explain how data communications operate.
4. What are the different types of media used to carry data
on a computer network?
5. Give some network devices and its uses.

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