Construction

Management
UNIT 2
Ar. Tanvi K
UNIT 2

Construction Management Techniques:

Construction Planning, Scheduling, Monitoring and
controlling

Use of Management Tools:

Bar Chart, Gantt Chart, Milestone Chart,

ARCHITECTURAL
Milestone Chart, PERT, CPM

DESIGN
 Tools & Techniques in CM
The choice of technology Ex. Types of Plans
Project Planning  Construction Plan
The choice of Construction
 Cost Plan
Method
Quality Plan
Defining the work tasks Time Plan
Safety Plan
Assigning Sequence to tasks Feasibility Study
Tools Used :
Time & Cost Planning Bar Chart
Flow Chart
Ex. Milestone Chart
Estimating Time Duration Manpower Gantt Chart
Estimation
Scheduling Estimating Activity Duration Material
Matrix Chart
Estimation
Estimating Resource Duration
Time Scheduling
Equipment
Estimation
 Tools & Techniques in CM
Schedule / Time Control Ex. Tools Used :
Monitoring &  Cost Control using
Cost Control
Controlling Low Cost Materials
PERT
Quality Control
Time Control using (Program Evaluation
Safety Control advance technology and Review
Project Monitoring
 Quality control
Technique)
using certified &
Tested materials CPM
Maintaining
(Critical Path
Quality & Cost with Method)
continuous
PROJECT CONTROL PROCESS monitoring
Time & Cost
Crashing

Network
Analysis
PROJECT PLANNING & SCHEDULING

Construction
Manager
 PROJECT PLANNING
Project planning is all about choosing and designing
effective policies and methodologies to attain project
objectives.

Planning provides direction, unifying frame work,

performance standards, and helps to reveal future
opportunities and threats In Planning, the following steps
are followed:

The Objectives of the projects are specified

•Goals and stages intermediate to attain the final target
•Forecast and means of achieving goals i.e., activities.
•Organization of resources (Man, Machinery, Resources, Material)
•Alternatives-individual courses of action that will allow accomplishing goals.
• Preparation of Construction Plan
 PROJECT SCHEDULING
The project scheduling phase refers to:

 Estimation of human resource and material requisite at every

stage of the project; and approximate calculative time to complete
each of these tasks.

 Indicates the start and end date of each project task and logical
connectivity among various project tasks/activities.

The project scheduling stages are :

Based on the project scope, design and develop the TBS (Task-Breakdown Structure).
Identify the project-related tasks.
Identify the human resources and material requisite
Evaluate the approximate time required for each and every task
Allocation of resources
Analyze the detailed schedule
Monitor and govern the schedule
 PART 2
PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROLLING
SYSTEMS
WHY- The need to monitor or control a project
• In order to do any mid course correction.
• In order to be prepared for corrections that may be required during the
tasks and process in case something has gone wrong.
• In order to be prepared to rectify mistakes that can be for seen.
• For timely completion of the project, without using additional resources
such as time, money and manpower.
• If in the course of the project, we find that we are slipping somewhere,
we need a plan B, where additional resources, that fit within our budget
which shall be deployed.
There are several aspects that need to be monitored and
controlled during construction including:
• Schedule/time/progress
• Cost
• Quality
• Safety
• Inventory

A need for monitoring and controlling systems is required by the

management can use for the purpose and ensure timely completion
of the project within the allocated time and budget.
COST CONTROL
1. Observe the cost expended
for an item, an activity or a
group of activities

2. Compare it with available

standards e.g. tender
estimate or Schedule of Rates

3. Compute the variance

between observed and
standard, signaling a warning
sign immediately so that
timely action is initiated.
UPDATING
Tools used:
• Using Bar Chart, milestone charts
• Using Pert/CPM
 USE OF TOOLS

Bar Chart, Gantt Chart, Milestone Chart,

Milestone Chart, PERT, CPM
PERT and CPM are two essential techniques used in project management.
PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) is an event oriented method of
network planning used for Time Control.
CPM (Critical Path Method) is also network comprising events and activities used for
Cost Control.
Bar Chart

Example 1 Example 2

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Bar Chart

Example 1 Example 2

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Bar Chart
GANTT CHARTS
• A Gantt chart is a horizontal graph chart used in project management to visually
represent a project plan over time.
• Modern Gantt charts typically show you the timeline and status—as well as who’s
responsible—for each task in the project.
• A Gantt chart is a simple way to communicate what it will take to deliver a project on
time and budget.
• This ensures that the project team and stake holders are all on the same page from the
beginning of the project.

What is a Gantt chart used for?

• Gantt charts are used for planning and scheduling projects in project management.
• A Gantt chart is incredibly useful because it allows you to simplify complex projects
into an easy-to-follow plan and track the status of tasks as work progresses.
• Gantt charts also help you keep track of project deadlines, milestones, and hours
worked so you can spot and address delays or overages before they wreak havoc on
your project.
The features of a Gantt Chart or a Bar Chart are as follows:
• How a project breaks down into tasks
• When each task will begin and end
• How long each task will take
• Who’s assigned to each task
• How tasks relate to and depend on each other
• When important meetings, approvals, or deadlines need to happen
• How work is progressing in a project
• The full project schedule from start to finish
When should you use a Gantt chart?
• Your project has a challenging deadline.
• Multiple people or teams are involved in the project and need to be coordinated.
• A boss, client, or team member wants to see a visual timeline of the project from
beginning to end.
• Your project involves even just a little complexity, such as tasks that need to be
done in a specific order.
• Team members work on multiple projects at a time, and you need to manage
their workloads.
• You have a good idea of roughly how long each task should or can take.
 Runs horizontally across the top of the gantt chart and shows
months, weeks, days, and years
Runs vertically down the left of the Gantt chart to describe project
work and may be organized into groups and subgroups

Horizontal markers on the right side of the Gantt

chart that represent tasks and show progress,
duration, and start and end dates
Shows how far along work is
and may be indicated by percent
complete and/or bar shading
Light gray lines that connect tasks that need to
happen in a certain order

Indicates the person or team

responsible for completing a
task Yellow diamonds that call out major
events, dates, decisions, and deliverables

A vertical line that highlights the current date on the Gantt chart
Advantages Disadvantages
Show each data category in a frequency Require additional explanation
distribution
Display relative numbers or proportions of Be easily manipulated to yield false
multiple categories impressions

Summarize a large data set in visual form Fail to reveal key assumptions, causes, effects,
or patterns

Clarify trends better than do tables

Estimate key values at a glance

Permit a visual check of the accuracy and

reasonableness of calculations

Be easily understood due to widespread use in

business and the media
Milestone Chart

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Milestone Chart

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Milestone Chart

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Milestone Chart

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Milestone Chart - Limitations

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MILESTONE CHARTS
• In construction management, the word milestone is
used as a metaphor.
• When a target is achieved during the process of a
projects, a representation using a small diamond
shaped icon is used on a Gantt chart to show that the
target is achieved. This chart then becomes a milestone
chart.
• A milestone is used to represent groups of activities or significant events or
commitments in the project.
• A milestone chart shows a group of milestones in an organized way similar to a Gantt
chart with one milestone per line vertically with a description on the left and the
milestone located horizontally along a time scale showing when it occurs.
• Milestones differ from the bars in a Gantt chart in that they show only a single date and
are usually depicted as a triangle instead of a bar.
A milestone is a significant event that occurs during the course of a project, the timing of
which can influence the scheduling of other activities.
With the achievement of successive milestones, management is able to maintain a more
accurate understanding of how the project is advancing according to the schedules.

Milestones might include, for example:

• Securing funding.
• Acquiring a site.
• Appointing consultants.
• Completing design stages.
• Client approvals.
• Securing permissions.
• Tendering the construction contract.
• Appointing a contractor.
• Handing over the site to the contractor.
• Starting and completing construction.
• Occupying the completed development.
• Rectifying defects.
Disadvantages or limitations:
• When doing a status report, it is important to look at what went wrong and how the
project is doing but it is important to not dwell on it for too long. It is in the nature of
projects to have changes.

• The milestone plan includes all the project milestones, but the project milestones only
say half of the story.
To be able to reach those milestones an activity plan must be made or a to do list as
mentioned before. So, the milestone plan is limited in that aspect but at the same time it is
good to have them in separate plans. It is good to have one plan that shows all the activities
and the milestones so the team members will have a good overview like the Gantt chart for
the project schedule like previously mentioned. At the same time, it is also good to have
one that only has the milestones like milestone chart for the stakeholders for instance.
Disadvantages or limitations:
• Using project milestones is a reactive control system. Which means the team engages first in
the project activities and then they are evaluated in relation to the project goals. If the team
underperforms massively, they will have to do it again to correct it. So, it is very important that
the project manager is monitoring the project closely throughout the whole process but not just
around when the milestones are due.
• In theory and by looking at the milestone plan each milestone must be completed one by one
which would make it a limitation. But in practice that is not the case, the team can start working
on milestone four before milestone three is finished
Concept of Matrix Chart

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Concept of Matrix Chart

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Concept of Matrix Chart in CM

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
 Your Architectural Design project consist of the following set of
activities , draw the bar chart and find out the total project duration.

ACTIVITY DURATION[DAYS]
Site Analysis 2
Zoning 3
Concept 2
Master Plan 5
Unit Plan Design 4
Single Line Plan 2
Double Line Plan 1
Detail Drawings 3
3-D Views 2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
 Your Architectural Design project consist of the following set of activities , draw the bar chart and find out the
total project duration.

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4 Total Duration = 12
3 OR
2
1
ANALYSIS Zoning Concept MP
In this type of Bar chart, there’s no Inter- In this type of chart, there’s Inter-relationship (i.e. Second activity is starting after
relationship between each field, hence, we completion of the previous!)
can’t find out the Total Project Duration hence, we CAN find out the Total Project Duration using this chart
using this chart
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:

ACTIVITY DURATION[Month] ACTIVITY START TIME FINISH TIME DURATION

[IN MONTHS]
Site Analysis January A JAN 1ST FEB 28TH 2
Zoning February B FEB 1ST MAY 31ST 3
Concept March C APRIL 1ST JUNE 30TH 3
Master Plan April D MAY 1ST AUG 31ST 4
Single Line Plan May E JULY 1ST OCT 31ST 4

Total Duration = ___ Months Total Duration = ???

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
A Project having 5 activities- A,B,C,D AND E to be completed in 10 months with details of cost and durations is given below:

ACTIVITY COST START TIME FINISH TIME DURATION

[IN LAKHS] [IN MONTHS]
A 10 JAN 1ST FEB 28TH 2
B 32 FEB 1ST MAY 31ST 3
C 42 APRIL 1ST JUNE 30TH 3
D 38 MAY 1ST AUG 31ST 4
E 52 JULY 1ST OCT 31ST 4

Total cost of the project: 174 Lakh INR

• When this table is converted to a bar chart, the information regarding the cost may be let go but what
activity is going on at what time will be known.
• Activity A does not have a preceding activity. It
begins on day 1 and goes up to the end of Month 2 ACTIVITY COST START FINISH DURATION
• Activity B begins from the end of Month 1, and goes [IN LAKHS] TIME TIME [IN
on till the end of Month 4 MONTHS]
• Activity C begins at the beginning of Month 3 and
goes on till Month 6 A 10 JAN 1ST FEB 28TH 2
• Activity D cannot start until Activity B is completed, B 32 FEB 1ST MAY 31ST 3
so it begins at the beginning of Month 4 and goes on
till the end of 8th Month C 42 APRIL 1ST JUNE 30TH 3
• Activity E cannot start until Activity C is completed, D 38 MAY 1ST AUG 31ST 4
so it begins at the beginning of Month 6 and goes on
till the end of the 10th Month E 52 JULY 1ST OCT 31ST 4
Questions from previous Q papers:

Explain the role of Bar chart and

milestone chart and where it can be
used?

Also, their advantages and

ARCHITECTURAL
disadvantages

DESIGN
Questions from previous Q papers:

Project
consists of
following set of
activities, draw
the bar chart

ARCHITECTURAL
and find out
total duration

DESIGN
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
Questions from previous Q papers:

Project
consists of
following set of
activities, draw
the bar chart

ARCHITECTURAL
and find out
total duration

DESIGN
5. A project consist of the following set of activities , draw the bar chart and
find out the total project duration.
TASK START DATE END DATE DURATION (DAYS)
A JAN 1 JAN 5 5
B JAN 6 JAN 7 2
C JAN 8 JAN 9 2
D JAN 10 JAN 11 2
E JAN 12 JAN 15 4
F JAN 16 JAN 17 2
G JAN 18 JAN 19 2

6. Discuss the following terms in Construction Management

• Planning,
• Scheduling
• Controlling
Thank You