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Physics Project

The document discusses transformers, including their working principle, parts, types based on various factors like voltage range and installation location. It explains voltage transformation ratio and applications of transformers in power generation, transmission, distribution and other areas. It also discusses the ideal transformer and sources of energy loss in real transformers like flux leakage, resistance of windings, eddy currents and hysteresis.

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omarwasim200613
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17 views

Physics Project

The document discusses transformers, including their working principle, parts, types based on various factors like voltage range and installation location. It explains voltage transformation ratio and applications of transformers in power generation, transmission, distribution and other areas. It also discusses the ideal transformer and sources of energy loss in real transformers like flux leakage, resistance of windings, eddy currents and hysteresis.

Uploaded by

omarwasim200613
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Biology Znvcsľigaľory Projccľ

Common Znfccľious Ðiscascs

Mohammed Omar Wasim


Gr.No : 46860
Class : XII-F
Academic year : 2023-2024
School Code: 90073
International Indian School, Riyadh

Certificate of Merit

This is to certify that Master Samran Ul Haque of class XII-D


has successfully completed the investigatory Physics project report
prescribed by the CBSE in the laboratory of International Indian
School , Riyadh in the academic year 2023-2024

_________________________________________ _________________________________________

Signature of External Examiner Signature of Teacher Examiner


ACKNOWLEÐGEMENT

Primarily , I would like to thank God for being able to complete this
project successfully . Subsequently , I would like to thank my Physics
teacher Mrs . Shani Haneesh , whose valuable guidance and expertise
offered me to patch this project and make it a full proof success . Th en I
would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and guidance which has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project .
CONTENTS

S.No. Topic Pg.No.


1 Cover Page 1
2 Certificate of Merit 2
3 Acknowledgement 3
4 What is a Transformer? 5
5 Working Principle of 8
Transformer
6 Parts of Single 9
Phase Transformer
7 Ideal Transformer 13

8 Voltage 13
Transformation Ratio
9 Efficiency of a Transformer 14

10 Applications of Transformers 14

12 Energy Loss in Transformer 15

13 Conclusion 17

14 Bibliography 19
TRANSFORMERS

What Is a Transformer?
● A transformer is a device used in the power
transmission of electric energy. The transmission
current is AC.
● It is commonly used to increase or decrease the
supply voltage without a change in the frequency of
AC between circuits.
● The transformer works on the basic principles of
electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

Types of Transformers:
● Transformers are used in various fields like power
generation grid, distribution sector, transmission and
electric energy consumption. There are various types
of transformers which are classified based on the
following factors:
● Working voltage range
● The medium used in the core
● Winding arrangement
● Installation location

1.Based On The Medium Of Core Used:


In a transformer,we will find different types of cores
that are used
● Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and
secondary winding is through the air. The coil or windings wound on
the non-magnetic strip.
● Iron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple iron
plates stacked together, which provides a perfect linkage path to
generate flux.
2.Based On The Winding Arrangement:
● Autotransfer: It will have only one winding wound over a laminated
core. The primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto means
“self” in the Greek language

3.Based On Install location:

● Power Transformer: It is used at power generation stations, as


they are suitable for high voltage application

● Distribution Transformer: It is mostly used at distribution lanes


for domestic purposes. They are designed for carrying low voltages. It
is very easy to install and characterized by low magnetic losses.

● Measurement Transformers: They are mainly used for


measuring voltage, current and power.

● Protection Transformers: They are used for component


protection purposes. In circuits, some components must be protected
from voltage fluctuation, etc. Protection transformers ensure
component protection.
Working Principle of a Transformer

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law


of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary


coil – on the transformer core. The core laminations are
joined in the form of strips. The two coils have high
mutual inductance. When an alternating current passes
through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic
flux. As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
this change in magnetic flux induces an EMF
(electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is linked
to the core having a primary coil. This is mutual
induction.
Overall, a transformer carries out the following
operations:

1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another


2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

The figure shows the formation of magnetic flux lines around


a current-carrying wire. The normal of the plane containing
the flux lines is parallel to the normal of a cross-section of a
wire.
The figure shows the formation of varying magnetic flux lines
around a wire wound. The interesting part is that the reverse
is also true; when a magnetic flux line fluctuates around a
piece of wire, a current will be induced in it. This was what
Michael Faraday found in 1831, which is the fundamental
working principle of electric generators, as well as
transformers.

Parts of a Single-phase Transformer


The major parts of a single-phase transformer consist of

1. Core
The core acts as a support to the winding in the
transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path to the
flow of magnetic flux. The winding is wound on the core,
as shown in the picture. It is made up of a laminated soft
iron core in order to reduce the losses in a transformer.
The factors, such as operating voltage, current, power,
etc., decide core composition. The core diameter is
directly proportional to copper losses and inversely
proportional to iron losses

2. Windings
Windings are the set of copper wires wound over
the transformer core. Copper wires are used due to the
following:
● The high conductivity of copper minimizes the loss in a
transformer because when the conductivity increases, resistance
to current flow decreases.
● The high ductility of copper is the property of metals that allows it
to be made into very thin wires.

There are mainly two types of windings: primary windings


and secondary windings.

● Primary winding:The set of turns of windings to which the


supply current is fed.
● Secondary winding:The set of turns of winding from which
output is taken

3. Insulation Agents
Insulation is necessary for transformers to
separate windings from each other and to avoid
short circuits. This facilitates mutual induction.
Insulation agents have an influence on the
durability and stability of a transformer

The following are used as insulation mediums in a


transformer:

● Insulating oil
● Insulating paper
● Insulating tape
● Wood-based lamination
Ideal Transformer

The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no magnetic


leakage flux, ohmic resistance in its windings and no iron
loss in the core.

Voltage Transformation Ratio

K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is a


constant.

Case 1:If N2 > N1, K>1, it is called a step-up transformer.


Case 2: If N2< N1, K<1, it is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer Efficiency
Comparing system output with input will confirm
transformer efficiency. The system is called better when
its efficiency is high.

Applications of Transformers

Transformers are used in a variety of applications,


including power generation, transmission and
distribution, lighting, audio systems, and electronic
equipment.

● Power Generation: Transformers are used in power plants to

increase the voltage of the electricity generated by the plants

before it sent to the grid

● Transmission and Distribution: Transformers are used in


the transmission and distribution of electricity to increase or
decrease the voltage of electricity as it is sent from power plants
to homes and businesses.
● Lighting:Transformers are used in lighting systems to decrease
the voltage of electricity before it is sent to light bulbs.

● Audio systems:Transformers are used in audio systems to


increase or decrease the voltage of electricity before it is sent to
speakers.

● Electronic equipment:Transformers are used in a variety of


electronic devices, including computers, TVs, radios, and cell
phones.

Energy Loss in Transformer

1.Flux Leakage: There is always some flux leakage,that is, not all of the
flux due to primary passes through the secondary due to poor design
of the core or the air gaps in the core.It can be reduced by thewinding
the primary and secondary coils one over the other.

2.Resistance Of The Windings: The wire used for the windings has
some resistance and so energy is lost due to heat produced in the
wire.In high current,low voltage windings,these are minimized by
using thick wire.

3.Eddy Currents: The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents


in the iron core and causes heating.The effect is reduced by having a
laminated core.
4.Hysteresis: The magnetisation of the core is repeatedly reversed by
the alternating magnetic field.THe resulting expenditure if energy in
the core appears as heat and is kept to a minimum by using a
magnetic material with a low hysteresis loss.
Conclusion
Overall, transformers are an incredibly versatile tool that
can be used in a variety of applications. From power
generation and transmission to data storage and
processing, they play a vital role in modern society. With
new technologies emerging all the time, the potential uses
for transformers are only limited by our imagination.
Transformers are an important part of our lives, and their
applications are vast.

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