A PROJECT REPORT

ON
Transformer
(2024-2025)

Submitted by - Shourya
Roll no.-
Under the guidance of
Ms . Saloni

Faridabad Convent School

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shourya student of class XII has

successfully completed the project report entitled
“Transformer” under the guidance of Ms. Saloni
ma’am during the year 2024-2025

________________ ________________

Teacher’s signature Examiner’s signature

 ACKNOWLEDMENT

I would like to express my deepest thanks to Ms. Saloni

ma’am as well as our principal Mr. Mukesh Sir Who
had guided me through a lot of task during the
preparation of report which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many
New things. Secondly I would like to thank my parents
and my friends for their moral support and
encouragement during the entire work.
 CONTENT

➢ History

➢ Definition and Working Principle

➢ Types of Transformers

➢ Construction of Transformers

➢ Working of Transformers

➢Losses in Transformers

➢ Efficiency of Transformers

➢Applications of Transformers

➢ Advantages and Disadvantage

➢ Conclusion
 Introduction and History
Transformers are a fundamental component in the electrical
power system, designed to transfer electrical energy between
two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. The
invention of transformers dates back to the 1830s, credited to
Michael Faraday, who first demonstrated electromagnetic
induction. Over the decades, transformer technology evolved
significantly, becoming a cornerstone in the development of
alternating current (AC) power systems, which allowed for the
efficient long-distance transmission of electrical energy.

The original 1885 Stanley prototype transformer at the

Berkshire Museum.
 Definition and Working Principle
A transformer is defined as a static electrical device that uses
electromagnetic induction to transfer power from one circuit
to another. It operates on the basic principle of Faraday's law
of induction, which states that a changing magnetic field
within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the
coil. In a transformer, the primary winding is connected to an
AC source, generating a varying magnetic field that induces a
voltage in the secondary winding. The voltage ratio between
the primary and secondary windings depends on the turns
ratio.
 Types of Transformers
There are various types of transformers, each designed for
specific applications:
[Link]-up Transformer: Increases voltage from primary to
secondary, used in power transmission.
[Link]-down Transformer: Decreases voltage from primary to
secondary, commonly used in power distribution.
[Link] Transformer: Provides electrical isolation without
changing voltage levels, used for safety.
[Link]: Has a single winding acting as both
primary and secondary, offering efficiency and compactness.
[Link] Transformer: Includes current and potential
transformers, used for measuring and protection.
 Construction of Transformers
A typical transformer consists of the following parts:
[Link]: Made from laminated silicon steel to reduce eddy
current losses. The core provides a path for the magnetic flux
and is designed to minimize energy losses.
[Link]: Consist of copper or aluminum coils. The primary
winding receives input voltage, while the secondary winding
delivers transformed voltage.
[Link]: Separates the windings and core to prevent
short circuits. High-quality insulation materials are crucial for
reliable operation.
[Link] System: Includes oil or air cooling systems to
dissipate heat generated during operation.
[Link]: A protective casing that houses the core and
windings, often filled with oil for insulation and cooling.
 Working of Transformers

When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary

winding, it creates a time-varying magnetic field in the core.
This magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in
the secondary winding, transferring electrical energy. The
voltage ratio between the primary and secondary sides is
determined by the number of turns in each winding (Turns
Ratio).

The equation governing transformer operation is:

V1/V2 = N1/N2
where V1 and V2 are the primary and secondary voltages, and
N1 and N2 are the numbers of turns in the primary and
secondary windings.
 Losses in Transformers

Transformers experience several types of losses that affect

efficiency:
[Link] Losses: These occur due to hysteresis and eddy
currents in the core material. Hysteresis loss is caused by the
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the core,
while eddy current losses are caused by circulating currents
induced in the core.
[Link] Losses: These occur due to the resistance of the
windings when current flows through them. The power loss is
proportional to the square of the current (I^2R loss).
[Link] Losses: Caused by leakage flux that induces eddy
currents in other parts of the transformer structure.
[Link] Losses: Occur in the insulation material due to the
alternating electric field.
 Efficiency of Transformers
The efficiency of a transformer is given by the ratio of the
output power to the input power, expressed as a percentage:
Efficiency (%) = (Output Power / Input Power) * 100

Transformers are highly efficient devices, with efficiencies

often exceeding 95%. Factors affecting efficiency include
the quality of materials used (e.g., core material, winding
conductor) and the design (e.g., reducing losses and
optimizing cooling).
 Applications of Transformers
Transformers are used in various applications, such as:

[Link] Transmission: High-voltage step-up transformers

are used to increase voltage for transmission over long
distances, reducing energy losses.
[Link] Distribution: Step-down transformers decrease
voltage to safer levels for household and industrial use.
[Link] and Signal Processing: Transformers match
impedances in audio equipment and protect circuits from
voltage spikes.
[Link]: Instrument transformers (current and
potential transformers) are used for precise measurement
and protection in power systems.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:

[Link] Efficiency: Transformers can achieve efficiencies of

over 95%.
[Link] Regulation: Allows voltage levels to be adjusted
for transmission and distribution.
[Link]: Provides electrical isolation between circuits,
improving safety.

Disadvantages:

[Link] Size: Transformers can be large and heavy,

especially at higher power ratings.
[Link]: Magnetostriction can cause audible noise during
operation.
[Link] Requirements: Regular maintenance is
needed to ensure longevity and performance.
 Conclusion

Transformers are vital components of modern

electrical systems, enabling efficient power transfer
across different voltage levels. They play a crucial
role in the power transmission infrastructure,
ensuring that electricity is delivered safely and
efficiently to consumers. With ongoing
advancements in materials and design, transformers
are expected to become even more efficient and
reliable, meeting the increasing demand for
electrical power in the future.
 Bibliography

The following sources were referenced in the preparation of

this report:

1. Hughes, E., Smith, I. M., Hiley, J., & Brown, K. (2016).

Electrical and Electronic Technology. Pearson.
2. Wildi, T. (2006). Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power
Systems. Prentice Hall.
3. IEEE Power & Energy Society. (2020). Transformer
Maintenance Guide. IEEE Publications.
4. Fitzgerald, A. E., Kingsley, C., & Umans, S. D. (2013).
Electric Machinery. McGraw-Hill Education.
5. Krause, P. C., Wasynczuk, O., & Sudhoff, S. D. (2013).
Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems. Wiley-
IEEE Press.
6. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
(2021). Handbook of Transformers. NIST Online Resource.
7. ABB and Siemens Transformer Manuals. (2022).
Manufacturer datasheets and product guides.
8. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. (Various Issues).
Research papers on transformer technology and
innovations.